K.
*'+ . t m *' '
* * ?H
VOLUME V.
EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR.
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n'Cations.
ON MANURES.
A Paper read by a member before the
Agricultural Board for the Eastern Shore i
of Maryland, upon the subject of Manures I
?and ordered to be presented for public*
ntion,
R- sources of manures formed by na'ure
0 are alhimportant to the farmer, and h 'se
should be diligently searched for, and their
cootens daily distributed over the arable
lands. |
1 Marsh mud. h.w hottom lands, and dc- i
pos'tes of fossil shells, commonly os?l'?-d j
s' el! marl, are my only natural sources ??f
manure. I prefer this marl in the first mS'ance,
because it contains lime which furnishes
theeanh with an essential ingredient
to enable it to produce well, and aids the
action of all other manures that may benp
plied afterwards.?Some of these deposit"*
of foss I sh? lls are much ricl?"r with lint"
than others?of those 1 have, six hundred
bushels, as dug out of the hank or pit, to he
acre will produce evident and s-dutar\
effects?and i?fter a m< derate dressing of
the sum** land with any vegetabl" onmimai
matter, the sam" quantity of shell marl may
be again applied vvi h additional advantage.
A further application of marl than t i< I
have no experience of, and I incline to lite
prevalent opinion, that this i> enough ni ?rl
for some time.
Of salt marsh mud then? is a great v i e
ty. My experience teaches rne that s? m ?
of it is good manure, and that so me do* s
not seem to be worth hauling?ill bad heller
be spread as early sifter hauling out as
possible. Marsh mud should be d:s ingu
shed from marsh turf. This last, according
to my experience, is of little value unless it
is first burned or deposited in a feeding
yard or cow.pen?but it is said thai others
Imve witnessed different and better resu1 s
from marsh turf. 1 am told that tins tint
dug up and immediately thrown in o hulk
mixed with lime in warm wea h- r, b/ om s
decomposed in the cours" of the se isou
and is then excellent manure?I urn now
making this experiment.
Low, rich bottom land is known to a'I
^ as good fertilizing ma'ter ; a groat deal ??l
it is thedoposite or rich soil washed down
by torrents ; oth< rs of n again is gradually
reclaimed morass enriched with various annual
accumulations of vpgetible mailer.
There is sometimes to be found a gruvelly,
poor morass, on which vegetal on seem*
principally to be supported by moisture
alone. Such low bottom is neither worth
reclaiming nor hauling out. There are
some things, such as cranberries ai d some
medicinal piants that are adopted to such
soils, and for such alone are they fit.
Of common salt marsh mil I I have put
from eighty to one hundred single horse
carl loads t > the acre?it is heavy and the
loads not large.
The mode of usi g marl, salt marsh mud.
and bottom land is pretty much the same.
All are be ter for exposures, and uil are generally
spread over the ground at all times
before plonghing it, but the earlier the be:ter.
Some of the salt marsh mud has been
found too acrid, and has totally destroy-d
all vegetation for a time where it was spread
?this is probably owing to excess of salt,
and the land afterwards recovers.
Of fresh water marsh I have no knowledge,
but presume it is similar in i?s effects
to, and ought to be applied as, the fertilizing
matter from low boitom lands, ami in the
6ame quantity.
2d. and 3d. The means of making
manure may vary on different farms,
but, generally, they are the same. There
can be no doubt that they ore abundant e.
nough on every firm to furnish daily useful
employment throughout the year. As the
second inter rogatory beloro the Board relates
o the means of making manures, and
the third to the applying them, my views
shall embrace both.
Tne first means of making manure is
littering the farm yard well where your cattie
are to be fed before you begin to feed,
and add fresh litter regularly whenever the
yard becomes wet. The quantity a?d qua.
