Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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F. % VOLUME V. J?> ???&&&??', EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. TERM S: If paid within three months,. . ?3 00 It paid within three months after the close of the year, 3 50 If paid within twelve months lfter the 1 ' r\n i close ot the year, ...... * uu If not paid within that time, ... 5 00 Two nno subscribers will bo entitled to the paper the first year for Jive dollars, paid ?it the time of subscribing ; and fivo new subscribers for ten deUare paid at the time of subscribing. No paper to be discontinued but at the option of tho editor tillarrearages are paid. Advertisements not exceeding sixteen lines, inserted for one dollar the first time, and fifty cents, each subsequent insertion. Persons sending in advertisements are requests to specify tho number of times they are to be iuee>-ted; otherwise they will be continued till ordered out, and charged accordingly. 0*The Postage trust be oaiil on all communications. * 'T nf 1 * From the Carolina Planter. SANDY HILL. * 1 shall cormmaec wi h my experience in the characters of some of the different breeds of British Cattle imported into this coun rv. B yond a doub' there has been mor^oare bestow* *d and pains taken in the breeding of the Durham Cattle than any others in the world ; bu; t e ^ question is whether they really deserve the attention which they require ? Tln-y yi?dd large quantities of mdk but require large allowance of food to enable them to do so, end even under the most careful manage, ment and most favourable circumstances, they can never unite quality with quantity ?their mdk being exceedingly thin, and yielding comp iru ivcly a small quarrity of cream or but;er?even in rountri s sirii fi\ farming in their pursuits, it has been, tin I still is a matter ??f very great doubt among practical men whether they yield an equivalent for their expensive keeping; they are i =aninv?ls of very d hear? constitutions and cannot stand exposure to the weather? their skins being very thin iliey suffer much from the attacks of insects, wi.h which our country is so much infested ; they require a large proportion of ?rain for their sustenance?the very best of pastures being found insufficient without grain, unless very Unfreqirnlly changed, and even lien th y are (from their great six-) I uy and ui?wk| jdy?differing therein I'roin he hard, thrifty Ayrshire Cattle?animals bred w th a view to accommodate tin roselveb to the inrle. ment and bleak climate of the Scottish Is!- s ?to sustain |l?ems'.*lvj| upon the coars-st * and most inferior pasfares, surh as nature furnishes during winter in Sco 1 md, varying very little from*oor own at that season.? They are, in appearance, very much the Durham in miniature?the col r of thcpuie breed beinggeneially r?d and white with red speckles?the nick exceedingly thin, and tapering to a small and clean head, with very short straight horns?they are remarkably compact and closely knitted, and though not a9 large as the Durliams, not very much their inferiors in size, and in every point of view their equals in form. They combine in a more remarkable degree, the capacity of uniting quality with quantity of mi k, than anv other breed of Cattle in tho world?establishing therein the great "desideratum" for the dairy.? They are. in the language of the herdsmen, a very "hutteracious1' breed of animals. They make the best oxen, being exceedingly active and quick gaited?not suff ring so much from heat as animals of a mere bulky frame?they are not inferior in this respect to the North Devon or the Tuscan?the last mentioned, n s ricMy "working breed." There is a peculiarity with regard to their furnishing beef, inasmuch as their flesh is placed on th" most valuable parts, anJ tliey have more real fat and ies tallow, depriving the butcher of what is commonly called thefifth quarter. In the last report of the committee up. pointed by the "United Agricultural Societies of Great Britain," to examine into the relative quulitirs of tho different breeds of the kingdom, they