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VOLUME V.
JS?o
KDITOU AND PROPRIETOR.
TERMS:
It"pud within throe months, . ? ?3 00
ft paid within three months after the
olose of tho year, 350
If paid within twolvo months after tho
ctoso of the year, 4 00
If uot paid within that titno, ... 500
Two neie nnbroribcrs will ho entitled to the
papor the find year for jive dotltra, paid at the
luno of auhscribiny ; and flee new subsnitbera
tor f?M dollart paid nt tho luno or subscribing.
No papor to bo discontinued but *t tlio option
of tlio editor till arrearages ure paid.
Advortisoincnts not uxcooding sixteen linen,
iiiMrtod for one dollar tlio first tinio, and fifty
centa, eaolt aubaoquent insertion..
Persons sanding in advorlummonta ore reqtiea.
t to aoocifv tho number of ilmea are to bo
i'.ito'trd; otherwise they will bo continued til)
ordered out, and charged accordingly.
ITTiio Postngo trust be ouid on all coinmunioationa.
Cultivation of Cotton.
ll?portoa the Cultivation of Cotton, road bufors
the Poa Djo Agricultural Society at its Soini.
annual mooting in October 1839, by tho
lion. John Campbell.
The first object of consideration in the |
cultivation of cotton is the soleeiion of a soil j
f .stiited to its production. Uut as every va* i
riciy of soil within the li nits of the Poo D??o
conn'ry of sufficient fertility, is foutui under i
a judicious system of eultivitjjita^gdBgji^fl u i
j*'k?d return for the labor bcatotraflKHM if, |
und as u co.nmiitoc has been nq|||M by <
this society to report particularly jfyfkbn ina- |
mires, it is thought unnecessary to ntuko any
comment upon this branch of tho subject;
except to remark* that from nn exhausted i
soil, or one naturally poor* and unimproved i
by ui t, it Ls?vuin for tho planter ovoti with i
ttio mostAgorublc seasons, to expect an i
abundant nKh'est. i
The field being selected end the proper
season having arrived, the first operation is
to prepare it for planting.
in pro;i9^kK|>rep:iriiig land for planting
.short staple cotton good ploughing is indispensable,
and among tlm rules which may
Lie i iid down as admitting of no modification,
are these : livery part ot the sod should
be turned and eficciu dly pulverized ; and
the depth of furrow on nil lands should bu
regulated hy tho stratum which divides
the fertile from the unfertile moulds. Therefore,
in the breilting up or preparation of
land, the plough nmj go ns deep as the soil
will admit, but not deeper, und from the
violation of t lis rule which nature lias provided
us a chlerion, thin suds arc sometimes
much injured.
.1 <ight und dry mould*that are easily pulvnrizid
may be ploughed immediately
before planting. flut on clayey so Is, where
the extremes of wot and dry present the
the disagreeable ulieruatives of miro or
clods, the best season of ploughing is often
u'uJ critical, an I such i.nh <ih..nlri
when practicable be ploughed early in lh? ! i
winter, that they may by tins nc ton of the i
trust be rendered triable and more easy of t
%. culiivnt on. <
The usual nnJ tv-st method of plunting I
cotton is on ridges, |!??? cent os of which '
vary in distance from three an?l a half to snv <
en foot, in proportion as the soil is more or
lcaH fertile. The ridges boing widest upon I
the more fertile so Is. whoro Irom th? larger i
siz-i to which this plant attains, it requires '
tho greater distance to admit tho influence
of the sun and tho circulation of (ho air.?WPo
n all sods the observance of this rule is
important, hut particularly up n suchasaro
backward in bringing col on to maturity.
Tlio ridgos are formed according to circumstances
cither by tho pluugii ulono
drawn by one or mora horses, or by tho
plough and hot*.