lily of this manure (always esteemed very
good) depend upon the care taken of the
cattle. Whoever designs to increase his
manure and take good care of his cuttle will
littor well and commence feeding as early
in the autumn as the cattle can be induced
to feed, giving moderate quantities of food
at first?and he will continue filtering and
fending always to the first of May, and as
long afterwards as ho can find provender
and get his slock to eat it. It is on evidence
of ignorance, inattention, or want of
judgment, when n farmer tells you he can't
begin to feed early, lest his provender should
not hold out; or, that lie had not provendor
I
.1 .V D CI
CI1E
too feed in the spring as long as the ca'tlo
would ''at it?for ev ry farmer ought to
know how many oat !? he has* and what is I
n cessary to fend ill m well, and he should
provide it. If tfv seasons forbid this, he
should s< ll offa poruon ot his fat stock early
in autumn and reduce them to the numb' r
ta ?t he can feed properly
Proper attention to bedding ho ses and
cleaning *tables, affords the fines: source of
the s'ioog'-st manure produced by hors s
well tak? n care of; and the m Ich cow?> for
*in er*s use, nad work oxen, w ioh ought
mII ?n h?? in flu? same wav. add much i
.... .V, - -
to the bulk of m inure.
In summer, soiling horses, milch cows,
oxen, (and if it can be ex ended to the cattle
so much tie be ter) furnishes much rich
manure when they can he well littered, and
has been satisfacorily proved to be the most
economical way of feeding the gross upon
a given qu rnti y of land. Soding hogs too
:na littered pen produces much and good
manure.
In fattening hog*, as is the cus'om in our
co 0 ry, in 8 good sized pen, a vast deal of
fine manure may be mad?* in these pens during
that period by hauling marsh turf and
lit er of all sorts into them, before you commence
feeding, and th? n feeding on that?
the whole b comes a mass of rich matter in
the course of lultefiing the hogs, and Is in
fine state, the n?-xt spring, for every purpose
to which manure is applied.
In some retired spot, close at hand to
the k>tch?-n and poultry yarJ, a common
square pen should be made, say sixteen
feet squ ire; to receive the sweepings of
the \ ardand grounds abou the house, which
are fo be kepi clean for decency and heal h
?lo receive the sweeping* from the poultry
house and yard?the film u.ken from all
ou hous< s?the cast offcon'eu s of all tubs,
pots, ley liopp ts and vessels of every son,
meat liquor and soap suds exceped, a: the
t m?'s when the firs' is boiled up with food
I or pigs, and die las is particular!) to grape
vines mid fruit trees, for both of which H is
anim ntly useful. Th<* manure collected
in this receptacle is the reheat of all mad?*
on he farm, and where due intention 's
paid to it, the qunnti y is incalculably grea*. (
W.mtever may he the natural sources oi
manure with which a farm abounds, the
?j?r?,r r?u i
flll'dt? UI II III Klin y?l| tiaf j/rinj w j
ser?oirs, &c. ought n v< r to We n?*glect??d. I >
As ample sores of manure are essential to '1
abundant production, and a* that made from '
the stock is among the b?*st produced, the '
labor an I arrangements of the tarn should ;
tx? so adjusted as to afford a sufficiency ot <
labor for hauling out constancy from the 1
na ur.il r J ources, us well a* for making 1
and hairing out ho manure from sto-*
yards s* i h|i-arid reservoirs The -nil iva '
I. -n id he earth wi ho.if rgu; r v .u-mur
ing n is inisupp.ifaiio'i of t'liv and I'dioi ?
it impoverishes ma:i an 1 re in" s the soil
ustea I of enriching ti-e one an i unproi itivr
t e ??*h r.
A to the mo le of applying m mure
which s-'ems to be -Ji" oujert ol'i.iquirv in
tie I nrd and eighteenth mierrojaforv. ueh
' tf rence ot'opin on > xists among d ff Ten
armers.?A'l litre-* th;tr manure, however
aepli" is ul i:n itelv useful?but >S li" fnquirv
seems to be into tlie ?ppl cation of
manure to do the most good *o ih?* growing
crop, this is the precis" point upon which a
diversity of opinion evisis.
Men of weal h can hy tiie force of money '
accomplish any thing on a farm tna is practicable?they
can buy land at high prices |
and expend enormous sums of money tit '
buying manures, and in oilier improv" <
mr,n s an I emb> llisb nents. Ho wever good J
and credi'ahle this may be to the fortunate
proprietor, it adds but hide o the welfire '
- i
and instrur'ion of Mie great agricultural
community, because few ran follow such 1
' X iinpl' S. To render tru" b"n? fit to ngri '
culture, plans ought to be such that the great (
majority of farmers m >y b able to adopt '
them?sue11 as are wi:?>in the me ms of or 1
dnary tenants and fanners upon a small 1
scale, whoso whole an I sole dependence is
upon their farms. VV osoev?w will teach :
these men 'o live in comfort and to grow
richer by improving their lands and increasing
their crops auuuaily will be really a
ben- factor.