unanimously awarded the premium for intrinsic value to the Ayrshire, as lefunding more in proportion to the outlay than ony other bre> d. They considered, also, the Dutch Cat:lo ?and they, also, were declared the inferiors of the A rshircs. The Cuttle of our country require improvement, but a cross with the Durham has, in no instance of which I am aware, attained the desired object, but rather the reverse, making them dehente nnd less thrifty, and by no means adapted to our Coarse and rough usage. That your laudable efforts in the good cause in which you have engaged, may be crowned with success, is the heart felt wish of Your friend, a nnr/iat a AVxKIUUUA. From the Carolina Planter. Mr. Editor : Happening to hear you observe,vou would be glad to have the views of pracical farmers, altho' they might be unlearned, I tho't a rail chance had offr<'d to distinguish myvlf and benefit ihe public as I am from the land of u<teady habits," where every body is practical. My z^-al was somewhat dampened at firsb thinking how little store the folks here art by the pure New England stylo of pronouncing but remembering bow kmuch the publick were amused a few years since by Major J. Downings imitations, I guessed (altho* I knew of the man's beating the pig squeal ARM .1 JV* D C cue: 1 ing) yoti might prefer nntur to art, aecor. dir.gly I took up my pen to begin?and as it is quite nntral to brag a little now-a.days I must let yon know the folks down East , are far more practical than you Southernors. I guess they wouldont need any telling it was a poor business enriching pooi land with cot'on seed at 12? cents per bushel. Th? >\J soon find out, a^ho* cotton seed manure, for the present crop is equal to a ffood shower in time of greatest need, ' it would be of li lie more wor:h lo the sue. needing crop, than that same shower. J guess too, they Imiow more about nisinp pigs thfiD to r< ckon on keeping oie in good order on 2 or 3 bushels of corn until two tears old. If the good folks there could raise pigs that easy, cute as they are they'd lever tho't ofrfivik'ng wooden nutmegs and 0 her notions. The trtfth is, it is just for he r? ason thotf can't "feed pigs so ligh ly" as Hamlet says, they are obliged to try u ittle of all but every thing to make an hottest 1 ving. Nov this just brings me to what I wanted to write about all the time, only s< m -how I rouldent get at it without sailing round the world fi'st, (an excellency that has conciliated to us American authors a great deal of credit abroad, not leaving one half to be guessed at, like our?-ld? r broth r John B ill.) But as I was saying I'd just got to the pin;t PH try and stick to it. Now, the pint is this, all we have to do is to try a lit le of every thing to get along. Ruly Mr E. if seems as if the folks here had ever thot* of any thing but cotton and corn. When cotton's down then thevgo for corn, and when that's down, it don't si em to occur to tbem, they h ive or ougut to have, hogs to feed?tl.at the introduction of grasses mx'ht 'mprove their lands and their "lean kiw\" and that the cul'ivation of a greater vari-ey of cub nary plants, would make n diversion in luvor ot the belly ns to Cause J cmptv pockets to beforgotton. And now M . E. as I don't think of any thing else to find fault. about now, as you seem to be willing to answer silly questions, that's just into my hand, for 1 can beat "all natur" ut asking them. So pray tell us, (you can tell, for you Geologist look thro* ull nafur, even 'o the ba^kbon- ,) whether No-h introduced tho (Jiff* rent varieties of Cattle, Durham. Ayrshire, &r. into the Ark. or whether climate and keeping have caused the superiority of breeds over others ? And it this be the case, as I guess you'll say it is?how long would it take our clinrnte und our kind of keeping to reduce fat Durhams in o our "upland lean kine?" And how long to convert our 4 lean kin",*' by good keeping, and a little jud'cious crossing, into fat Dufijams? And which would be the most profitable exp rimcn' for us :o try? As "I only ask for information," as Did!er said, and I am sure my ques ions will show as