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VOLUME V. EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. TERMS: If paid within three months, . . $3 00 It paid within three months after the close of the year, 3 50 If paid within twclvo months after the close of the year, ...... 4 00 If not paid within that time, ... 5 00 Two neiD subscribers will be entitled to tho paper the first year for five dollars, paid at the time of subscribing ; and five new subscribers lor ten dollars paid at the time of subscribing. No paper to be discontinued but it the option of tho editor till arrearages are paid. Advertisements not exceeding sixteen lines, inserted for one dollar the first time, and fifty cents, each subsequent insertion. Persona sending in advertisements are requests* 4,0 specify the number of times they are to be inserted; -otherwise they will be continued till ordered out, and charged accordingly. 07The Postage must be Daid on all commu ai cations. Ftoiu the London Fanner's Magazine, for July 1839. ON THE REASING AND FEEDING OF CATTLE. In our islands, where the domestic nni. mats enter so largely into the article of human food, a great part of the farmer's at. tentioo must be devo-ed to the rearing of ^ them to the degree of perfection their ultL , mate use requires ; for every labor bestowed on any kind of cultivation, aid every , article the firmer produces by the applies tion of tliat labor, teuds to the same result , ?the production of food for man and beast. Before the introduction of green crops, a ; very imperfect system of rearing prevailed, ( from want of succulent food for winter; , grass-fed animals could only be brought to , market, and if kept through winter tb.-y lost during that time the degree of condition they , had acquired during summer; for hay and , s raw if used in profusion will not rear or fe d the animals quickly and profitably.? ( The cultivation of grcx?n crops has com- , pletely altered the whole sysem, and has { introduced an entire revolution, both in the , cultivation of the land, and the management | of the domestic animals, a be fer and more , regular supply of food has been obtained, f and a vast addition to the number and qunli- E ty of every article produced on he farm.? ? An improvement in supply of food carried c along with it corresponding improvements s in the animals themselves, and on m> poim ? of rural economy has more skill and ex?*r- a lion been shown, or more persevering in- t| dustry exercised, than we have witnessed Q by many breeders in this kingdom in im- / proving the qualities of the animals, by in v termixing and engrafting tho properties of n the one on the other, so as to develops and c bring forth those qualities for the use of ^ man o. ?r hreeds ot'naitlo are numerous. 1 ? hot the various crosses and remnants of old ^ breeds need not bo enumerated, and they ? may be reduced to the few breeds that are c now most approved, and from which we r may choose for any situation in the king- f dom. For all rich soils and fuvored situa t tions* the Durham breed, or short-horns i are preferred, and the long-horns are still N ^ kept by many exce.lent cultivators. The j Herefords and short horns seem nearly ha- t lanced in merits, if we may judge from the ( prizes awarded them. For inferior lands we have the Devon breed, not surpassed by ^ any cattle in the kindom, and besides we s have multitudesof nondescriptanimals,that c do not fall under any class, but which are p yet much used in all parts o( the kingdom. * In Scotland, where great numbers of cattle < are reared and exported, the nutive breeds j are three?the Ayrshire which are evident j ly allied to the Yorkshire breed?the Gallo- } ways, or polled blacks, and the West High- ' land breed of horned black, shaggy-haiied , animals, which are found, with some little * variation, all over the western and northern t Highlands of Scotland. Great numbers of s these animals are fed in England ; and an < opinion is entertained, and my own experi. t ^ ? f .Ui>. | . cnce goes iur III supptiri ui i>, mm kucoc s mountain cattle pay more mo :ey per head t and per acre, than any of our fine breeds, 1 after all the improvements that have b(,en ( made. The cost of production is small and t the boof commands a higher price in the < marke'. In briugiug cattle forward to the 1 state when they ure disposed ofto consumer, j farmers have adopted two methods ; some 1 prefer to breed and feed on the farm, a num. 1 ber that the farm can support, and others to < buy yearly a number they can afford to feed. 1 The prefeience given to either of the two | metheds would seem to be, or should be, de? 1 termined by locality and other circumstan. ; ces ; yet caprice