l- i! Hotrhy briu^r <??? w* <modo
%4 nosing there uiay to describedla * short
eompnaa. Vh? iTvniv* mod humea 9 ouUI
bo io gtO'i health nod ?wnditu>n. when pot
together. During ihefenod ot gestation
(he work to be done by tin; fomalcsh ou!d
If ylewej and bm ahe *tf>prouuk?M tlw
tit no ofdyhrtfv liio fcnrk |ho?h) be suspenHod
?nd her condition a bale unproved.
The male should uot probably be worked,
hut plen-y of oiUrrisc should be given h'in
iH^uliirly, mi 1 bis powers ahciM never ,ie
overtax*.!.' The foals, fur the b n*?, should
be dropped t\ hen the grasses ate pleuty 0>
thrro'TVJ ;lw flow of milk, fr, if the maros
p are to bo worked af or foaling. genoroas
Ohm ?hoitftJ b: given th?nri in sufficient qunnl'
. The young wilt lenn?.to .oat ul. three
or four riiTinthat olJ", and may be weaned at
*" tlvo or ape. Tiidy should lie sheltered froui
tin* NtdtKw.'U.'iAl of wint&, and fed to keep
them Vr:?ight atid^rouin^, without being
(breed to precocious maturity, as is done in
Englj^i 1, in fho rueioj* studs. The object
voftlio forcing system is to attain ?."* ? and
, 4IumhIi to etialdo twin to contend in ' their
3S|Mr ?*d fS*ni? for tho lii^b pri7.es. The
. lftdBy, Ao O.ikb JMjd St Ledger s'ukes
\ it'V^i oitt.u-.ionb fdr breeders and sporisnvie;
%nil urc annual!v won. nut slurnva bv the
co!'?. Qftl lilji'js, but tiro annually the
my as of dfStToying.qr^jgreatly impdriug
*# yhic -of many good ones. Nature
y#uM inJica'.o that, u horse should have at
tipncd fya Uf? bvfdre lie is put to his utinos'
cxci tiftnik fodls-should bo gentled ioirnctlteir
birth, and they rtrety,
^Urtrans new#r forget it. Yearlings also
? tdwuld bo kept growing uniformly itt winter
% In suimttcr* and at 2 years old should bo
hatter brufco, and used moderately at three,
increased in work at 4, and a filly at o will
6m full work, but a gelding not before six,
puritans 7. Very ofton, however, they are
*Vroko dotrh before tliey are aged ay impro
per management, and thereby several of the
most yoltlublo years of :heit lives are lost or
rcudorpd ncaily useln?*.
A fcw objections may he answered to
enable us to come to u close. It is said I
thai the skims of the well hrods aro fine
,,?.t 1 .1 ?IN _ - I
>hm iwuiv iu .;i,uu; ijiuj jjiin. 1 HU
?Hr?ul I be made to fit, l?e of good quality
nnd kept scift nnd pliant. Jt is oKi"'**"'1
ugatnat rfn? ?>?* ? , '.?? flay arc bad tempered,
arid rccttvo, and mininnngi-aLle. Tito
objection applies not genorally bu! lo apart,
nnd a srnnllpnrt only. The finest, and tiro
best tampered, and altogether die best car..
ri.igo horse I ever saw, was a IVcolot out
ofa.Sprend Eagle. , And as to the restive,
begin- tf j.h tlnjna young iiud learn them ohff. !
dioiniv bf)' nnd keep them obedient. I
If tl|?y nre suffered to'run wild till fou j or five <
years o|-J you sjtpuk] .expect trouble, unless |
you could ?iriploy a ** whisperer.** I had
a filljr whose siro bad a decidedly bud temper,
and Uee-darn's siro was equally vicious.
She was worked tolerably well at three
years old; but "was inju ed so Inucli by iiuolliurjuqrn
that she'wus turned out for the
season, hud the next year refused. Six;
4wed meu .fllly.sojd for the saddle, and u
colt, that works kindly, before I sold li? r, ;
and a butter roadster than I or is rarely to
begccn. 1 had two fillies full bred. The
SKIS was put'o work ut three years old und
worked kindly. The o'.her wus a plendid
creature,.thai 1 used under the saddle ; but
on one occasion atkl without requiring tier
lyork, but rattier to see whether she would
I rv... I.*.. >? it... .U I. & - .12.1
npn ?, m |n? IIVI IU mi; |liuu^ll. At 31 It- UIU
not like it. oud fearing site might he injured,
I ordered her slipped. I have latterly
worked a full bred the same family ; and
another thorough l>fbd in tho wagon, merely
to see that they woffd work, nnd they are
now bo*li valuahie bn>od mares, the thorough
broil a splendid mare, and has a splendid
filly.
Governor's Message.
At 12 oVlock fo-dav, Tuesday, Nov.
2ft, ITs Kjicellency, (xovrnor Noble, transmitted
tii tho General Assembly, by Col.