much need of it as any of your enquiring correspondents? I hope you will soon gratify with an unswer )our sincere friend, JONATHAN. P. S Sinrp uritinrr the above. I have s^en your remarks on ihe Durhntns* anil find you think like I do. They wont do for iis. They'd cost more than they'd come to. We'd make4tlean kine" on 'em. I can guess pretty well now, how youM answer my questions. J. From the Maine Farmer. BLACK SEA WHEAT. Mr. Holmes:?Considerable enquiry has b* en made of me lately in regard to the Black Sea Wheat. Several individuals have requested me to give through the Maine Farmer some account of it. I can. not do better than respectfully to rrquesi you :oc??py from the Complete Farmer she uccount given by Payson Williams, Esq., ofFixhburg, Mass. 1 would say in addition, that this kind of wheat may be sown later than any other with which I am acquainted, and thereby avoid the weevil. Aly wheat was sown the la. t season on the 22J of May, and was not injured by the weevil. 1 should recommend sowing from the 25th of May to the 1st of June. It may be grown upon rieher soil?the straw being thicker and stronger as may be seen by the account given by Mr. Williams & it is not so likely to rust. I never have had, nor seen, nor heard of one price of this wheat rusting to the injury of *he crop. Columbus Fairbanks. Winthrop, Feb. I8ch, 1840. N. B. A kind of wheat has been infps\fliir>u/-| infn flii<S are I'rnm Nhw H:imn sliire the present winter, which is recommended very highly. It is said by some that it is nothing more nor less than the Black Sea Wheat. Whether it is, or not, I am unable to say?not having seen it BLACK SEA WHEAT. Payson Williams, Esq., of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, has introduced into this country n new kin 1 of wheat with the above appellation, which he has thus described in a communication published in the i^orlhcrn Farmer. The wheat mentioned by you ns grown by me the past season I not only consider as a remarkable crop in quantity, fifty-five bushels and three quarters, (it being spring wheat,) but very excellent in quality. Its history, so far as I am able, shall be given^ ! Three years since, my brother, captain Ste| phen Williums, brought me one bushel from j Smyrna, which he obtained, as he informed me, from a ship while discharging a cargo of that kind of grain from the abundant , shores of the Black sea; hence i.s name.? Observing by the map that we werejn about 1 0-A " A * JI B Y E R ' ? S MMBM *? . #> VA, FRIDAY, MARCH 20, <- ? m ir?5%^Bi <r jr-' ~ " > "to other?, tfrtd I have the utmost confidence i thut I shffli haive no more reason to complain i of the grain worm. I intend to sow the . bald wheat late, say the 20th of May, by ahe hefpofft horse team wiiich will enable ' me to sow fast, qq very early land. I in. , tend to ?w on laud not higidy m^tftlredj the Italian spjart^vheat, not doubting bat i shalt have straw enough X'veu where it iron land not fit^ricltf d in ? high degree. intend lo sow my. inaie crojj of $nTtk Sea wheat, ?n^J seed t'dek, sny vbo and ft half: ? I,,,nl,nln t't.A ?.-v l artoi uhtfk.lt tlio' lifat { rendering it easier to throw the seed (broad, cast) more evenly on tin* field. The character of 'lie soil is a deep ionm, intermixed with cobble stones* Its natural forest growth had been oak, (white and red.) beerh, rock mnple, ^Ivsnuf, nnd hemlock. The character of the wheat apperfrs to differ frort) our u*ual kinds, bv 'he straw being mtieh taller; (-jome of which was five feet ten inches in height;) and although it is what we call bf nrd?'d, and the heads of two varieties, similar in appearance to our red and white, vet there is a variety, fsav a sixth part perhnps,) which notwithstanding the h''nd is short, vet the kernels are so closelv set tlint I h <v? repeatedly counted over eighty kernels Yom one ear or head. This variety 1 cull the pearl, from its clear appearance. *The kprnel throughout tfl?? crop was very plump* and large; the s'rnw s'ouf as well as tall, hearing the beating of our New England storms better tha * any I have heretofore grown, I Iwvp not 'he least doubt