and fancy would seem to 1 do much, for it is hard to conceive how two 1 farms adjoiningeuch other should be made ( suitable to different modes except in the bare opinion of the farmer, or how two 1 breeds of animals can be most profitable in similar ensses, except in opinion only. T? moni. oitii.llmo llm ,11 flh iran/u f/s 1,^ ill IIIUIIJ vJUMUUVUg l??C VJ I II * ' 1 vll vv IU vw \J ' served between breeding and feeding, is most marked, and it is very fortunate that ? the diversity of opinion prevails in other places, for it affords a ready market for our mountain breeds, which if the case was otherwise, might not be so profitable. In choosing a native breed, the farmer will he guided by the quality of the soil, the food he can produce, and by other circums'.anoes, and much will depend on his own fancy ; but if he prefer to buy in, rather than breed, it will be found that the S>-o?ch polled and West Highland breed will pay more money than any other. A very general mistake is committed in not allowing them sufficient time on the land, in order fend? not less than eighteen months should be a! .# .V D C . MM? WWHWW?HBWHf CH] KHHHHMnMBMBBHHBBaBH lowed, or twelve in cases where they hnv* been bought in good condition, Greer crops being now known to ns, which if dul) cultivated will afford succulent food during winter, it is unders'ood thut no farmer neg. lects providing u suffieient quantity if he wishes to rear and f ed profitably, no on!) with regarl to the profits of the aniin ?l itself. but to themmur" rnsed for the futur? benefit of the farm But no'withs and -n-j the long acknowledgud profi s of hes> crops ami also efimproved breeds of sroek, we fin J great neglect prevail on both pomts; for if we look into Smithfietd, r any other market, we find ho 'inorovi d ini mals bear a small proportion to the others ; -- -- j ?. Farmer* yei persist in un;eiiiu<4 VIy U41HII lily animals, and for want of green crops ;hey arc bred and starved upon a sysbin. In many car*s however, we find both breeding. and teeding carrried on syaterna ic.dly and profitably, with due attention to the profits expected from the Hnimal itself, from the attention and food bestwed, and also to the fu'ure benefits expected from the system. Cow-sheds should be provided with calf pens adjoining, under the same roof, where the calves are confined in separate apartments for one animal, and floored with boards, pierced with auger holes that they may lay dry and comfortable. From these apartments they ant brought twice or thrice a day to be suckled, led by a hal er, and tied, when sucking, to a rope extended along the cow sited. Suckling i9 always to be preferred to nursing by the pail; when milk is exposed, much of the value is los , the gaseous fluids go off by evaporation and the appearance of the calves nil?ao^ K?/ ko Iufa mrif tiA Iff IO ffe ciiftl *i< nf Iiuisvy VJJ ir* inw Iiivtuv '*9 >u U ?? - ... decision. Suckling is attended with less (rouble, a d an experienced cow.man will soon be able to judge of the proper q lautitv 'o be allowed them. From J.muury to June is the proper time for weaning?early culvos maintaining a decid d superiority jnless greater encouragement b" afterwards ifforded to the later ones in situations ivhere futt -ning fo- veal is found profi able, rath weaning and fattening go on together ; ind even where cheese and butter are manu kctured, all the three nr?y be; e.isilv mantged, by allotting a number of cows for luckling and a number to be milked for tbe lairy. Calves fed for veal must not be retrictcd in the quantity of milk ; for wenm ug, they must be allowed such a quantity swill keep thein always in a sleek a id driving condition, withou- fatting them, for ny fit produced at that time would he lost, in ordinary cow will feed four calves for eal.or make veal of two and wean three, nuch depending on h" mdky nature of the ow, and on the quality of the pasture. The ' irious substitutes for milk that have been hi (fed abroad among farmers have all iroved an utter fallacy, only supplying the arnvT with a few pounds of butter on^ heese at the expense of the uniinal. Tiie\ lever fail in producing a large belly and of al, an infallible mark of degeneracy and >ad keep, in any animal, and in no case lavo we been yet able to improvo upon vhat nature has provided the mother wi U n nursing her offspring. During that time he mother should form the chief object of >ur attention. In the month of May, when the weather ins become warm, and the young grass has prung, the earliest calves will be turned tut into a grass paddock of fine pasture, irovided with water and shelter, and con. anient to the homestead, and where they tan be suekled twice a day. The cow's jasture