The land being thus prepared, the object 1
IS to p'ufit. i
Cotton being pi<>Jiicod in nil the Soothem
ari l Snu'.hu ..?st :rn States, over a tcrri'ory
embracing a considerable variety ofcli- 1
mate, is piu jtciJ at u-Keren! times from the 11
middle of March to the firs: of May. Ah a 1
universal rule however, it may be rwnnrked,
tout the planter should select the cnrli st 1
pcrioJ that is consistent with safely. Con- 1
ti'lent that let human systems vary ns they 1
may, the approach of that season which 1
wakes up tho vegetable creation from tho
sleep of winter, mi l by its genial inflj -nce 1
gives it lifo ami beauty, is regulated by a 1
steady hand?and grateful wlien lie coinmi s
his seed to the earth, that if he has discharged '
his duty in propating Ins land for their re.
caption, his labor will n*t ho in vain. In
tho region embraced by the I'oo L).*e Agricultural
Society, the best time for planting
is during the inon'h of April, commencing
at>out the second week and co nploiing tho
operation as soon u'ircwanls as practicable. ,
It rarely, indeed it almost} never, occurs,
where lands huve lus-n well prepared, tint
there is n failure in the; s'nml.
The seed are planted either in drills, in
. checks or in chops. Hut the most usual
mm-I convenient nv? hod when mod nre
nbundan', is t(? sow in drills run on the tops
of the ridges and to cover lightly with a
plough cons: rue ted for the purpose. If the
weather is moist and warm the plant will
eppear 1:1 a few days, if tin contrary Clio
seed will remain for weeks without vegetating.
The stand of co'ton is sometimes
injured by heavy floods of rain falling shortly
niter planting,succeeded by drought, form,
ingn crust on tlio drill which the vegetating
seed are unable to penetrate. Light soils
?ro not subject to this evil, and on stilf lands
I it may in a grout measure be nvoiJod by
V sowing the seed and leaving them exposed j
i !
i: r iwr:
h h,,\iN -? .1
.V It C
I I II ?
CHRRAW, Si
?y covered while tho earth ie Trio hie. The
moiftMiru absorbed at euch a time will ooco*
sion the need to vegetate before another
ru n In* fallen nod another crust has formed.
After tho plant* are up, commences a
most important part of the cultivation; and
hero tho Committee will remark, that
practical reaul s on the culture of Cotton are
vnririH on mneh ku niMnmatanMim ?kn# ?
impossible to lay down ruins wh ch will b? i
ol universal application. But depending al- |
most entirely upon experience nod observation,
and aory little upon theoretic reasoning,
every judicious planter will be regular
ted in the management of hie crop by the*
condition of hit field. ru?> first pnocepa
how*> ** after the'ctftfon fs up, is generally,
in common language, Mto chop out."
Tins operation is performed by druwinp
the hoo rapidly across the drill at short intorvn'a,
lea vingbot ween each chop ttireeor
four plantto^Bjmjough immediately folIowa
ruiu||^B^^^Hkg ^Tili as practicable
without injuring the
plants. l,ie
grass to nppeur,
drawTiih
ten
to twfdyQHIflBH^MSyf^Ulis hoeing is
well doa^3BpH9B^2Bf0dt|r in
livatton have ban
ligen lv nl'y 11 e
case) tl'Q |%a|P^)'ijByfifOppcd1 may e?.
poet much va**fifcjPV',u^8v,luuu; Cu'1'" (
cation. .;u?X?d;\hw
The first plouglling-is generally perform*
sd with two furrows to the row, leaving a
narrow ridge of not mbfW.dhan six or eight
inch 's to b? work >d bjrtube hoe. In the r
second ploughing thejhtflfvols between the
rnlges should bo effaetwdfer ploughed^ out,
nnd the fresh earth lhaown lightly around
lhe lower part of the cat ton .stalks. Every
subsequent ploughing ftiooqfi fee performed
n th? sumo manner, with an Ittpreustng parlicularify
as tho plants increase in siz? and
npprotich maturity, not to ruqdpfp and near,
*!st by so doing, tie* lateral ?wa||ijNr|Mc:h are
ihrown out in search of food, shpul^be in.
lirml. nn.l llm riri-ulflliiin aC.tks.Mn tun I
much chucked. Ploughs of rariwn mo* j
iel* ore used in effecting the efupe results,
jut it is deemed unnecessary to enter into ,
i description of them or' a description of |
lieir r? lutivo adaptation to tlio objects in* i
ended* Cvcry plainer in the selection of t
doughs will of coursu bo governed by his <
awn observation. i
The cotton crop should bo worke I at in., i
ervuls of not more than thiec weeks from I
he commencement to the termination of; is <
:ultivation, and success depends not less up.