but it will succeed well where other varieties have prospered, and hsvkno hesi'ntion >n believing it will he o valuable acquisition for many years to come to t'*> agricultural in'ensts of our country ; which, nsdefom selfish cons-derations, I most heartily reciprocate your views in wishing to advance, believing th's to he the chief e # ! corivrstono oi our nappv repumic. In the mp.in time, if this contain* nnvthiric which voti may think will subserve the interests of agriculture, you are at liberty to publish the game. Youroh 'Hinnt servant. payson willi \ms. We insert the following communication from E. Wood, Esq., of this town, having reference to the si me subject. AVOIDING THE WHEAT FLY AND RUST. Mr. Holmes.?1 have attempted this year to avoid the Hessian fly, the fly that produ -ea the grain worm, and the rust, by th" varieties of wheat I have sown, and the time I have sowed them, and have partially sue. ceeded. I am satisfied that in most seasons it may be done with the vnr'e ies of wheal now in the country, and shall at'empt it (if I live) next year wi h the utmost confidence. I sowed this year n little pas: the middle ol May the bald wheat, the next sowed was the Italian spring wheat, and lastly the Black Sea wheat. Tiie bald wheat was in. jured a little by the grain worm, The Italian spring whoa1 grew very large in thf straw and was therefore more exposed tc the rust, aftd was considerably rusty. Tic experun-nts of D. Plumincr, Esq. oi Wales, settle's it, that it tak'*s about as much warmth and moisture to bring the fly into a s'ate to do his mischief to the wheat, as it ; does to bring wheat sowed early into the proper sta e to be injured by the fly. Il follows that if the fly has about fifeen or twenty davs the start, iho w heat is safe from [ his ravages. The black sea wheat is a j variety that will do to sow late. The best j wheat I know of in mv neighborhood wns sowed tliu fourth o! June last. Mr. Jeweit, of Windsor, affirms it was never known ;o blast. It is a small kind or variety of wheal as respects straw?will bear to be sowed on very rich land, and must be sowed thick l to cot a c<>od crop. Pavsou Will ams got | more ;h;in fif'y bushels to the acre, but he sowed it after potatoes on wll manured Inn' and at the rate of three bushels of seed t< the ncr<\ The sowing of the Malaga wheal ensured a good crop in 1807?9 ogains the ra^ ages of the Hessian fly? as it wa: then called, y t they have never wholly lef this country. How often do you hear peo ple.compldin thai their early sowed wh atoi cold and wet land is eaten by worms, wlncl is nothing more nor less than the yet re mains of the Hessian fly. I will close bj making known my intentions for anothe yepi^ which may bo considered as advici ERS' HE RJ1 W RAW. S0UIII-CAR0L1.' * the same latitide, I made trial the firs: season ofbut one p ck, not being certain thai it was spring wheat. Th" product was large in straw; hut owing to our unpropitious storms and bad weather for a wfheat crop, the kernel, was not so fair as the original. Nothing discouraged, however, I sow d froai this product rather than the original; the product from which more than answ red my expectation. From this las? product I sowed, on t!io 19th of. last April, two bushels and a qtiarer on one acre of which had land Dotatoos , r grown on it 'h<* previous year, (crop, six hundred and thirteen bushels and a half.) This field, immediately previous to sowing, had been ploughed deep aftd fine. After the < ra.n was harrowed in across the furrows-the fi dd was rolled in and left from that time to' putting in the sickle*. I would hero 6bsorve, however, that rny usual eush.ra has been to sow on about twenty b ish< Is of good untaiched wood ashes to the acre, ho soon as the wheat plants are two indies in h"ight, and in a damp morning, if such can be had.? The value of stich dressing I have considered to consist, 1st, in the caustic quality of the ashes, as it is a preventative to the rav. ages of the white maggot Which sometimes preys nt the roots of the young plants ; 2d, considered as a manure or top.dressing, it no doubt