should be adjacent if possible, ai d ilso well provided with water and sholter, ind laid down or improved for the purpcwe. The paddock for the calves may consist of >ne or two acres, and an orchard suits very veil, the fruit trees affording shelter from he heat and amusement in rubbing. A shelter shed is indispensable, with a dry veil li terud bottom, and may be so con_ rived, as to suit for l imbing the ewes ;n the ipring, wh ch business will be concluded )efbre the calves are turned out. The ewes ying nil night in the pud-lock, will bestow a goo i top dressing, which must b" attended :o by rolling. Attne ageot 10 weens ine salves will be ready to go to th pasture fiHd, the quantity of tnilk having been gradually reduced as the calves learned to eat the grass. As they are removed from the paddock the next oldest ones arc turned out from the calf-pens, and when the weaning season is near a close, as many of the latest calves as the paddock can maintain may remain in it for the season, to be near at hand for receiving some bettor encouragement to raise them to an equality with I he oldest. Nothing more disfigures a herd of cattle than to see them of different sizes and qualities, and colors, and in many cases of different breeds, showing a great want ol skill in the breeding, and of cure and attention in the nursing and rearing. After tho weaning season is over, the milk for the re. mainder of the season may be applied to sucki ng for veal, or to making butter and cheese, ns si uation may direct. In places whore these articles arc the staple produce, the weaning of calves will be on a smaller scale; but on these farms some are wean, ed, to which the above observations wil equally apply. When the calves are removed from the home paddock, the best pasture on the faru will be given them, w?*ll watered and stud lered if pos ible ; in many cases the latter math of a hay crop answers well. Whet fi'dds lie in permanent grass, a shed witl a view to permanency may bo erected ii euch field at a very trifling cost, and ma; be so contrived as to suit both cattle ani > II E It .1 W ER.4W, SOUTH-CAROLIJ ? sheep. Where ihe alternate system o ) finning prevails, a corner wnere tin ' plough does not str'ke, may be got, and t \ vry useful shelter erected Cuttle of nr . age should pasture together, and the small. j er t.w* lots the better. ' By the en I of October, the apprnach ol . cold weather will render neceisarv the re-1 * movl of the cattle to die homeyard. Every ; farm 's, or ought to be provided ivi h a num< i her <?l yards sui -*d to i1a s zu and to the , quality of the soil, the bottoms level wit i i that of shelter-shed, raised above that ' of the yard, to throw the moistur*- ou'war's, that the cuttle may lie dry ; cribs for hoiduig the roots given to th** cattle are ranged along th 1 subdivision walls, and sometimes placed in the sin lier-shed under cover; die most approved are of a square shape with a lattice I bottom, which allows all moisture to escape. Buildings of stone and lime hiivo lx?n erected along the walls, but they hold water and sludge very much; wood is cleaner, and where used, the bottom planks should be p-rforat'-d with holes to discharge the water. Troughs of stone, of wood, or of cast iron, ure placed across :he division walls, so as to supply two yards ; and the water is conveyed in pipes from a pump, or supplied by ball cocks and pipes from a cistern placed aloft for that purpose, in some house of the farmery, and to which the water is raised by a forcing valve in the yard ' pump. Turnips are now mostly given in a cut stare, and where straw is rank and abundant. it may be cut to shorter lengths, which will render it more manageable and easier of reduc-ion. Into these yards properly furnish"d, the cattle are put in lots of ages and sizes, varying in number from 3 to 7 when feeding ; voting cade m iy be kept in great numbers. M ?sf feeders now prefer t ie open yard to housing, though on -urnip farms, a feeding h ?uso is very necessary where a few . h ?iee an m ?ls may bo fattened, or a few interior ones may be brought more quickly to p"rfeet ion. Fresh straw should bo put fre quendy into the racks, and cabbages are a vpry proper article to begin the feeding of young stock for the first winter. These and turnip tops ar-? given once, and better if iwic a day, and continued through the winter?if tliey fail, potatoes and beets are given in moderate quantities, so as to keep the young animals in a si ck and thriving condition, without any tendency to gorge th< ai, or induce them 'o nausea e their food. They should always how a keen appedte, and seem able to eat more rhan is given The yards are frequently littered, thinly at a time, so