Manure in the great agent for the increase
ol crops?we desire to know how we shall
employ this agent io afford us the greatest
yearly income, A good direction is furnished
us in the mixim of a very useful agrcu!
urist of of our own t me atid country in
this particul ?r, which is ' to extend a given
quantity of manure over as great a portion
of the field cultiva ed as possible, so as to
cause the field to yield an improved maturity
of crop, the ground being left better after
the crop than it was before"?such a course
systema'ically and unremi'tingly pursued,
um!) nn ilnn h! nrrn nithsh tlit? nhiect ofim** I
proving crops an I lands. But this d rect.
ion applies more particularly to the quan'ity
of manure p<?r acre?the question how and
when it is best to apply manure, whether
superficially,or to have it immediately turn
ed under?whether late or early, still recurs
?and we are also to inquire whether perfectly
decomposed manure is best, or at
wli it hss'-r stage of decomposition it is more
advantageous to apply it.
Many farmers have thought that the sooner
the manure is incorporated with the
e.vth in the ti ld.> a^.er it is hauled, ou he
more enriched the ground becomes and
consequently the more capable of bearing a
crop?supposing that nil exposure to sun
and air caused an exhalation of its f rtilizirig
particles.
Others on the contrary con'.cnd, that the
'V ' V?
ERS'
! * * i ;
'/ 15 ii .1 If
'MUliXlU ggBBg???
RAW. SOU 1 II-CAROLi;
violatdo particles of manure are eo np-in.
tive y very sin ill, and tint sue oss :g un.
wori'tv of rea .rd?tlia1 th" enricdii qu di
tins of m i tre are rather disposed to i?r-?vitate
and sink, an I fl?- rrfore tnry prefer their
most superficial applic nioii.
To d ^oijss t'lm qu Minn philosophically
is not my des'gn. I prefer to h*av that o
others of m ?re science and more leisure. I
shall on!y olt-T my own x frit Mice is as
certain d bv my own laljiblc judgment an'
ad 1 a few suggestion*.
VV en manures are designed to '*? incur
poraled wit the earth bv urn.ng flierri in
immediately, soil and s axon w.ll produ -e a
diff-rujice. Soil 0/ loose t'-x tir1 no' sandy,
but suffi 'ien iy adhesive to retain what is
mixed Willi it, manured in rrtont seasons,
will sooner posset* itself of th qualities o:
the manure than close, adhesive, stubborn
soils will if in inured in dry seasons. The
loose textured soil will permit the qualities
bf the manure m s easily to pervade it, as
it is easier to penetrate a sof than a hard
body, and the moist condition of the earth
will afford attract ons 011 all sides of ever*
particle of the manure to aid in its diffusion
?the soil then that soonest possesses itself
of the qualities of the manure will be soonest
ready to imp iff i*.
By spreading and ploughing in vour ma.
nure as you cart it out into the fi-d you
certainly guird against 'he loss of evaporation,
belt little or much?and having your
manure thu* intermixed with your soil, th"
whole superfices or rath?*r the top 01 your
fieid is, for a few inches, in some degree, a
bed of compost. Whether the most I'er ilizing
par icles of the manure have th grea.
tes tendency to gravitate or fly off, I do
no pretend to s^y?but as soon asth m 1iture
is mixed up with the soil, I conclude
that the earth acts as an absorbent and thai
till the qualities of the manuieHfe thus mad"
to b diffused though and to become jncor
porated with the earth with which
it is intermixed. T"oroughly rotted
manuie being most desirable, will soonest
b 'cumn incorporated with the e irth, and
will therefor * he soonest ready to actwhet'
er its ncuon will be longest or stronges
is vet ?o be inquired into.