contributes to the earlier perfecting the kernel or berry, and at the same time to a more vigorous growth of the straw. The seed was prepared as usual, by storing into the heap thick whitewash nt ?d.? from quicklime, until every kernel rec ived a coat of the same ; say on" quart of unslaeked lime lo each hushd of wheat. I prefer lime to lye made of wood nsh?s, [only] on account of its whiteness, thereby and ihat it rtiak?'s go d sweet bread, ? litle upon the yellowish ca>t. and so far as we ran disroveF, exactly like t -e old Malaga heretofore raised. Elijah Wood, Columbus Fairbanks. Feb. 18, 1S40. the caftrot. As this nrti'de is muc ? neglected in these puts, we would be glad if our gardncis, an I farmers ton, would give it a trial this year; ami we ihtuk it needs only *o be tried to be esteemed. There is no lung in the vegeta. hie kingdom tluit surpasses it except it is the parsnip, (hough between them there is but little d.fT rence in our estimation. Th *y are both grown and cultivated in the sum *, way and vield abdu' the same in common Tin* early horn cattot. is an admirable variety for garh n cul ur?, and mav be eaten in summer as well ;<s wiirer. It r? quires richly iT\anur?-d eariJi?sow in drills from ' 12.,, IB inches apart early in spring, and wmn the plants are-up a few inches ih?*\ may be thinned to 5 or 6 incites. Tne long orange, is a very roll is a very i rich variety, uml is grown in the east for 1 ? ?l-n Inrlnlilii llc/? i,nd 3 1" r\ i u ?|"**? l ac ii* 11% ivhuwiv m.fi ? ?.. 18 of II bPMU'lflll color. T ?c AUringham is cultivi'ed mostly in the field*, nod is excellent lor anitn ds It may b?grown in drdUsi'tffciently wide opart ' o admit -n small plough, sav 3l) to 36 inch es. They k"?*p well during t ?e ivinidr b\ being protected where they grow, i South fn Cultivator. 1Febkuarv (0, 1840. To the Editor of Ihe Franklm Farmer : Sir,?H.tv.ng received mu< h \aluald" > information from \our paper, I consider ii "hiy !uly m return, tocontribue my mite.* t A practical gentleman, by tho name of McD inu I, of the county of Lewis, whilst on a visit to me last lull, observed a sow that was a fleeted with tlu'd scase called the ' kidney-uorin which isfr qijcntly futdl. lie recommended ih-* use of spirits of turpenline, ruboed across the loin or k dneys with a stick., at the same time pulling the tail severely. The experiment w is made forthw ith on the sow alluded to. and on another [ and fh'?y both recovered. 1 have tried many remedies, hut consider this the safest 1 and most ccitain. If 'ho first application fa.ls, make n second. Horses that have the colic, can be distinguished from those effected by the hods, by feeling their cars. ?" i .i - - or . c _?i:_ *Vh> n sutleriug unu?T me ru is 01 cum- i ( their ?ars ir> co'd, and when thry have ;be t olls fieir e.TS hih liiod rat' ;iy warm, 1 and the ( roper remedies uioy t> j applied to > suit Hie disease. A LEWIS FARMER. f ON THE HUSBANDING OF FARM YARD MA I j NtJRS;?BXTRACT. i To Tims. Wm Coke, Esq. Honored Sir?A>tcr "the minu'e inqui. > ries irto tlie subject of ntanurcs, and the ? copious eUcichtioB therftSr rrpon chymicn! > principles, carried on and developed by aide ? philosophical nv-n, it will Hpp^nr presdmp i tuou-i in me (a humble individual, nuving no i pre cision to scientific knowledge) thus tai king dp the pen, arid attempting to follow ; such high authorities in explanation; and i evon in s^nmo respects advancing opinions : at v irianee with heirs, Rut, sir, as th'- published reports df thole i em nent men's labors rJ/Hy fall nto Hie hands of practical fonftcr*, and are but imperfectly understood uy them, I arm induced to step forward, and endeavor to express mv ideas upon a subject so important to agrii ralturists, in a plain manner, and not liable I !o be misunderstood by practical men, to I whom the following b n * may prove rnor; acceptable, from being the result of practi* ca| experience, and not founded on theory ' alone. I Al.hough I address mvsc'f to you, s-r. > at ihe present moment, I may in fact be t considered as attempting to explain rny t sentirfton's tti the numerous, in ell'gcntfand s highly respectable tenantry upon your ext tensive Norfolk estates, men who*e liberali ty will, I am convinced, excuse m? in npy i harsh expression wbicn may drop from my i pen while attempting to deliver my sentL m"ni8 upon a *u'?jec- .with wjiich their r interestffare inseparably connected, dome r men, who have had the advantage of supee rior information, will consider the greater m wu^rirja IV lllv^ f? ?Wi fwv*^ e#s nC tii?a n?f (t.Mikr ?.