Benui*trt T. Watts, tho following
7j ? r
which was reud by iiim in both lions- s. ]
K.KfcCtfTlVR DbPARTMRNT, >
Ooluwbi", S. C. Nov 26, 1830. $
yellow 1','lizrns of the Satiate
ani House of Representatives :
In jt iL ng u retrospect of the past year,
our most devout gratitude is cJlod into lively
exerci*?, to tho Almighty Dispenser of
nil tftf^?vfootlWL .wry. abundant harvests
wiil? Which Hd'liH^buoo ploasc'd to reward
tho toils of the husbandman. Tho teem?:i|C
earth has brought forth in great profu.
siot* all the products of (he soil usually cultivated.
But these signal blcssinga have
been aecomoaoied, in the eoyrso of an AllWise
FroVtrlencu, hy visitations ?.f> psmful
and melancholy character. Disease has
utHiclod a portion of our S ato, and death :
has consigned to tho :ornb many eminent
and valuable citaens?men, distinguished
far ttrcir ?hir<ing virtues, great talents and
public $ rviccs.
As q uicmbor -?f iho Con ft deracy, Sou It I
Cambria must ne.cessarily f ul a d< ep inter- i
est itl thu legislation of the tierieral jioveru- I
mcM ; aud in looking towards the various i
-importun' sub/:cn which may probably, at
?n early day, employ tin: debts rations o''ii
Congress, our attention will u? arrested hy j
one topic of rust magnitude, pregnant w iih I
fulura ttrcul or woe, iwit ahoti UTtuttlcd. 1 i
<n< un the Tariff C|ites ion. l>y the Com- <
l>rorriisy Act ol'13J*3, i*. w/ts provided( that
t?y the grmloul reduction ot'the dtries, thoy
Jlhftu'd bo brought <Jr, ,vb to 20 per oCfJf. in
1842, which will rl;en ho tl.eir established
/ate, orjh ns the. iirno.Jf:f, in the meantime,
*' ??.1 bo altered, by law. i'ut i.'io anmo net
^ iinttibiv JI?o in' Congress, tbat the
?evt?iw? nHidLt^ reduced (o th? economical
mn.Uot tWrf Oovfrurnt!n?^ i: in believed,
Uiui i* do y tailow 20 pt* ? ?>'. i.pon (ho im.
pi* i A lions. world r:? *e a sufficient revenue
i'Ar ??1' :M e?wn h?1 sorjw'S"* of (ioverntpcrjf.
The ?i?;? obttTueto to thr* reduction
i< 'ft ltd found n ! < nf''rig [to*i i<<r> which.
do'JWtp- *<,*: ' '* '< ' ' * 10
to. -vt.* 'he j?roJrC.'
etfe >
?,
not diminished to tlio lowest necmr
point/they will, at alt timet, afford a coi
vrnicnt pretext fl>r rvfimiikg to roduca tti
impoa:#. !f )ha p< opl>? could bo mod
sensibly of the snormnusa tribute which i
ummuliy exacted front tlnm, by tliia tndi
rect modo <Jf luxation, ilicy would demon
the repeal of such onerous laws, in a voic
which their K'-prcdtnuuiivea would not dar
to disregard. If the Government wou!
consent to adapt the system of direct taxei
and attempt to draw sucli largo sums fror
tlio people, it would soon be discovered tin
the tux-paying citizens would not, for tmo
moot, onduro the burthen. The very fad
Hint uuch man in the community would thei
know the precise amount of tax which h
paid, establishes die soundness of the pro
position, that in a popular government, di
reel- taxes are to bo preferred to those whicl
are indirect. But if th s change cannot no*
be introduced into our Federal legislstior
the adjustment of the Tariff, upon such mo
dtiicaiicns as will conduce to the peace
harmony, and integrity,of the Union, is sol
emit'y required, as well by the dictates c
wisdom, n* of pairiotism. Tlio past hiato
(>v nf nn. Pftinii.u uilU ;?I J?..... ? ? -
j ?? ? -? ? ? " >n iiiuiwuw inv ttii
which urc to be uvoMed?evils of a mens
cing aspect. The planting States will nc
endure protective duties. They will insis
(hut duties shall be laid exc usively fur rev
enuo, and that no more revenue shall b
raised, than is required by the economies
wants of the Government The people c
this sec:ion contend for u uniform nd vula
rem duty upon all importations, upon a scul
graduated with reference to dimished cx
penditurcs, and the economical demands c
tlio Goveri mcnt.
From tlio Comptroller's Report, the fol
lowing abstract is obtained, exhibiting th<
Condition of the Finances of the S ato, o
the 1st October, 1839.
The undrawn b dunces of
oxisjing nppropriaiions
nmbunt to 8108,130 21
The usual and necessary
appropriations for tho
year 1810, $282.420 0'
MuKing, *190,b&? 3
To meet tln> lytHuiii ?>f
winch, tie arc in ca^Ji in
the two Treasuries* .