Upon two d iff rent pieces of land I have
j - - - ? 1 _ a.a* ?
or a uriz"ii years pasi pursum <1 uoicrcm
r^ourst; W til manures composed of the same
in I'- rials?'ak?n Irom the firm yards and
rubles. On one of theso which Was the
best land of Jli" two. nnd g ni-rally of a livolv,
loamy soil, I have carried out the farm
yard and stable manure niter it hnd been all
collected together find thrown Into a heap
for a twelve-month, by which time it was
romp I 'v decomposed. On the o'tli^r
pi ( ?? o i tnd. whic i s genef Jly a stiff* white
n . k ' ! y, I have always carried ?iu the same
ill nures til" spring tier siicc?-e ling die
w O'er th't ill v Had bo?*n acrtimul ite ' ?
and I a n dec iely of opinion 'hat Hie latter
f a ce of latid has be 11 improved 'he ino>t.
an I ii.a ;he crop (n r,u*ti!?i?-Iy of whei)
has bepn quite i\? good noUvithstaii bug t e
or-gi^a' disparity of'be lands. The s Ze
d ill fi Ids or ;wo .drees I uid are no: vrsy
iri'-qo I, and the qu mtity ot firm vard ?n amir
in id on earn no'dirt'Ting much. Oo
tiotli pa e? s there was a I fee um* ol in <rl during
t'??* tim .
The appl ea! on of m inure on the surface
as used h r?, is lo top dress grass and
wfv at in winter and spring?all I on Indian
corn after it ts up and cleared. In he case
f ilie wheat and grass it is completely a
op dressing?hut in the case of the corn,
the manure is first xposed on the surface
in I is turn -d in the fi-.st ploughing th it j?
given 10 the corn after it is put around tne
till. That manure, thus applied, may prolu
e i.npr ivemon' in bo'li the crops of
w!u at and co-n. rnav be vrrv probable?
iir whether i' improves ii most by this mode
?r by an earlier intermix are witli 'If ?'?r li
T.in <> ! v be tl t 'nnined hy th dis'r b ition
?l equal q utilities of I ke manure on dte
i one soil, m the same year, on the two il IT
prent pieces of land.
I have entertained the opinion that the
sun and air exhaled tnu'*h of the goo I qualifies
o f ?rin yard and *ta ?h* manures, an '
have therefore always turned them in o the
groun I as fast as they were carted out, and
p lied the ground imtnedi it-lv 'o prevent a
further escape of the vol a i particles. B *l
oving too that the decomposition ormy h f
rotti d manure had better go 011 and b per
fectly int?rmix"d with the soil of my field,
rather than suffer it to take place in us own
hulk, I prefer carting it out an l ploujjhinL.'
it in in that state, paracul trU as the whoa*
is accomplished by once handling and onc?carting
it. In dull, heavy clay soil, 'he action
of half rotted manure in its progress :o
complete decomposition seems to dispose th"
s'itf soil t obeoome more easily pulverized.
On half roth d manuie on soils dry und san~
A.. U..: I ?i. ;
<JV u"in<( ?pi 10 nury ;uiy rroji 10 wmuu it
is np[>lie<! I would use well ro :t*d manure
alone upon such lands.
Too turning in of gr en crops for man.
urc, sufh as clover, buckwheat or Indian
corn, to which is now a I 'ed the cow pea,
s bv a nno cons dered an idigib c plan oi
manming. [ nave no knowledge of the
idf ct o! t iming in more than two of those
crops, viz ; clover and buckwhea . and from
ilieso I ave s'-en great, good efTeis. On
soils where plaister of Pars acts certainly
and powrfully, nohing can po nr on 'he
road to ibtindanc and wait i mo e lire tl t
or up in less duli mi. 'er us hail he ne o'
elo or, and plaster. But all depends upon
doing thin s right. The crop of clover
shades the ground w II. and lo<es, under
any cirftims'anees, much o t e fo'iage from
its stock on the ground?i; has also a large
and long tap root that meilows the sufFeartb
V
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Jl
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, r **./.'
CJ A 3
V \ ."
JA r E R 1
jf ' *? '
?p?BB?L"1 '""^g?ga.in.iiiaga?
SA, FRIDAY, FEBRUAUY
.