> luit I jf.all tillVA iTmoH 1 wi W ilict WI ""Uii'ni^ H?> m *><< >wv ?">?"* crops of whe t, tjite ^?io worm notwiifr striding, The Black Sea wheata ?*riefy which c?mo from atrold parK&f' die ! , world, kj'ing more/mountainous than it fa here, a#d will do to sow Inter than, any otlv or variety Jkjiow ofl J*e might bo benefited by getting wheal from the tip end of Russia. Farmers, haVo confidence in sow* 1ng Black sea wheat late to get rid of that formidable enemy the srnin worm Elijah Wood; Wmtkrop, Sepl.2 18-39. Whepyis. there h is been in circulation a ' s'orv that Black Sea wheat does not make good bread, we iherefure certify that we have, floured it and eaten it lor several years. f<Kvl, by which means the manute in the j yard becomes intimately intermixed, and is J propor: ion ally increused- in valu". The feeding troughs and cribs in the yard should (for obvious reasons) he shifted frequently. The s'.ore neat cattle are also kept in yards by themselves. The manure arising from th -m is of u very inferior description, and it freqw n ly hRppcn? tlrat a supefnbsn. lanCe of straw is thrown sut of the bnfn at on" rme, more than the s:ock in the yard can tread doWrf properly : besides, there is j no* now the same inducement for pigs to i root th?#s'ravv nhoui in the yard ^os tfiere was pr- vions to the introduction of threshng machines. Tim bnrn door in the store cattle yard is now the principal attraction for pigs, and they #in a great measure neglect the ether parts of the yard, unless where the stock of pigs kept js so large that they arc compell d, by the imperious law of ne. cess'ty, to seek our for their sustenance in a more d'stan: and less productive station than immediately at the bam door. The horse dung is usually thrown out at ihe stable doors, and there accumulates in large heaps ; it is sometimes spread a little about, but more generally not at all, unless where necessary for the convenience of ingress and egress, or perhaps to allow the wri t to drain away from the stable door, dorse dung lying in such heaps, very soon fermen'sand beats to an excess; the cenire of the heap is burned or charred to a dry white subst-?nee, provincinlly t'Tfned fire funded. Dung In this state losses from 80 to 78 per cent, of its value. The diligent and atten'ive farmer shou'd guard against such pmfl g?le waste of property. Til'1 remedy is casy^Viz- oy never auowinj* i the dung 10 accumulate in ?nv coosiderable I quantities at the stable ditars ; euppose it wits an i smlil Srhed ruTe tWli'cvnry day, ns s<t<>n ns the-yard-man has gone^hiough his re^u ar rtrotiue of morning's work, ?ycb ns fodderifcg c.ittl", f'etjinif pigs, &c. h^sf-ouM -lakttn horsfl, or son>o^T)ih"r dfaughT animal, with a light-eft rl, ami remove the liorse dung from the siablc doors, and spread it nboQt the store entile yards*. To this plan wi?! be objected the pleas ofirouhle and expense: in answer^, have to say, trouble should never b?* considered by industnous,fiirmers; | and I tiling I ean retrddy prove, there will be no rtf#d^lagaf e?fr use fn carrying tbo, plan, in iv effVet. The vnf&fyao having finished his-nryprnirrg's work of foddering ca:le, fe?dircg jugs, Seldom docs moft than idle about the yfrrd,*&)d leaning upon his fork uuhF k require u s-cond supply of food- .J*s s^'tre time would be more beneficially VmployeO in removing ilie horse dung, which, at most, would not be more than half an hour's job of a day. There generally is, or always ought fo be about every farm premises, a light cart, for wnat is r a led odd jobs. These carts will b<- very suitable for removing the horse dung ; and as to animals to draw these runs* there