in the judicious end skilful management of I
he hoe than of the plough. Tliore is how. 1
iver much grenter uniformity in tho meth* |
id of using (liis implement, and it may be I
emurkod, in general, that where tho anil is <
mellow und 111 good condition, it is aulTiciunt i
to romovu tho grass where thn plough can. 1
not reach it and to draw a I ttle fr<*sh earth 1
,0 the plants with tho hoa where the beds <
ire hard; its province iu uddition, is to loosen
the surface. ,
Willi a viow to tho increase of produ<*. <
tiveii'iss, many planters ore in the habit ol 1
tonmuir their ration, and there i? nn dnnlii
tliui w I it-re thin operation is p-rformod in i
lime, it produces good results. The plant <
wh<?n upward growth is checked by this
process, yields more of as circulation to the i
support of i s lateral brunclr.-s and to the
nourishment of its fruit.
Tho commit eo deem it almost unneccs- I
sary to ultudu to the great importance of i
having iho cotton gathered us soon alter it <
has opened us is consistent with u proper i
regard to thu attention dun to othor in eresis
on a plant.tlion, livery planter of ohser- i
vu.iou must be convinced ol tlie great loss
in weiglu, and the deterioration in quality, I
sustained by co lon, from long exposure in I
tho fields to thu storms and frosts of win- i
[nr. i
Tne cot on plant is well known to be I
subject to a great variety of diseases, soma |
af main appearing in the plant and otli rs i
in the fruit only. Some have supposed that
>11 of these diseases procec I from insects. |
M t y of them no doubt do ; but expert. I
inents have proved the existence of a cir- i
culatory system hi tho vegetable as well as i
in tbo uiiiinsl creation ; and it is known that, I
likoanimals, vogctablcs ex'ract a fluid from |
whatever substancesure applied to tho or. |
guns through which thny receive and digest i
their nuirnnen', that may cither tend to promote
their health or to produce disease.? i
ilence it is obvious that the health of vegetables
Iiko that of uuimals may become in*
jured by drawing within their circulation
deleterious or poisonous qualities, and that
ths rot and other diseases in cotton
may be attributed to this cause. Tins
alone combined with the circumstance
that we have not yet been utile sat.
isfactorily to truco tho caus* s or provide
against many of the diseases to which I
cotton is liable, shows the importance of an
improvod statu of agricultural knowledge?
knowledge, the advancement of which has
no doubt beeu much retarded by the secluded
state in which the cultivators of the
sod liuvo generally lived, and the want of
that patient and continued observut on nu.
cessary to understand llio processes of vegelation,
and to remark intelligently upon
the dilfmcnt results of the application of different
soils an I manures, und the effects of
other external agents to which the plant may
bo subjected. A statu of things which it is
hoped that thie society, now in i s infancy,
aid -if. jsp
HER p
OUTH-CAROLINA, ffj^l
w II have some agency in removing Uihifr
the limits of its influence*
Tne cotton plant under the du| ?C
G'issyppiiim has been historically kfown
since the t mc of Uerodo u*. the fntlaf of
profane history ; but ao rocent has bctV its
cultivation in this country that mnnypow
living can recollect its in: reduction anting
us sa on orti"le of Commerce. It wtwld
be foreign to the objects of this report to
refer to the important influence which igls
processes of cultivu ion, nianufuc<'uro sul
?ulo, this article is now exercisiag onlC
Jestinies of the human race ; But io ilW^
ration of the extent of i s cultivation atTdoT
Is value, the briefly rt fur to
he last repoe ?I the Secretary ot the i run
iry containing, n stateMt^ui of tV? annual
Joinuierce uuJ Navigation o( tho United
"hutes. co?nmon<*tng 011 the first of Oc oh- r
1837, and ending on the 30 h Septemb r
ltt38. Acco-diug to this report, the en ire
ixpors of the domes ?i produce of the Uuied
States amounted for that year to
106.033.821. Of this amount die export
ifi-'iwcottou aloneamount'd u$01,556.811
1 nd m mufaciures to $3,751.755 m iking
ii nil $05,315,553. nnd leaving lens than
>31,0d0.000 for the exports of ihe domestic
iroduce of tho whole Union besides, imlu
ling tho con nbu ions of ilio earth, tho for
si and the son, of agriculture and nitnuacta
es. Thus wo see thnt t ?single nrti.