October 1st, 1839, 113,067 61
And nctt amount of taxes
to be collected in 1840, 290.000 0(
Making, 8408.087
Which will leave only a balance of abou
$12,500 in the Treasury, on the 1st Octo
Iter next, without the prospect of any re
:epts until the taxes shall be collected ant
r?aid in'.o the Treasury, in May and Jurn
1841.
It id important to know the precise situ
ation of tie State, inflation to the debt
due by it, and the funus belonging to it, t
meet those debts. For this purpose, [ hnv
caused a statement to be prepared, givr n
this information, mid herewith eommunica
led. From fit is doeumcn', tho following
general result is obtained :
Aggregate amount of
funds belonging to
liia Stuie, $3,680,630 2
Do of debts
due by tho S.ut'\ 3,039,243 8
Balance in favor of tho
Stutn $591,586 4
Hut it is proper to state, that in th
amount ?f debts, duo by the State, is inclu
ded the D<'positu of $1,051,422 09 of th
Surplus revenue of the United Stutrs. I
addition to the above liabilities, the State i
responsible: for the rebuilding of Charleston
and lor the guarantee of the two million
lown, fof t'us Louisville-, Cincinnati* an
Cnorlestoti Kail Road.
The Bank of tlio Stain of Soudi Carol
tin is in a sound con lition, and under tin
prudent management of un ((ficicnt Direct
ory, and able and assiduous officer*, it mcr
its )our continued confidence. The profit
of this institution, the present year, or
$210,000, which sum has been carried t<
the Sinking Fund, now amounting t<
$918,058 30. $800*000 of ibis amoun
will bo applied, on the 1st January next, t<
pay the holders of the G per cent. Stock c
this S ut?', created under an act of the Leg
islature, passe J in 1820, and redecmublo oi
tlio above mentioned day. I herewith sub
mil the Annual Statement of the Bunk.
The true condrion of the. Banks of th
S u e, is at all times, n subject of deep inter
esttothu people, but more especially at i
crisis like the ouo in which wo arc no*
placed. For the purpose, of exhibiting t
the public their present situation, I applied li
thorn for statements, shewing their rospec
live liabilities nnd assets. With a nruutu
worthy promptitude, each of thorn respond
cd jo the calf, bv furnishing me with re
pons on mo several points 01 enquiry, wine
i now lay bi-foru you for your information
The country was just recovering fron
the shock which the ruvuigion of 1637 ha
produced, whon anotiior crisis in our mone
tary afFurs, accompanied by the suspcnsioi
t)f specie payments by some of the Bunks
has again thrown the business and com
merco of the community into confusion?
The frequency of these suspensions, do
mons' rates the existence of some inhoren
vices in- the Bunking system, or mistnan
ug< rm-nt by those who control its operations
and administer itsitftairs. It becomes you
d .tv, ns Jho guardiuns of tlio rights am
interests of the people, to tako core that thi
Hcptjhlic receive no detriment. You an
urg< il hy every consideration of sound ooli
cy, nnd u just regard to tho welfurn or thi
country, to probe the evil to the bottom
nnd, by the application of the proper rume
dies, to bring hack these moneyed corpora
lions, 10 a healthy performance of thei
functions. Indeed, the B.mksurc as mucl
jjpewutted in lire inves'igation and reforms
Hon ofTfieso defects, ?e tho community
for, without an efficient remedy, tho Bank
ing fm fnu.it terminnto in convulsion
which it is the iriTrr?-ev uflnll to ovoid. I]
however, the rnischi'-f mc61>r4- upon tb
Berths alone, then it Would be a martc
whi' h would not concern the public, Bui
y unhappily, (In whole oannunity am th
?. victims of tUn ?tii Which taww. Tl
o Amagnont ki the curroocy, oooteqwi
? on i ho return! o! the Banks to redeem the
s biHs m specie, sflucto tho price of the grct
I. staples of our country, which are the ins n
d moats of sit our commercial exchanges ?
Tl?e value of property, of every descriptioi
e the disturbance of tho relations bctwee
d creditor and debtor, ami in fact, the wliol
i, business of society, in all its ramification)
n experience the disastrous effects of this de
it preciation In the currency. This is not n
1.1 exaggerated picture of the ovil. The mil
t, I pension, by the Banks, is a departure frui
a the purposes for which their charters wer
e granted, and a plain violation of those duti^
i. which arc enjoined upon then), in the term
- of ther creation. The previous history c
It the country, in relation to chartered compa
v ikies, enforces the necessity of placing net
i, safeguards to prevent the evils whicii hav
? been felt. All charters, which confer ex
>. elusive privileges on certain parsons, in
! trench upon tho equal rights of tho rest c
if the community. It is certuin, they rcquir
- to be restrained by U'gnt onaetmcnts ; am
s yet the charters, by which artificial person
i. are erupted, ars Itnld up as containing all th?
it regulations concerning them, within th<
t, competency of the Legislature. It migh
- bo wise and politic, to prevent future evil
e fur tho Legislature to pass a general lav
il upon tho subject of all charters, subsequent
>f ly to bo granted, reserving the right to male
> such further provisions, as inxy bu require*
e to k? cp them within the limits of their np
: proprinte duties, and compel tlx ni to fulfi
if tt.e objects of their creation.