are few firms without "having one or more idle horses, or other "beasts of i burd* n, upon the establishment ; such, for instance, as a f.ivorite old hack-horse, a mule or pony to carry the errand hoy, a mare that .has a foal, or a horse a Utile lame and not fit tor constant work, an old work-1 mg ox turned off to fatten, a bull (where one is kept) a little geptlo work would do him good, inasmuch it would keep him 4* RETT T I Z E R. m???BmamLiuiiJU 1840. part of the following obsorvatijpis as extra", nenuv unnecessary, and perhaps uncalled for; >md 10 such men they actually are s6 : but they will please to recollect, there are many very mritorious occupiers of land, who have not had the same means ofobtai* ning information upon agricultural subjects, I and that to such persons the following hints < poay bo ofservice j and I may be allowed the piiVih-gip nf spying, without much fe^r j of cqgtradiction, tt^i hJbntetTihes happens, j Li>hop.> formers Ifave. b# fiieens oWneCCDt. I example; o^e*p^cetot, 6ftain4l ft' cdrnp<4ent o*, even *?pcrio? ag?uliural . knowledgAyiey-<5tf4>ot almnys practise^ ?Tie ?*tem%?^?r4nforn?*on. A mShxtor< * ii a. whofoomi*pfiy*idcm of kum&iC nature, though not always an at? ceptdble one. * *- - \ * - t I wiff now, Sir, ntc/ upon my subj?;cU and wilt, with your permigion (with a view , 'o eege and freedomin expression) cohlfder ' mys If as addressing my remarks to your tcnan ry. I will not attempt to enter upon tho wide range of mnnures generally, but confine my remarks more particularly to what has been , aptly termi'd the Former's Sheet Anchor, Farm Yard Manure. My observation and experience justify! me in stating, that the husbanding of farm yard, manure is (generally speaking) either imp >rfec ly understood, or not sufficiently attended to in tho county of Norfolk. Th" principal error in the common meth. 0 I of manufacturing farm yard dung, in Norfolk, originates with the prevalent custom of keeping the dung arising from different descriptions of animals in separate heaps or departments, and applying the same to the land without intermixture, and in an improper state. Ii is cusonxry to keep tho fattening neat cattle ih ya'ds by themselves, and the manure arsing from them is of gdod quali. | ly, because the excrement lof fat cattle is, richer .linn that of lean ones; fattening cat-1 tie are fed with oil.cake, corn, Swedish turnips, or miitih other rich food, and the refuse ami waste of such food thrown about the yard, increase the value of the manure; 1 alio attracts the pigs to the yard. Those industrious and useful animals root the s?raw and dung about in search of grains j of corn, bifx ol Swedish turning. and other! lanus, or lur juuug outur icjra* But to revert to tbo subject of farm yard dungit is a common practice (previous to the dung being drawn out of the yards into the fields intended for turnips) to to prepare whQt am calledgtod bhilems for the recep. lion of the muck. This is done by collect, ing considerable quantities of clay, marl or such other materia), in heaps where the dung is to be placed?these bottoms nre formed to the squares (length and width) of the intended dung heaps, and are from 12 to 16 inches thick. This is -done with an idua that the juices of the dung will tesefnd into the bottoms. ^The fallacy of such reasoning will be pointed out hereafter.) The bo:foms being prepared in ihe fields, the dung is then carted to them from the yards / in this operation, the materials of the bottoms is pressed down very close, by reason of the car Is constantly turning upon them when delivering thoir loads; the carts are tipped up, and the dung shot ou*. Men are j>la< ced at the heaps, who throw the dung up lightly wi:h forks (o the heigh', of five or six feet making the heaps to cover the square boitonis previously formed. In clearing the yards, it is customary to begin on Oris side of a yard, going regularly forward, until it is emptieu, and then begip on a second, by which means the dung urising from different descriptions of animals is kept apart, and is ultimately applied to tho without intermixture, and ^s to