:|e of cotton alone, raised exclusively in a
action of country con tuning loss than n
lord of tho population, constitutes in value
nnro than two thirds of tho exports of the
lone-stic produce of the Ut.*ifd Stales.
To the Slippolt Of itlO piu-r.mtn- ???-,
rluch, undur a fortunate combination
if circumstances, we have obtained
is the cultivators of Cotton we nre
mtinly to look not only for individtal
prosperity hut for tho perma.
icnce of our commercial and political imlortance,
and this pro-eminence is to Im;
irescrvcd not so much from our local nduutages,
as from a perseverance in that ener
prise,industry and skill which have placed
ho competition of other regions, not less
avorcd by climute at u distance, nnd Kiven
o us the comiuaud of the markets of the
vorld.
From the Southern Agriculturist.
on the causes of emigration.
Mr. Editor,?Of (he causes which hove
iruduced dissntisfact on with our own Stale,
ttid driven ho many of our planters from us,
0 seek their Ibriunei el?ewhere, two linve
:ontribut<-d more tlmn any others to that
esult, and for the present i will confine
myself to those two. 1 mean planting
urgely to the hand, and the employment of
jverscers.
I was somewhat surprised to find in a
ate number of tho "Agriculturist" that a
writer, under the title of Emigration, would
prevent the evil by the very menus, which
1 will endeavor to show, will invariably proJueo
it. It lias been the too fatal pructice
in Sou h-Curoliim Mo clear nnd weur out'
tho lands fit for cultivation. Plant twelve
acres of cotton, and eight of corn, potn o?s,
Ate. to the hand, as recommended by a Pine
Land Planter," and you will niosi certainly
do the same thing. Phut seven acres of
cotton und five of provision ? manure?rest
tftiwl niiruii vniiP lAliild. ntwl u>ill olo .nu
? ?
improve under such management. l uu
are told 10 plant largely, mid make a great
deul to the hand. 1 tell you to pi.tut no
more than you ran tend wry carefully, and
make a great deal to the acre, and ut length
you * ill m tke a great deal 10 the hand too.
It is tho system of planting largely to the
hand winch lias s<t sadly impoverished the
upper counry of this State, is now wearing
out tho iands in the West, will ulways pro.
dure the same results wht rever practised.
Cultivated lands must h>* manured, or
must have rest; w Inch I titer is only a ditT r.
unt and i etter sys.em of manuring. I have
lieurti ot lands which ?lo not require e.ther,
aut I hare not wen thein, and i know tin y
are scar-, e. If manure or rest, or !>oth, are
necessary to ke? p lands from deteriorating,
I will venture to assert that no one who
plants very largely,can carry on thui sysein
to any profitable ex'rnt.
Let me compare the two system*. Tlie
planter who cultivates twenty acres to each
iiaud, must encounter great labor in the out.
set to get that quantity of open land?he
must make great use of the plough to tend
,L i I ?
in a qnuiiniy, iiiiu Keep up I in rum?muM
plant ul course u proportionate quantity oi
provision lund, and as I munition lie cannot
clear fresh lands sufficient to enable him to
rest and refresh those which are wearing
out. The system is, to increase yearly tin:
quantity of land planted to pro luce an a\er
u ;e crop ? which crop gradually diminishes
us tiie laud from continued cultivation be.
comes exhausted, until he abandons hu
plantation in dispuir, and the result is?euu
grition.
I have not the least doubt on tho otiioi
hand, tiiut twelve acres in cotton and corn
well tended, one year with another?will
good and bad seasons, will produce us mud
as twenty acres, carefully tended. Th<
great gam is, lliut under tho moderate sys
(em of planting eight of the twenty ncrei
may be rested every oltcmato year, am
thereby in the end, so far from exhausting
it, will greatly add 10 it* value. The otlie
advantages of tho modu^yu. uy stein, nri
noitlicr lew, nor uminporinn7?Amoiig then
ure, especially, rest--without which I thiul
there can he no xucccssful planting for uiv
long period ; comparatively littlo expense ii
horses?littlo I tod for provision?groat I
moro ease unci comfort in llio cultivatior
and above all, that under such n *\stcm, th
I
vtt.M NT** ^rwioi
wf D V E B
i i iiiDAY
EVENING, NOVEMB
i J ... r** *
KHSBaBBBBBBBBBBai
} f |f ,?hA ^ \ ">.!&* "S N ^ T * ,
planution improves with Mob'jrur. FreshDMMod
fc-rtjiiiy it imparled to the soil, ie
place of increasing. barrenness and decay,
pud. the ever connoting reflection to the
planter that he at least will not be compelled
to?<'migrate....