. bv pHiWitra'i'ii d eply in'o its b osotn, and
. irt?* inuch v- g tub.e substance to r n
wb-ii ii c iys.? Pli<* iins * for turn ng ?n c
iiedi?v?T f ?r ui tiiu e s ill * qti a ion. My t(
opinion in that turning in clover as soon u< g
i <? firs' in blo>Hoin, as is oft'*n done, is a
g"iiin? liut a mod Tale portion of I be benefit t
v\ ii mig.it be made to yield fit was a
utr*re I to grow a id mature completely on c
tit* ground. Wen ti?e clover is q it" t
brown, and llv s aik instead of being juieey
old full of waier b< "om s ligoi ious. lb I
w*oIh gr-?w h mipur * *t' ong sunstaiiual ve.
getoJe matter to tie interimx?*l with the "
?ht>i in i*s green stare affords lift p
else ihnn water. K epiug Oup and s
pr 'vcn nj a iy s'ock form fvding on it?
s iflerui; the firs crop to all n i h second P
to grow up through it, and so n succession '
is a certain mode of rnriching lauds rapidly c
and thoroughly. Generally, the quantity
of seed for a i acre of clover will not cost f'
more than seventy.fiv cents. and the loss w
of the use of such land 'or pasture, before s<
t is improved, is very inconsiderable. To 11
compare such loss w ith ihegain that would r|
accrue in the increase of crops from such d
l in Is aft?T lying under clover for two years, a
wou'd cer ainly be measuring a trivial lost 11
with a great gai t.
Buckwheat will also render much service a
in this way ; by seeding it early it will ma. 11
ture, producing a crop according to s rength b
of land and seaso >, which, when ripe, may P
ho rolled down and turned in, nnd a second J'
crop w-dl imme 'i iielv spring from this turning
in, that may also be rolled down and c
turned in ready for wheat fallow that aut- n
tumn. [ have never known the benefit in ?
: one year from buckwheat thus managed, to 8
be equal to that derived from clover kepi a
up the summer and autumn after it is seed* ?
?'d and tho whole of the succeeding year. ''
Vet I have seen most advantageous results u
irom the buckwheat in the subsequent crop
ofwhe t. c
I have no experience of the eflect from
green crops of Indian corn or oats turned
in, bu should suppose that little good r- sult
Could be expected from them in consequ- "
ence of their immature state. I know no- "
thing of the cow pea, but could readily b - *
!ieve from what 1 learn of i s growth, (rank
and luxuriant, filled with leaves, growing n
large pods full of ody peas) that It would P
answer wtdl if stiff-red to mature before it *1
is turned und^r. *'
upon this subject would be well made by "
th? board. Jj
Tncreisnvery common pea or bean '
which grows luxuriantly wi h abundance of \]
large leaves and long pods filled with peas 11
that are exceedingly rich and oily wh n l'
ripe, called the crowder, that I have no v
doubt, if used as a fertihz t like the cow pea, 0
Aool't -e pro<lu "pve of very good resul's, c
and ake he h'?e;ty ol suggesting to the ^
members of t ?e Board, among Mieir practi- v
"cabit?experiments, to gives a trial to t*ns 1
growth of our own caun ry so commonly J1
cultivated \et so little r garded. except anioug
toe laboring p -oplc as an article ot w
7%>TV j; I '? " ?W?
Regarding manure as the great and e? H
scull 11 principle in agricul'ure ; without r
winch lh<* host skill and prac.iee must aun. ''
unity sutler diminution in its r? urns and re. a
wards, it is d Hi.-till to account u liy it is
so much uegl"dh*dt when the means?' pro- n
curing if are so var ous, so easy, and so a
ample. To ascribe il to sloth and dolence
would probably he injustice. I know no r
mo e true ami r oin ial mod" of accounting ''
for i? than in our error in the distribution o 5>
lulsiron our farms,proceeding from another 8
error, in cul ivatmg too much land.?The P
rue meisnre ofwli-t ouirh; to be cul ivate 1
is wh>it can be manured?*and if what can w
lie m mured is alone cultivated and rests ''
und'T clover kept up, whilst all the other,
or such o her means of manuring as we a
invo adverted to or practised upon the re. ^
m uuiug fields in torn, tlr* farm must he ra- *
pidly and siihstmf/ally unproved amply to 0
r-pay all I ibor and expense thus laid out H
upon it. Gaston Gnz"lie.
v
i From the Farmers R gisicr. jj
TVVO-CRoP SILK-WORMS. FIXTURES FOR t
FEEDING AND SPINNING, &C.