as to keep them drv and comfortable, and also mix the manure properly.? The strnw ra'-ks are shifted often, that the straw may not lm dry around them, and toe vads are of such n size as will admit of the ratdo trending, dunging, and watering on verv part. A very common error prevads on this pot t, the yards are too much 100 large, the straw lies, dry and unmixed in many parts, and the good dung li^s hu 'dh-d together in the other places. Space sufficient for the cattle to move about freely for air and exercise is quite enough, due regard being had to warm h in the sheltershed. An equal mistake wi h too much space lies in making the yards too small. In the month of May of each year the pasture fields will b? ready for stocking, when the different sizes and ages will be arranged by the best judgment oflhe larmer. In Ocrnber of each year, the cattle will be e * 1 n J L turne?i into tne loiu-yaras, ana iea wmi ample allowances of roots and straw, and with the yards kept dry and comfortable. As tne cattle increase in age, the fewer numbers must be put together in one yard, and during the third and fourth winter, they will be fed ofTood sold. 1 have recommended all culves to suck the cow for veal or for weaning, and I now mention that the treatment of any animal during the first year of its growth generally stamps its future distinction. If it be stint *d in the quaniiiy or in the quality of the food, future pampering w.ll noi recover its losi growth ; and if ii be well fed during the first year, and attain a good size, indifferent treatment afterwards will have much less fleet. If a culf be well suckled, great a tention is necessary during utho first winter that it receive such treatment as will carry it forward, and that it does not lose in that time what it gained the previous summer. Ti?is result ofien happens from want of winter food of roots ; for though hay and straw be in pro. fusion, they never can supply the place of green crops. Cattle when feeding must have a full supply of food, but not to pall their appetites, which must always be keen and in full action. Tne fool previously given them should be clean eaten up, or nearly so, before unv more be supplied, and the cribs I t regularly cleaned out and every filth removed. The first feed of cut turnips, potatoes, or beet, is given by the break of day, and he last so long before darkness sets ' in as will allow time for the cattle to eat the whole during day-light, ns any accidents i from hovmg or choking ha?e a better , chance of being seen and remedied. A dry bed in the shelter-shed, and in any part ol - the yard during dry weather, is indispensaI bit*. Opinions difier as to the most profitable > age of teediug our best breeds of cattle.? t My own experience agrees with the opin' - ion expressed by Earl Spencer, one of oui highest authorities, that the oge of foui i years seems the most advantageous, as th< ? most lik'ly to secure the utmost weight o 1 the animal, and to avoid unnecessary expen v diure in trying to obtain more bulk, am d also the loss by slaughtering at too early ai ' "GAS AD V VA, FRIDAY, FEBRUAK i- * f Rge, before the animal had reached matt 3 rify. I have observed that a great part c ? our cattle are starved on system?-they ar j gr??zed and gained something in summm . and lose it in winter. The miserable ap pearance of young stock, both in the yaw r and in the fields, sufficiently support thi opinion, and the case will not be mendei till green crops are more extensively culti vnted. We know plants adapted I mat i say to almost every soil, end it only remain! to cultivate ih^m. In order to produce i thoroughly well fef and ripe animal it mus be gradually fed from the day of its birh by good keeping, which will keep t'le bodj in a thriving condition and full of juices, anc a Introduce that mixture of fat and lean si necessary to oonsiitute beef of good quality, fl-nce arises the well furnished animal in the hands of ihe butcher, and from starving system is owing the bad quality of much ol our nnimal food; for unless the animal b' well "fattened and regularly, the lean is dry and wholly wanting in juices, which can only be imparted by a ripe state. Thn one-half at least of our cattle in market are not fat; they are starved in early years, and then for a short time thev are tied to a stake and gorged with food to produce an ap. pearance quickly, and sold off to save ex. pense ; and hence arises the badly furnished animal in the hands of the butcher. A animal always in good condition is fattening gradually and profi ably, the dung is ol more va'ue, and when the age of fattening often arrives, a small application of more food concludes ihe process. A greater number of cuttle