In giving you ** informa'ion of the con
di:ion of the State," I should fuel .hat I wa
e justly obnoxious to tho charge, ofnegloctinj
n one of the most important branches of in
dustry, were ! to be silent on the subject c
Agriculture. This pursuit ofthe great mas
of tho noonlr. has clnim* nnAn it.iir f?? ? ?
7" t r ? 1 "
J injj carc auu attention* It it tliu source ci
out wealth, and power, and furnishes th
means of our commercial exchanges. Ye
0 its importance scorns never to have boc<
- realized lu' (lu> <<on?tilut?J?ult<orili?? vflll
5 State ; Tor ;* is a lamentable truth, that wbil<
o'liCr broches of industry have recciv*<d ai
impulse, by wholsomc laws, the great in.
tcrcsis of Agriculture have been passed hj
9 almost with silent contempt. It is now
time for tho 3:ato to dismiss front her coun
) sels this col#rindiflerence, and to take such
' action on the subject, as will p oinota in
' success. In exploring tho causes which
t have retarded the progress of the S:uto if
population, wealth, and importance, none
is more prominent than tho utter neglect o
1 this primary pursuit. It cannot bu doubted
b that South Carolina once possess**! a soi
of unsurpassed fertili'y. llut this rich gif
of a kind Providence, has been, in a grca
s measure, lost by a most pernicious tours0
of husbuitdry. A large portion of thi
u once ttourising region, blessed, too, with
g propitious climate, has boon reduce*! to stei
i* ility. Yet, all hope of reclaiming and rn
g toring to it* wonted productiveness, our ei
ii mated soil, ia> not in vain. It is a ncnefi
cent provision of a goad Providence, tha
beneath the surface of the earth, are to b
1 found substances of tho most fcrtilizin,
qualities. Their discovery, however, r?
1 quires tlw application of science, and mean
- seldom possessed by individuals. It is, .it
such a enso, that a uiso and patriotic L**g
D isluture should extend its aid. But to sub
c serve fully, the interests of Agriculture, th
Legislature sitontu not connno its opera
o tions to n Geological Sum y alone. Wii
n this should be connected nn Agricuhuri
s Survey. While the former would bring u
if acquainted wi;h all the substances whic
outer into the composition of that portion c
d the earth to which we con hnve access, th
latter will elicit a mnss of information, in re
> lation Co every thing that concerns agrirul
p tare, which cunnot fail to be highly usefu
> (n other countries, the utility of agricultun
' surveys hna born folly proved, by the valua
? bio results. Hut, in enrrying into rtFec
e such surveys as hnve heen mentioned, th
3 value of the results would depend upon th
3 selection of an individual, possessing th
>t highest qualifications, combining n protoun
3 knowledge of the subjects of investigt'tior
f a sound discriminating judgment, uud a
untiring *-al and industry. The cxpens
ii of such a project, should not bo weighe
ngnitisl the incalculable importance of th
cud proposed. Being deeply iinpp'ssc
e wiih the practical usefulness of such surveyi
' I earnestly recommend that you provide ft
a their accomplishment,
v But while tho development of the physir
o a) resources of our country should c'air
o so large u share of your serious ottcntiot
- popular education ought to hold tho fin
nlaro in vnur i s imaiitm. It is knowledffl
I"-""" .* "* * ? .7 n
. intellectual, moral, nnd religious, that Cons'
> lutes the mail. Without its possessor
h wealth would bo a curse, instend of a blei
i. sing. U< sides, the stability and p?.Trimnone
n of our ropublicuu insti utious, have their on!
d guarantee, in an intelligent, moral, and reli?j
? ious population. H'*nc<*, tins importui
a suhji et lias coinmanded the warmest re
i, gard, of those who hnvo preceded us. Th
establishment of tho College, and itieado|i
- tiou of the Peer School system, arc endur
. ing monuments, to the memory of those, b
t whose sagacious efforts they wi re brougli
into existence. The former, from small be
i, ginning*, has risen to a proud eminvnc
r among the literary institutions of our gr-a
i Confederacy, ane is annually sending for:l
o a band of well cduca:cd youths, the futur
9 glory and ornament of their country ; th<
. latter, ulthough bused upon the soundes
u principles of a free government, has no
i, yielded all these bcuenis which its intriosu
excellence so justly deserved. At your las
. session, commissioners were appointed, u
r every election district of the State, to exam
ii inu and revise tho Free School system, aru
to report to the Kxeeotirc such amendments
; os alterations, us they might deei.v useful
Many of these commissioners, with a vrr
i, eoffiiiiendabfu Steal 'and ability, havo dis
f. ch rged the important duty assigned t<
a thorn, whito others have failod to make ro
t( ports. In obedience to your resolution,
t, I hare pUcad tiiC frpor's which hare bcoi
i* mad* in tha hands of a commission oft wo f
famanon, Professors Elliott and Thorn- t
M arsL( to b" aanminod by thorn, nnd n sys~ i
ir fern I budsvlsod, and submitted to you, at c
it the gssant session. Their report, hs soon I
? as prbarcd. shall be transmitted to you, c
-f with lie reports of the district commis. e
stones. f
n |t jfords mc unfeigned pleasure, to ar- li
In nounti to you. that the College continues h
? to anwer the high expectations of the c
t? State It is rapidly advancing in u career :i
n of prnperity and usefulness, which must re- r
i* dount to tho lasting benefit of the country, r
n It s qdily increases in numbers, although f
e the sftndard of admission is higher tliun for. r
?. merly I trden'ly recommend this nohlo I
is institution to your paternal nnd fostering t
>f care. The S ate can only expect to main- f
i- tain is wonted high character,by an enlight- \
* ened population, well grounded in solid f
lenrming. and a lofty moral elevation. i
i'q h free government, there exists a ju?t i
i- jealousy of standing armies. The history I
f of nil nations justifies this feeling. I s re- t
c conWnrerv k'le w?th instances of their din. i
J ger to liberty. Our anc-J'ors Imd o prac.. I
iir?l knowledge on Urt? which led '
e th$m to guard, by constitutional rootriotinns, i
0 against their in reduction. Hence, the re.