To tits Editor of ihe Farmers Register.
o Q
Stafford, May 22nd. 1339. s
Dear S>r?Yours of the loth ins!., is re- c
ceived, and I embrace the earliest leisure
moment to replay to your several inquiries, ii
file variety ol ailk-worms called in the n
Uni ed States Hwo-efop," has been reared J
vviin success tor many years in Connecticut, v
whence 1 originally p.ocurcd my eggs. Tue a
eggs of tins v-ineiy (j| good,) invariably 1
hatch twice, without tue use of artificial s
means. Nothing more is necessary ihau v
to leuve the eggs, procured from the firs, ti
roaring, expo*ed wnere the moths have do. ji
posited them, and m notice thein every I
morning between sunrise and 10 o'clock c
A. M. Tney usually h ?tcli out in from 4
tnroe 10 ion days. Such as do not In cu c
(if at.y) cannot be reli? d oil for tue foil ?w- r
nig year. Eggs for die litter purp.se, i|
must bo proi'ur d from the second rearing. I
K.gs Ir on o her vari-'ti< s son e.lines hat* li
toe same season, but tn?-y cannot be r**li?*d
on fur u second <rop. I have i?ev r kuo v n
ill's to oc? u but oiick under my observation, f
<uid men only lo n or live Mions tnd hatcneiJ ,
ou oi a lo of thirty Minus and eggs.
The a.wo-cro|?" silk-worm moul's your ..
times ; but m otner r< st?ec,s it un-w<rs wid. ^
in ihf ilcscri|> ion giv n t?y D.ui oln of the ,
three cast worms. Torre is no worm as }
ar as I o.ive been abie to leuni, after dill
t gem imjuiry in the United Sitttcs that docs j
! not cast its skm four times. i
SETT
1 I Z E R.
i.8, 1640.
ttMaauaMMM?aao^ajuiMiiaa?
T .e "iwo-cro #" worm is hardr, st n N
itm ric tr anstions b tti;r tivin most
it ??r varied s, 'in I 11 w4 so I able t? that
fibln (Ji>e iS" w'licli ih" French called he
rtsscrie. Wlnm *v?t this disease bre aks
>ut in a cocoonery, it is vain to look tor a
olerabl resul'. It also spins a fiwr fibre,
in I I", r soin p arpos s thJ silk prod .eel
ommmds from $ 1 to $2 per pound more
an t:ril from the or litmry variet.es.
After thru ye .rs spent a experimenting,
haveadoped fix'urs with winch I am
aatiri-ly si isfi -d Twy <r s mjale,eeono
riical, convenient, and (i: I iri?vus ' he ex.
r s-i on.) meet tlie instinctive views of the
illf worms. I will d scribe thorn briefly.
I pi nre pieces o? settling, extend ng
erp udi-ularly from tie floor o the j nsts,
wo'eet np art, ni asnring across the v ?
oon -n , and six feet distant, me.-ijn i g
tij liwise, leaving intervening alleys of wo
tet four inehes for ihosH w io attend th-*
forms to pass. I tei bore boles in the
miritltng, with a half-inHi auger, twelve
iciies apart so ;in to have six hurdles, one
ising above the o her R .pes nre then
rawn through tbeg? holes, upon light
nd moveable hurdles, three feet long an 1
A O wide, rest#
As these ropes are supported by tirib *r
t intervals of six feet, they m >y be drawn
trough n cocoonery 100 feet long, nnd y *t
0 kept suffici ntlv steady. I use ropes in
reference to tiuil>er, because every square
ich added to the varrurn in a coeoonerv
t of importance. My hurdle* are m de of
ornmon pine laths an inch and a halt wi !e
nd three-eighths of an inch thick. Two
f these I iths are laid down two feet apart,
nd then three cross pieces, two feet long,
re nailed tot em wi hsmall wrought n <ils,
ne at each end, and one in th" middle. On
lis frame strong brown paper, such as is
sed in hardware stores, is pasted. You
ten have an elevated surf ice, so that the air
an p iss freely over the worms.
Oak bushes with the leaves on I consider
v best accommodations for the worms to
ond on. These hushes should be gathered
bout a week before they nre to be used,
nd spread in ;h shade in order that the
aves m ?y become soul what curled.?