is often kept on a farm that it can maintain profi ably?an erroneous policy, but very common. I have observed that where a farmer choo-cs partly or wholly to follow the buying system in place of breeding, it will be found ihat our small mountain breeds will pay more money than any other. In most cas'-s, too short a 'ime is allowed them to feed, for ihe na'ural pr pensity to fatten has not b< en in them any way improved by breeding or keeping, and in that respect they ilifTr from our n<*w breeds. Tocy are mostly ^'d verv poorly in their youth, and when transported 10 rieh pastures, fat cannot he laid instantly; but in course of lime, fin fair condition, a year will bo sufficient, but if bought in a lean fate from droves, they should be on the ground for 18 months, fed the first winter 011 half the full allow, ance of green food, well grazed the follow ng summer, and fed ofFthe ensuing winter. This h gradual fi;?*drng, and in-h?p"nanblf, if we wish for good beef. The nge should be four or lather five years when slaughtered. Ol cake, bean, and barley men I, oats, and other articles have been used in the feeding of cattle, but experience has long since proved that if the farmer will only try 'o raise potatoes, beet, cnbimgeg, and turnips in quantity, he neids no substitu'e, except m eiue of a failur of the abov- crops. Straw alone is required for litter, and for the catile to eat a little when inclined. J. D. BIDLAUDFAU CABBAGE. There is now exhib.vd in Pans a cabbage which is regarded as the greatest wonder of the vegetable creation. The dimensions of this mammoth are 10 feet high and 52 feet 6 inches in circumference. The seeds of this curiosity are sold at one franc each, it has been doubted whether these will ie. produce the original subject. To settle this question the Royal Society of [lorticul. tore appointed a comrmsion to examine the plant. The commission was composed of three scientific members ; they expressed themselves thus: 44 It is probable that it comes from the Poicticra cabbage, as we have already seen the Daubcnton cabbage to proceed from the same source. It bears a greater resemhlance to the latter than the former, as its lower branches are nearer the ground, but differs from both in being much toiler. It is not very pro(table that M. Billaudenu's cabbage can owe its prodigious dimensions to the nature of the ground, since it was found in the middle of a field of cabbages, not one of which was above the usual size; but *e may suppose that the seed which produced it was predisposed to develope itself to excess, as other seeds are inclined to produce plants with curled leaves, or streaked, or with double flowers, &c., without our Doing able to ass gn any reason for their so doing. 44 We could bring forward many othci instances of similar re-productions, but the examples we have quoted are sufficient t? show that the Billaudeau cabbage, being t new species of extraordinary size, may be i # i i r re-proaucea irom seea, ana oy means <> ru peatcd purifica:ion, be made to form a dis tinct and permanent race." THINGS THAT I HAVE SEEN. I have seen a Termer walk up to hit knees winter after winter through manun in going to his stable ; when for years hi ; garden had been unproductive for tho war of the article so much in his way, in th ' yard. f I have seen a farmer pass fifty ti nes b . a breach in his fence and never stop t aright it, always putting it off till anothe ) day, until the greater part of his crop wu destroyed. I have seen a former ploughing aroun r bunches of briars until his field was s r taken with them that lie was compelled t a abandon and give it up to the neighboi f around him as a blackberry patch in corr - mon. i I have seen a farmer put up bis stoc nj fodder io so careless a manner that the fir % "V ^ SET! T I Z E R. Y 21, 1840. i" wind would blow down the stacks; in >f winch condition they would remain until the e fodder was so spoiled that half starved catr, tie would refuse to eat it, and ho would >. wonder why h:s cat'le were so much poorer I, than his neighbors.' s I have seen a firmer who took great j care of bis fodder, hut in feeding it to his _ cattle would let in the hogs, or not separate V them from the caitlp, and before they could i mas'icate half thoii allowance, ihe remain, i der was so roo'eri about, and so filthy that t they must be more than half starved to eat , it. He, too, is one of tho "wondering" r class. [Anon. I ' > Great, Greater, Greatest.?I was inform. ed by one cf my neighbors that Messrs. , Cheney & Shepard, of Catlum, Middlesex r counly, were favored with a litter of j^Berkf shire pigs from one sow sow, amounting to i twenty-eight in number. I took the trouble r to ascertain the