t liance of the fmmers of our constitution, on |
, tlio Militia, nil'1 tlie provision for organizing, |
v arming, and disciplining it. Hence, the l
. recognition of the great political truth, that I !
l? a woH regulated Mdi ia is essential to the
J safety of a free Stute ; and certainly our j
. ancestors were not deceived, in their osti- j
1 mate of the depen Jencc which might be re- I
posed in its efficiency. For the purpose '
. of dufensivo warfare, it will not be hazard 1
ing too much, to assert that Militia are equal,
% if not superior, to mercenary troops. The
noblest and highest motive that can actuate
?f the bosom of m in, impels the citizen soldier
s to draw his sword, to repel the invader of
- his soil, an ! to Uul?r.iJ his al:ar atvl fireside.
>f It may bi* conceded that, fur purposes of
z foreign conquest, regular troops are more
1 avuilable. But, happy fo- II* that It is so ;
0 this great Confederacy of Republican
r Stnics, is, Irom its character, pacific, and
e never can be prone to engage iiLurars meren
ly for winning glory, or nrquiraig foreign
? dorn;nion. From these considerations, we j
Icnm the vast importance of a well regula- i
t ted M l i'ia. To prepare them to fulfil the! I
. high destinies for which they are intended, <
1 care should be taken to 'rain and discipline i
i them in times of pence ; but his duty applies |
i more especially to tlie offences. 1 am <
i aware thut freemen will not submit to thus I
s rigid rul'-s; which arc applicable to the reg- i
f ular soldier : nor is this fenuircd. The idea ' ;
, is not cn crinmeti, that tlx; private militia. ! |
I man can ough' to b", subjected t<> the sum*' j
l degree of rigorous discipline, ? asuUlier, in
t ttic regular ranks. Indeed, it is questmen
u b!c, whether tnc attempt to give ti<c private
s miltta-man the automaton precision of the J
a soldier, should b?: made at till. It is not be- !
. Iievetj to be esscuti-i to the poil?ctit?n of!
i. our system, that tinv such at'sinpt .should
t. be made- Hut the case is ivid? lv different
? with the militia oflicrs ; th y may be mit
structed, and brought to u high d -gree of)
e discipline in the military art. And if the j
g officers have attained to a r? spec-table de- j
i. grec of knowledge, it will not he difficult for j
s them in a period of actual service, to tram i
n their men, in a short time, in all tlie duties :
J. of tho soldier. South Carolina has anted
i. on the assumption ol this idea : ai.d all her j
r militia laws look particularly to a body of.
- well trained and discinlined officer* Ami I
h perl taps to instrument has been more'useful !
i! in accomplishing this end, than B'igade Kin
? cuinpmcnts. It will be readily admitted,
h that .hose assemblages are attended with
>f much inconvenience 'o the officers and s. r v
gearits. But hh<:rty cat) Only be maintained
>. at the expense of great sacrifices, and tierI.
nal vigilance. Exemption Pom inconveni_ i
I. ence, would be an mudequnte csmpensaiioii,
il for the ease and aciivity of d"spo:ism, which 1
u. would follow the introduction o( standing nr- j
:t mic?, in the place of the Militia. N even he.. i
e less, the Legislature should seek 10 render [
e the performance of lus doty as lutlu oner,
e ous as postub e, consistent with the great
d object to be eUecteJ. Perhaps the system
), bears w.tli more oppressive wei. lit on the
n sergeants, who are compelled by law to i
e serve a limited tunc, no matter what may be j
d their means. To alleviate tho burden us,
u much at possible, 1 would repeat the recom- j
d mcndutioii of nty predecessor that rations ,
s, should be issued to the officers and serge- ,
?r cnts, of Brigade Kncampments. 1 hernwitli
transmit the Report of the Adjutant !