Whenever a cons deiable number of worms
mniftsi the disposition to spin, nil of ih-it
articular nge in the eo-oon-'ry, should he
peedily placed on clean liurdes and arangu.1
r?au r -fn 4 U -rf i <TO OT^ivAil
it'll be placed on the right and left, resting
n the hurdles and ied to the upright timbers.
ne worms usually go to the edge of the
urdle and crawl along, frequently throwig
up their head<f in search of something
1 climb on. By his arrangement, you
nil gee that whether tney move to the right
r left, they are almost sure to come in
ontact wiih the bush. O nor bushes must
><r p| tend along on on** side aa t iey are
ir uited, one end resting on the hurdle, bnd
He other tied :o the rope of timber immedi,iely
above. One side must of course be
sit op? n to distribute leaves to such of the
mrm* as nr-" still i idined to eat.
At lh?5 ex, irauon of six or seven days, J
II the worms in this division that have not
isor^ must lie r;?k'?n away and accommo.
a "iI on other hurdles, and threo days theref?t
the hurdl??K may be taken down and
fie cocoons gathered. The oak leaves do
o' crumble and the coc ons come out clean
nd in v< ry good condition.
Before spinning, the worms void all exrcmeniitious
rim fer; and frequently before
tea is done, th?*y climb up and assume the
o?itioii tor spinning. Under these circumtnnc.es
toe oak bushes are admirable to
roteci the cocoons nlreidy formed be3iv.
Tim precoeimis as well as the tardy
roruiR ar g^n?'M ly feeble, and must have
heir accommodations furnished them so
hat t'lfy rti iy have but little climbing to do,,
nd indeed whenever any of the worms arc j
jiind wandering in search of a position for j
pinning, they must he taken and placed ;
n the hurdles, and then left to do as they
re inclined.
The a tendam should heat the cocoonery
erv early every mor ing to attend paricularK*
to tliese wanderers because at
hat time their number will be greatest,
Be'bre a general disposition to soin is
nanilesfed, it is a good plan to have a bush
t hand to aceommodre the precocious
pinn'Ts, until a system itic arrangement can
onvenientlv be made.
You perceive that net-work has noplace
a my catalogue of fixtures. The reason
nay be found in the following experiments t
n ihe summer of 1837 I pro ared a network
frame, three feet long.and two wide;
it one end of this frame I placed an oak
nish, at the other 500 silk-worms ready to
pin. O these, 490 passed across the netmrk
and formed th"ir cocoon* in the onk
msh. In 1838 I altered this fnnv, g'vine
i as I Supposed, a mo n Convenient form.
Vga n a hush was plac d at one end, an
i00 silk-worms at tli" o her; and of thes**
? L I I
[{H farmed their cocoons m ;n? nirsn. 1
or?3ider these experiment-1 ;|9 showtng
orielusively that the silk-worms hav no
nclination to oh oo nor work, nod thorofop',
Inve dcclinorJ the uso ofsu'h hurdles.
R< sp -rffuik yours,
Lavton Y. Atkins.
P. S. I have answered vour qner es ns
iilly as is desirable, and if y on are i noli nod
o nublis'i 'he suggestions you can do >o
Afv >?ilk worms have not yet commenced
pining, hut rh y appear io be do ng vers
veil. A "ew days befor" spintrng, howev r,
is ?? nera ly die critical perio d as to the
ir akngout ofdise-ises.
I will venture to remind you of G. B
Smith's :*au:ion against over-cropping,"
as new beginners are in danger of suffering
r .... ^
\ *r :
- *
TWBHgX??MO?<H?1|
NUMBER 16. |
BMBnt TTPf nrtrrwn?a?b?a?aJ?
by it. Ho says that we should be sure of
having nearly double as much fottfege as
would sustain the worms brought out. Last
year a gentleman at Washington lost his
worms in this way.
^Another injury which resu'is f n *overcr
ipping" is stripping of the (reeajoo closely
the first season ; it has a very bud effect
on the after growih of the trees. The morus
multicauhs is a very hardy tree; it it,
nevertheless, governed as to its growth by
the same laws which operate on other trees*
and may be injured by excessive defoliation.
The leave's should be taken cautiously while
the stalks are green and succulent, indeed * '
1 should not venture to take any leaves earlier
than 20th June, and then very sparingly.