fact, found it was correct, i and think it wilt outdo any thing of the kind i on record. Russel Taylor. Chesire Farmer. From the Maine Cultivator. winter work. A good Farmer has jus' leisure enough in Winter o be as busy as a bee in divers j matters and things that relate to his success as a wise and provident husbandman. In j. all his leisure hours he works hard, with head or hand. In the first plane, there are his books and acnounts to be put in order?bills to be j drawn off, dues to be collected and debts to I be paid. All this requires considerable I attention and time, and th? Winter is the ' pioper s ason to regulate such matters. A good hus andnrin will keep all his books and papers in such order, ihat if he wers to die lo-rnorro , his affiirs could be settled up safely and coi reedy by his family.? This is a very important desideratum. ( In the next place, a farmer must think 1 , and read in wint. r to qualify him to make 1 tan best caleul.itioris us to the labors and i business of t'?e approaching year. Good ; ; calculations, which embrace a systematized plan of operations. are often a saving of almost half ones'time and labor when the ' season of it arrives. When Spring opens, ' you will seu Mr. A. sep briskly for h to ' his fields, jugt as if he knew what he was ' about ; he takes a direct course, knows where to be begin to the best advantage, and how tostr kcthe first blow. His tools 1 are all. at hand ami in order, and he loses, 1 no time in getting things in readiness, or in concluding win re or how to go to work.? But Mr. B goes hesitatingly forth, pauses to think, or retraces the ground; arrives at his field ; lounges over tho fence, looks around as if at a loss what to do or where | to b?*gin. H>* hits not concluded whether to plouyti here or there, and he must take time to think about it. And so back he goes to think. Wlrn he has finally made up his mind, and wou d go to work in earnest he finds his 'oolsou' of order, or does not find them at ull, without a long search about tl.e premises or amongst his neighbors.? Hours are lost?days are lost?weeks in the aggregate, . are lost?good crops lost; and all, because his calculations hud not been well definitely maured before hand. Conclude now just what you intend to do next spring. Besides putting tools in order, procuring the best sort of seeds, taking measures to improve your stoek, giving at ention to tne horses, cattle, fowls, pigs. <Scc. &e. now is the time to get out fencing stuff and to bring to the d'>or a years' supply of wood.? No firmer need be idle in he winter.? Thuru is enough to do every day and every hour. * But he must not be so engnged in mere secular ma-ters as to deprive himself of time to gather bis family around him daily, superintend their studies, give them good counsel and provide for their moral and intellectual wants. Ho should be more solicitous to furnish them with a supply of appropriate food for their minds, than with the requisite subsistence and clothing for their bodies. The mind is the highest part of our natures, and should receive the first and highes: attention. GREEN VEGETABLE MANURE. The value of green vegetables as manure ! was strikingly proved by me in the spring of 1833. I had a trench opened of suffi. . cient length to receive six sets of potatoes ; ( under three of these sets I placed green > cabbage lea\es, but the other three nothing ( but the soil. When the crop was dug up, , the plants over the cabbage loav js yielded about double the produce of the other.? [J. D. Parks, Hartford Nursery, January, ' 1839.] Notwithstanding the immense grain crops 9 of this country the past season, and the fact 3 that large quantities of flour have been ex9 ported to Europe, several vessels huve arit rived at New York lately, with rye from e Odessa. This may seem somewhat strange fo those who are not acquainted with the y fact that this rye is intended for the distil/ery o Daily Times, r s ENGLISH AGRICULTURE. The good land of England is much more d productive than that of America?and this o j swperioty is probably derived, not so much o from greater original strength of soil, as rs from more skilful agriculture?depending i. mainly on two great facts, faithful tillage and faithful manuring, k The English farmer does not believe tbat at thgre is any tiling necessarily inherent in the 'E m . ? f V' ' ' V ; - 4' ?? NUMBER 15. nature of good soil which makes it productive, independently of nutritious matter and foreign aliment returned to it by the cultivator, as a compensation for the crops it has yielded. Hence his first, his principal care is to collect and form manure from every possible source. . Nothing is more common wherP one is travelling in