: and Inspeetor General, for tpe year 1839.
)), Perhaps nothing cxhibi's the progress of.
), civilization more stiikmgly, tliuu well-con- j
f struo'ed highways throughout a country ; J
t, and surely nothing conduces more to the
i. ease and comfort of the ciezen. In a comi,
mumty like ours, wheru the articles transi
ported by the planter to market, aro heavy
c and bulky, the necessity is doubly urgent,
y to construct such highways as w ill facilitate
tho transportation. Tliu repairs of the
it roads, by the existing laws, depend upon
! the labor of inhabitants, for not more th in
.. I.... J .L T*?
v nuiTr uuys in irit? yu.ir. i n?' \Y5m iii ujw>.
rates unequally. While the labor bestowed
upon certain portions of the roads is suffi.
y cient to maintain tlicm in good ord r, in
it other portions, the tonne labor would be
i. wholly insufficient. Front the face of the
c country, its utievenncss, and the imttii ot
u the sod more labor will be required in some
h sections, than in others. Again, those pore
tiotts of the Country, which he more conk
tiguous to'he maikct towns, from the greatit
cr amount of travelling over th'-nt with
t heavy wagons, nnd often front the nature >
[* of the soil, and irregularity of surface, re. 1
it quire vastly more Work to put and keep J
t tacm in goo 1 order, than oilier (tortious, |
more remote, und more favored, in the cir. J
J cuinstances mentioned. Hence, one por. i
i, lion of the inhabitants, is subjected to n (
greater degree of labor, than another, nnd
y not exclusivi ly for their own benefit, but lor J
- the heneftt of perhaps i? trtoro numerous I
t> class, who li^ve expended no labor on these j
roads. To remedy ibis inequality, and in.
i justice, presents n difficult question. If. J
n Siqvwv< r, tbo twelve days* labor, most iaith
iilty expended, which the inhabitants are fi
>ound to bestow, would place the highways n
a a serviceable condition, the inconvenience i<
ompluiucd of would lie the less regretted, a
Jut, from the difficulties already pointed s
tut, this amount of work, however faithfully n
secuted, would, in many places, bo insuf. p
icicnt to effect tlio object. Hence, it often c
inppons, that the planter has to encounter
uoh ii wretched statu of highways, as to
ausu great damnge of vehicles and horses,
aid much consumption of time ; uud, in
miny instances, the bad condition of the
ends presents an utter nbstuclu to further
irogress. It is probable that the induce,
nent which tho Legislature, by a lute act,
ius held out for the formation of companies,
o cs'ubliah turnpike roads, will fail of its
lurpose, as met) cannot bo persuaded to
'est money in any enterpriz-, without n
air pro-peel of a profitable return, in the
ihnpo of interest, or dividends. I trust your
wisdom will be able to devise some remedy,
for those great evils. Before leaving the
luhjcot, 1 would recommend what has ah. i
ready been pressed upon your considers,
lion, by one of my predecessors, that the
Commissioner* of tho Roads, throughout
thu State, should be allowed to commute
labor, for money, in all cases where the
person liable to rouJ duty, might prefer it:
The money thus rained, to constitute a fund,
lo let out, in contracts, for repairing, and
keeping in repair, certain portions of tho
roads.
The Legislature, Act entided
"An Act lo of the
Stale, to Si eure-ajjjH sS*,jy ^
made by the 'lM|S mid
Charleston Rftilil^N^^^^^^MKhortsrd
o|unyidbW^|Pl Si^f-dolliirs,
uad pfbflflfrttto-sc- 11
gaged io tho ififeffcmcc, on <
it: priority anil prowrihc# 6fahy other debt i
which the said company migu then, or at :
ny otlier time, owe. Bui, at the same <
time, the company was allowed, in enso it j
should purchase tho Railroad of the South- j
Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company,
!o mortgage tho said road to tho said South f
Carolina Canal and Railroad Company, for i i
any sum not exceeding two-thirds of the a
purchase-money, and givo to the South r
Carolma Canal and Kadroad Company, a
lirn thereon, in nrefi-fence to tho mortgage ?
uf the State. The Louisville, Cincinnati, |
itnd Charleston Railroad Company did t
purchase the South Carolina Canal and <
R dlroad. A large balance, of about {
8000,000 W the purcliasc-moncy, stiil re- I
mains doe; for which a lien upon tho road |
exists. and for which the road is liable to be 1
sold, ?o raise tho money in ense of the fail- 1
ure of tho Louisville, Cincinnati, nnd <
Chat Je8ton Railroad Company to make paymcnt.
Tins sum is due the 1st of January i
next. As the Soutli Carolina Carnal and
Railroad is the principal security winch the
Sure possesses, for its guarantee of the two
millions loan, it may be highly importunt
for i ho Sat? to look to the sufficiency of its
Iw ti. ft M.-cnis ihut the Louisville, Cincinnati,
nnd Chat lesion Railroad Company cannot,
in time, ratso the necessary means,
from its own stockhold- rs, to meet their
engagement. 1 fence, it becomes a (pies,
lion, winch d'teply concerns the Slate, what
course it ought to pursue, to secure an exelusive
lien, by the removal of this iucum
hrauec, which st mils in its way. It was j
my duly to give you the information ; it be.
longs to your wsdoin, to decide on the
course you ought to take.