In order to be ready for early fading,
the tops must be left ?n the trees. I arn
aware that Dr. S;ebbins and some others
have said you may begin to take the leaves
when the pi mts are one foot highland that
the trees are not injured by it* Dr. Steb>
bins also r? commended that silk?woratq?fl|
be put in bottles hermetically sealed, afid replaced
in the ice-houses. Those who
low d his advice brought out thoir egg*an3. ' *
exposed them for hatching, but no worn*- >
made their appearance.
L. Y. A.
working cows.
Some people ore strong adrboaies for *
working cows in the same manner thfct we *
do oxen. We have once or twice expres-*
sed ourselves opposed to this, inasmuch as
we think that the cow has enough to 3b to
it *md to the dairy, and that to impose the
burdens of tho yoke upon her too is requiring
a double duty.
We are however willing that fac s should
he known. We have no doubt that the
<-ow is very kind and patient in the yoke,
for we have seen them in that situation, and
know that they did well. In conversationwith
Mr. Francis Wingate, of Hallowell,
the other day, upon this subject he gave us
the following narrative.
A Mr. Hoytof Amosbury, Mjss., many
years ago, was in tho c<>ns:ant habit of '
working his cows. Ho was a small firmer*
having about tweny-five acres of land,
which with the aid of his two cowt, he
cultivated well, and obtained a good living
for himself and family. Mis mode of op
t .? I . .1
tng U|> ona oincr nenvy operations, ou'tne
oidinury work he did wiih his cows. Ho
worked thorn about three bours early in the
morning, lie by until threo o'clock in the
in the nfternnoori, when he worked them
three more hours. When at work be kept
thorn more generously than common, and
he invariably milked them three times per
day* It was a eommon remark that they
afforded more bnttor and cheese than any
other two cows in the town. If it should >
prove true that cows in general may bo
workod, say six hours during a summer's
day and by the help of a liule extra keep,
ao rv*iis*Ik as mmo nil llr /ind huttf r
auuru ?? > iuuv.il \ji mviv uiiiw ...i?
than if r.ot worked nod ordinarily kept,
there certainly is a savin# to work tlwm.
We are not very strongly opposed to the
system as to bo blind to facts, and if experiment,
fairly tried, shall prove it to he both
economical and profitable, we shoulJ recommend
it.
A good staunch ycko of oxen suits our
ideas of a team belter than any thing else,
but there are many who are not al l j to owh
such a team, and the time spent in ruuning
round to hire, often makes quite a t?x to
those who arc under the necessity of doing
it. If such peisons can get up a cow team, ?
and not abridge their supply of creartwj^
may prove a convenience to them, ft 14
worth a careful trial. Maine Farmer
t
V *
CONVENIENCES ABOUT HOUSES.
A little ingenuity often saves a deul of
trouble, and we are always pleased to see it
exerted even in small matters and in an
humble way. We saw a fair friend of ours
busily employed, an evening or two ago, in
covering a board about a feet long and
eight or t?n inches wide. Firs! a piece of
woolen cloth was put around and sowed
tightly, and then a piece of cotton-put round
and fastened in the same manner. What
in the world are you clothing that piece of
board so comfortably for ? said vie. I am
making a press board to iron shirt bosoms
upon, was the answer?I think it will bo
more convenient than doing it upon the
common table. Wc noticed near by a small
basket which also bore marks of an e*erciso
of the same desire to have things arran.
god with reference to convenience nnd order.
It wai neatly lined with green silk, and
within the ciroumfermcc a suite of small
pockets were arranged in which were plac
e i the usual implements which ladies use*
such as thread, needles, scissors, &<*, Th g
was better than having every thing of tho
kuid llrown in togethefpe// mcll as is too
often the case. Lest some one should think
C __.j e .1 ...I .U.^rv,
SUCH noucu Ul inuac who uwiiaiuci uibiiiselves
"accomplished," and therefore excused
from attending to such every day
bu-intss, wo will also state that we not long
since saw that same lady giving instruction
to a young friend who was playing upon Ihu
Piano, and at the same time darningstock
ings ; and wo thought the ease and facility
with which she conducted both branches of
business, occasionally laying down her
work and runting her fingers over the keys
of the instrument to show her pupil the
<1 fference between right and wrongwould
have been a good lesson to some
mistaken young ladies of oar acquaintance
who would almost faint if they should be
seen plying the darning needle.