England, than to see in the roads adjacent to the fields, heaps of compos?, consisting of turf, tops of vegetables, such as turnips and carrots, stubble from, the wheat fields, which is cut by a second reaping alter the crops have been rnoyed; dead animals, ih? offals of barnyaftitjsnd stables, and in short, every thing which'li * capable cf being convened by putrefaction into vegetable mould. It is therefore because this business of manuring is so pet fee ly understood, and so diligently practiced in England, more than for any other cause, that their lands are much richer than ours. Indeed, H is nothing more than an imitation of the economy of nature.?Silliman. SILK CULTURE. THE COCOONERY?FIXTURES?FEEDING SILKWORMS, be. By Gideon B. Smith? From tho Journal of tlio American Silk Society. Il is a common remark that stIk-worm9 require no particular building or. fixtures, and nothing but the most ordinary attention; that they do as well in barns and open sheds hs any where else ; and that wet weatner and damp night air do them no injury. It is readily admitted, that silk-worms may be raised in this way, and that good silk and a tolerable profit may result from it. But when those who preach such doetrioe as the above shall have had a few years ex. perience, they w ill concur with tho writer of these essays in spying, that, though tarns and sheds will do tolerably well, prdpgjrly constructed cocooneries will do much befc ter; for, though the former will yield a small profit, the latter only can be tfepended upoa for a satisfactory result at all times and under all circumstances, AU Will admit, that some corn can bo produced from ground badly ploughed, poorly tilled, and subject to depredation from catrie for want of u gooc! fence; but surely that would be n poor argument with good farmers against a higher grade of cultivation and attention; they evell know, that though the soil will do much, it is from their care and industry that the main profit of the crop ia to bo d> rived. With silk culturists, care and attention, with proper cocooneries and fix* tures, are all important. The writer has several times proved, that, with close fttention the worms can be made to spin their cocoons in twenty-five days ; whereas or. dinurily they requirefortytwo days; and that of the cocoon, produced in twentyeight days, only eight pounds were required to make a pound of raw silk ; while it rook ten pounds of those produced in forty-two days ; and further, it required one-eighth more raw silk from the latter to mako a % f - W. llflt. .1 J!J _|?.L pouna 01 nmsnea suk man n ukj <m me vermer. These are practical facta which every one's experience will demonstrate (hat tries i he experiment. It is a curious circum. stance, and we will try to reduce lite fig. ures, to show the difference in parallel columns ; 100,000 worms, 100,000 worms, 42 days, co, 20 days, cocoons 300 to coons 240 to the pound, the petted, 333 lbs. co. 416 lbs. co. coons,33 ibe. coons will raw silk, at make 52 lbs. $500 $165 00 raw silk at Cost of labor, $5 00 $260 00 leaves, &.c. Cost of labor, six weeks, leaves, &c. say 100 00 four weeks, 67 00 Profit, 65 00 Profit, 118 00 ? By the other 33 lbs. of system. 65 00 this raw silk -j 1 ; " will make 24 Differonce, $128 00 lbs. finished * silk worth 52 lbs. of this $8 00 $162 00 raw silk will iA II 1 muti IUB. finiithed silk at $8 00, *336 00 By the other ) aysttm, 193 00 Diffrrenes, *144-00 The above estimates are, it is believe^ strictly correct. If they vary from the re. suits of actual practice, it is believed to be in favor of the negligent system rather than against it. But it is said they raise silk, worms and make silk in the cabins of the peasantry of France and Italy, every little family keeping them in their small cabins, in the midst of their children &c. and hence an argument is drawn in favor of neglig. ence. We should scarcely deem it necessary to waste time in refuting stteh argument, were it not for the mistaken notion so generally prevalent, that in France andfjto!y the silk business is universal, has arrived at pcrfeciion, and that whatever is done thero by the people at large must be right; when the fact is, that there is as much effort now making in those countries to improve the system of silk culture as there is here. There are numerous periodicals published there devoted to the improvement oT the silk culture ; not only to the improvement, but to the inlroduetion of it in those countries generally. This will no doubt surprise ma* ny of our countrymen, but is not the less true. The French periodicals are laboring hard to introduce it into France generally* i They even publish diaries of the work (sucb *r_, v, " 'J -m :t '"j ? . + A