1 am fully convinced that the system of
heavy planting i* extremely injurious t>? the
beafinu-reets of the planter, and of the Stain,
and 1 would gpntly rejoice to ace every
where in 8oulh Carohnn Uto adoption of a
d ffcrcnt aystoin. To seo no mora planted
tnnn the planter it olwnvi able to keep
clear of grata?tojPn at k-nst one half of
1 Hrhc cotton lands retting every ye?r, qqJ inaOUtrp
provided (or tf>e,Mri? t io4-.
Another cause nf our wojM^of success is
in th" employment of oversoers. I do not
wish to bo understood us iiiinr a worJ
against that iu<lu?tr<ou* nnd useful data of
meu. but wiiai I do innon is. that 110 planter
can be entirely successful who places |!<e
whole management of hit estate in tho hands
of another.
I will state th? overseer system, simply
sad plain y. Admit that a planter employs
a go?>d overser. who conducts h*s busin-as
generally, well enough, (always denying.
However, that the overseer can conduct it
better than tl?e employer, if ho has any good
habits of business.) Under such an overseer,
the plantation may be put and kept in
good condition, but the usual result is that
the overseer d. mands an increase of wages
at tho expiration of each year, until at
length the employer will give him no more,
and he seeks employment elsewhere. The
planter gets another?-a ba.t one?the chan*****
are aeainsi him, fni Iuiditl*?reni or bad
overseers are inore numerous titan goon
ones.) Th?* plantation become* unprofitable
under his managemem?he in turn is replaced
by another, and after a course of
years, under good, indifferent, and bad overs-era,
the owner abandons a fine climate,
and perhaps a fruitful soil, ill the vain hope
of finding elsewhere a country where his
labors will be rewarded ; but vain will be
his hope * if ho continues always to trust
entirely to another, what he ought in greet
part to du himself.
h is a grout but too common error of most
persons to suppose that any fool can muko
s good planter. Parents have often been
heard to say?will givo my son a plain
English Education?enough for a planter.?*
Givo him enongh for a lawyer?a physician?a
divine?acquaint htm, if you can,
with all aria and studies," and he will make,
I assure you, no worse planter for his learn
mg. The prevailing error that eduenhoa
it not necessary to the planter is a ffr*>nt
muse of failure among ihut class of men.
I am aware of no pursuit that requires mora
continual observation anJ reflection than
agriculture ; and 1 think that no one is likely
o be a v? ry successfu planter, unless he
so considers it. 'Agriculture,' say* Mar liul,
as quoted in ihu Into able wd<lr???? to
the planters and farmers of South Carolina,
"is a subject which viewed in all its branch,
es, and 10 their fullest ex'ent, is nor only the
most difficult in the rural economies, hut in
the circle of human arts and science."
How then can the plana r l?e successful
who follows no fix- d plan himself, and entrusts
the management of his entire estnta
to the ever vniying plans of his ngen s.
whom he changes with almost every year?
Let nie advise ouch one 10 follow somesys.
tem?an erroneous one is better than none
at ail. Never cuit-vnte more than his force
is able to tend m any season, however ad
' verse?-rest?manure and nurse his lands
| ?never entrust to another what he can and
I ought to do himself, nnd to him, I am sure,
1 the necessity of < in.grating w ill never be prewnted.
" COTTON.
There are two points in which wo consiJer
| tho ? 10ws in the foregoing article erronooua. 1.
Too little prominence m given to manuring.?
D . ... -
I robi is important, it not necessary ; but inanur.
ing? citlicr by planting and turning in green
ciops, or hi some oilier way, ix more bo. 2. Tho
proscription of overBoera ia too general. On a
'urge plantation tlie proprietor cannot exercise
a constant personal supervision orer all its ope.