Tne J udu jury system, sinco its last reorganization,
seems to perform its functions
in a manner answerable to the expectations (
of the Legislature. Yet it seems to tne,
that iho s\stem would he more complete, (
by tin? creation of Inferior Courts. The |
former trial and rejection of county courts i
in the State, is not a fair test, by which (i
now to condemn them. They were then
but partially Used, and only in the upper '
country. The little progress which this <
portion of the Stnto had then made in intelligence,
was calculated to expose tliem to
contempt and ridicule. Hut now, a d decent
state of thwge exists, and these useful insti- |
intioiis, which prevail in every State of the I
Union, except this, would be found valuable
auxiliaries in the administration of justice, |
and m the management of lite police of the
districts. If adopted, the duties now p'Tformocl
by the Ordinaries, might lie ndvanlapeouslv
transferred t<? llir?i irihnrin!,;
o " / ; " ~ . '" V"'
Tiwy should bu vested with jurisdiction to a
linii ed amount in cases of contracts, and
misdemeanors. And a I tho powers now
ox'-rcised by the Commissioners of the
Bonds. ?ho Boor and I'ublic Buildings,
should bo vested iti tlx in.
Tl?c trial by jury, ,is justly esteemed
amongst us, as one of the birth-rights of
fi t ( men, ami is, by our constitution, jeaL I
ously guarded against invasion. It is a
strong defence against usurpation or op- !
prcssiou in public prosecutions ; and in tho ]
decision of private rights, usual'y nlFords u
tribunal impartial and at tlx* same tune imbued
with a useful portion of the neighborhood
feeling and intelligence. But, in pro.
port oti as tho institution is valuable, and
high hi public lavor, should be the euro taken
to render it perfect in is operations.?
lis necessary tendency, is to deviations i
from that exact uniformity of decision,
which, in like circumstances, would render
to every one the like measure of justice ,*
and as fur as practicable, without undue res'r
lints, these deviations should be cireum
i .la- ?i
0V.?n#V*?. n lltllll I % ?>?? 11 ij ll I IUU9 U-IIVI .'Ul'-y
may not be increused by the various habits
niu! tempers of various Judges, and bow
f ir, if at ail, it ivou!<i bo well i? control the
discretion of the Judge*, in their summing*
of fuels to the Jury, are questions loft to
\<>ur wisdom to determine* So, also, is
the question, whether it is e xpedient to attempt
any means more ofloctual, than the
practice in appeals, to correct the errors
which. :m?kr even thobest influences, juries
o ,ctj "nnrit. it m "V.rs of n i^id Inn- and J
?ct ; or, sometimes, evon in pure mutW ^
f facts committed to them. Our provisyr.9f
os to the drawing ofjnrins, ttougj we'd
dspted to guard against the partiality of
ummoning officers, and to secure a panel
bove suspicion ; but it still soinetimcs'ltap*
>en*, thut u purty is obliged to submit bis
ago to jurymen, from one or more of whom,
ie has rensons foi upprehending injustice,
Ithough he can muke no challenge, upon
ufficicnt legal ground ; and u verdict is
endured, which would huvo been materia'.
/ uttered, by the clnngn of one, or at most,
wo jurymen, from wleeti al! iciief, hyap.
oul, is hopeless. Whether, without any
tatorial change in the practice of out courts,
I to right might not be given to every party
tigant, to strike without cause, unu or
norc of the juryman, from the list offered
0 him, 1 also present, as n question for
our consideru'ion, with n belief on my pni t,
fiat such a right, might bj conferred with
;reat advantage.
The public executions of capital off triers,
is an cxlubiti >n, which is believe I to
ixort an injurious influenc upon the minds
md morals of the p'copl". The terror, w iih
vhich such scenes should sinko t<ie b--.
tolder, is often converted into sympathy
"or tho supposed sufferer, whoso < xit has
tomctimes the appearance of ;i .virt of
imph, utterly inconsistent with the In .rot,
vhieh should bo inspired by his crime. In
ill cases, the imagination would invest thy
1 read sanction ol the law, with a horror,
lot felt in witnessing the infliction. The
icurl which would he hardened by the f'ghb
night be subdued by the consideration <-1
he fact, known to occur, but hidden aid
lothcd in the solemnity of datknes1 rind
irivacy : and, instead of the wicked sag
{Cbtions, and brutal excesses, win. h often
ittend ti(id r -suit from public sjHJctac.i ^
.utfering, mid public discussions of the sot
brers* misdeeds, good influences m g';t at.
end the.cu'm reflections which would tol.
oiv tlKisafchehlty of the offenders' b. n c.