the horse dun g'fhe residue of it which is left from fire-fang and charring, is considered strong dung, and as it is generally understood that a dhialb-r portion of it than of common yard dung will answer the intended purpose, it ia usually (as a point of economy) to Stove carriage, taken to the niostdistopt parts of the farm, nnd .thi%gVjur fr^seotly without atly ref rtmce t^^^ure^ the soil (wfie. ther clay or stndX%P*Tii!jfc it is to be ar>. * * TV Oun^Jtenps formed"^themahncr'f'lmve described} (yvhen the dung is good for any thiag) vetyjseon ferment to a violent degree. Tho gasses ascend and qwaporai&i the juices, alas / mi place of descending jnjoihe hard beaten clay bottom, was expected, ooze out at the side of the heaps, nnd are soon dried up nnd lost. In a short lime the fermentation subsides, and 1 'avQg tho centres of the heaps turned or charred, while tho outside* of the heaps are dried up to Ghips by the natural effects of sun and wind, fn this state these miserably mismanaged heaps of dqgj .yeiuftio -until the near reproacn or me WTHp^wmgciwou areitjCBjufned over, and the clay b<*: | toh>9 ra^fU whh the dung} t pa rCtal fer. ' mentation succeeds, (and tftrs turning and mixing tire boup.na. Fofin the this irrprovident^ gwtem tH? quality hu' the o'i inity very much *ty4hjt by tho time the farmer has sown TtalfQis fcwfoips, } he finds h'6 d-mg expended*: he baiswfrrcn i recourse to oil cake, or perhaps sows a pari of his turnips without any manure ai a!'. [If the sol! is of a nature to produce turnips [ almost spontaneously, there will be a crpp j even under the worst management; tot | when not of that happy admixture, and managed as I have before described* it follows as a matter of course that the crop fails ; nevertheless the farmer is so much of a philosopher, that he consoles himself wi'h the idea that hj has done his dutjr h/ the land, believing that it h naturally 49 unkind for turnipo, that it trould be a pHt? MS v - ? . * I ' 1 - ^ 95IH!599!6Bl9*5^5i9^555HSB!^55SF' ? V "v. ^ NUMBER 19. quiet in the pasture; or even suppose the master or miitr^* a gig horse was used occasionally for half an hour of a day at dung cart (when not oteerwise wanted) it would be of great service in s i far at keeping the horse in regular exercise, and by this means present fatul accidents which fre. quently happen where lu'gb-spirhjid gig horses are not kept in constesfcpjRijpp. The dung front the feeding hog sfies shodM also be carted am) cattle yard in the same nt*a?ner w tb&'fter?f ^ dang. _ . hre m?|j^mrafci<ince us to J3 propeP form otdgngjards * o"1? theorist Jkj recommend the yard* to be 4concave o-;dmelt to amonQgowjjfiinpe, giving as a reason in sopporFof their opin. ion, that the virtues of dang can only be pre. sowed by.bejog soturaed itijwine, o*aome * \ otfeer-fnoisture. Others agaip assert, that dung yards ahouid he ?*" " l |"sllf| enjrf' a ui assign as their reason, in supodptitf*that form, that farm.yard dung shoufr be fctfpt dry. Practical experience pofnte out'tliat a medium between those tw<* extremes is the best, and a yard u little hoUeWbd is the most cOiproon shape. * % Much has beeb said and written upon the subject of -the valuable properties of uriue, and of the wfcepiogs of fusm-yotds, as manures for grass land- ft has been recommended to collect the whtole wash of the form.yard in rcservoif$^rfli|f to convey it from thence into the fields in water carts; but this theory should not be reduced in'o practice unless it is conjectured that the benefit to be derived from the manure so conducted covers the expense. i: is a good method (where situation will admit of the practice) to collect tho wash of farm yards into tanks, where a body of watcr can be thrown into it sutficiont to effectually irrigate some adjoining piece of grass ground, aitua'eupjn a lower level. It is also an advisnble method to throw Jittor, scouringe of ditches, and such other refuse into the tanks, in sufficient quantity to *b. sorb the urine and wash off the yards which run into them. Compost, so collected, is admirable top dressing for permanent grass i i- C-- u..?