>ir withobt iyinpathv or support. i f. s i)crliapi
especially iru<', in 'lie ease of a idnvo
lurro'irfJoa ns lie generally is, bv-h's jclluv.
dilVC.Q. I llien-fiiri' ili<?
? ---r--. r,wt
>fall executions lieing conducted in soin.
irivnte place, and in the presmico of Much
asaxis only as tho law shall design .ti.
I herewith transmit the Cuo?u? <d* tie;
reo white inhabitants of litis SWl', taken
n pursuance of the net passed W the las:
lession of the Legislature. Tho wiiul;
lumber is aeor mined to be, *-257,117.
In obedience to your resolution of ia>:
icssion, requiring in- to corresp^J wrh 'hExecutive
of G'eurgia, for the 'purp.ee < '*
ihtnining information on the subject of the
rontrovcrsy between that State and 'he
State of Maine, in r> i.itioiito tin alleged inTaction,
on the part of die latter, of that
[ art of tlio Coiisinotion ofthe I'ni ed Sta'ewhieli
relates to fugitives from itisncr, I lr-jj
leave to inform you that 1 have perfoi m.
ed that duty, and heruwith transmit the documents,
shewing the present state of the
controversy. '
1 transmit to you the pro 'eeume < of tin* .
Legislatures of s. vend St iti s, on various
subjects of suppose I common cuticern to
all tho States, wli ch are laid before \</i at
their request.
1 also invite your nfer.lion to tin- cop\
of an aci, passed by tho L"e;shitu;e ot
State of New York, "to author!/.? the arrest
and detention of fugitives from -s io- ,
from other States nod Teriitorn?;: ; f.
Uintod St-ites,'' train-illfed to mo lor fie
purpose of b' ing !u. l bedoro y?> i, with a
view of procnri ig the passage of a .snntla*
law by nl! jiie Sta es. ^
ll has been suggested t<> fii , by n ^
uiuniration from Daniel (front, Kiq., timed
Stales Consul at the city <>l 1'aris, .it t- ?
Kingdom ot' Franco, that great Jilfiojl. .
and embarrassment nro constantly
tsnced, by citizens ot' tl. U lit J 3.
QticJ oilier "je rsons abroad, >m t: . w jc:
r?f pomo uniform and .simple n ?">.}. rA a
know lodgement, >1 de-dsol Co: ve\<.?'
real estate, and oilier property, si n? c in ttio
several Slates of Ibis Union, p.:: : ck v.i cd
without the limMK ul the United S j.t. s Tills
matter appears to he ehtilieil fo wntir
consideration. I ill 'pd'ore, m .iiv.a rb me
with tic* request ot Mr. Hi en , lay in* i'.n-'
cnunication before yon, to t.taming the project
of n law, to remove the ddficti'ts nn.t
embarr issim nl compluined.o'.
It will i<tn>r?i me suu*? re p.uHruru, to ei .
operate with you m nl! measure*?, , ? . ..'.ate J
to 11(1 vane.f* tin* Imnniiioss an,! r/.m i*'. :
? I i i '+ t '' /
our common country: :?:t i 1 .c ic ti.;
Supreme U'llrr ?>l the I .< y?*ri?cp -o t" >;
roct your deliberations*, that you. " ;:? :r?
may conduce to ibis t?<mic-Ii. iei.t r? i
PA TRICK NOi'.UVi.s
tiin vei.i.ow fever in?- < '
Kxlrari of u loiter from .Sr. An^ior.i.o
published in tli?* CIs trles'on ''oaricr
In conseijuenco of the i.ecuiron c < ?
more than our fros', 1 dunk u rn iy l.e an !
dint the sickness of this place .s cm!
Lieut. Smith, ofS. service, dr i the
day before y est'-id.iy. It wool I.seem from
it 11 thai I c.. II l?.u'li, ll'iit ti diversity it opmion
pievnih, :?f- to dm causes of d..seu.se.
Some considering ilirm to be loCai, b it a
vast majority of die people believe t.?.tt ti' ?
Fover was imported from Churl. ato:i. 1
have not, as yet, made up my mind on. the
subject ; but am engaged in the co. i e: on <.i
evidence on both sale*, ana (coin ih" pTr: .
Nii.i of either doctrine.
Tho more I reflect upon thy subject, the A
more seriously mil 1 convinced n,' -he fr,inv.
missibi/itij of Yellow Fever, from o;, ,.,ce
to anoiher, nml tiie extension o'i'tne d * ,
provided, the erudition of :h>x .I'mospherr
bo favor iblo to its propaga.ie,:,. And yet.
I do not believe die disease ' > be > mtugi ...a-,
in the s riot signification ot \ia; .1 1 i ; r
is it exclusivity of foreign Form
particular seasons, where local causes are
present, and the atmosphere of ('iiarl'ston,
is approximated hy heat and oil ? r c.routestances,
to that of the \Y\-st Indies, I cm. 'J'\
readily conceive that like effect?, nov.'d flou M A
from like causes, and tliat a northern man, J!* i
coming under such circumstances, into the / iA
f':ty, would I"; liable to an at a V" % m
,lm