1 ration* ; anil if he could, the labor and expoeure
would be loo much for the majority of our pi in.
tera. Tho fault moat commonly committed seems
ta uh to be, not the employment of overseers, but
entruating too much to them when they are em.
ployed Tho planter thould be a planter, and
direct all the operation* on his plantation, lie
ahould not suffer auch management by any over,
aeor as to let his "plantation become unprofitable
" Tho prnvineo of the overseer ahould be
generally to execute the or dert af Kit employer,
, and thia he ahould bo required to do uniformly,
j promptly and faithfully, as will cheerftilly, or be
aent to seek employment somewhere elee. II*
rhoutd be required to render a written account of
his stewardship,?of evon the hoes and plows
l committed to the hands under him?at loaat once
a week. All thi< could be done, and still the
ovoraonr be treated with the courtesy and roapcct
r uuo to him aa a man aud a citison. A planter?
, if ho can, without abuse of language be to called
i ?who allows the profits of his plantation to do.
i pond upon an ovcraeor, ought to have a guardian
i* tppoiutod to mapago lu? buaineM.
Ed. Faiu Ga*.
Si ?
J Glue. It has been erroneously stated in
I the public papers, that India rubber will
r mako good glue < but it will never harden,
e For a strong, firm,cheap glue, nothing has
a yet b?*m discovered superior to the best
k kind of tlini which is in general use ; and
y for u fine clear, and transparent kind, which
ti will cvun unite glass so as to lender (he fi ne,
y turo almost imperceptible, nothing is equal
to is'P^luss boPed in spirits of wine,
e! Amor. Farrrer.
iH6SPS
' ** #*** >' ? '..!?/
T7 Z E R .
'Til i .LiMMJ.-U-*
iER 89. 1839.
We find ia the Frukiia (Ky.) Farmer, two
eacolkmt MMjn on brooding hone* for fartstog
purpose*, mi to the eittter of that paper
to competition for premium oflored bj hits. I
The fellow lag U the one to which the premium i
woe awarded. The other we eball copy aa <
eoon aa we can find room.
fj? BREEDING AND RBARINO HORSES POR j
AGRlOVLTVRAL PURPOSES.
By William Williams, of Nashville, Ten. '
Tito No. for June 1st offers premiums
for the 1st and 2<i best essays **oo the
aubjnets of breeding and rouring horse* lor |
syrculturul purposes.**4 The wrhero sum
f>ud unda'r no lestrlcdtins-tts to the mndeof
dtsrussion,or tho breeds tftry mny choose
to advocate. An agricul uml piper could j
not be cxpocted to hove be?n more liberal. j
A dissertation on the blood and proportion*,
ttie breeding, muring and training the turf (
racc-borsc t or t'>e stout'T bui!t, but not {
much less blond-like roadster, hunter, or ,
war-house whieii the advance of moJtrn (
lines hns introduced, might not have suited
thcias'es of u majority of your readers ,
You nronwore however, that by placing nn j
iu'<rdiet on tlie lurf, the camp, the field ur.d ,
iho road, you damp tho arbour of your uri- (
ten, and atrip the horse of his glory. Tho ,
plough and carthorse is a nitre utilitarian, ,
iind ploughing und < nriing, however the (
potts may have embellished them in song, ,
tvrv known by the Workirt to be plain fact |
mat ers nnd?-flcctually achieved by the due j
and cou'inued application ofbonc nnd sinew. ,
There evidently is no fancy in the affair to ! (
the man who holds the handles and guides j
jh? t*uini. There is however, ample room j (
for the exercise of much practical good ?i
sense in poncing out the bo?t r.-.ihod of 1
breeding, raising, breaking nnd working1
furming horses to the best advantage. The j
profits of agricultural operution generally!
uro moderate, and managed as ;h?*y nn' in J
many instances loss is incurred. Most I
breeders of animals, it is apprehended, ro.
ceivu but a very inadequate comptnsul on
for their time and attenlion and money ex- I
psndtd. It ought not to be. and that it is
does not result necessarily, but from live '
want of proper care and judgment in breed- j
ing oud raising. They follow what has j
be> n.uol inaptly coiled lio hup-hazard mode, !
by putting any sort of a female to any sort i
of u mule wihout regard to qualities ; und I
in raising tiiey are so stinted und starved ns i
to warp and dcslioy whatever liitlu of good !
form sod cons'itution, they amy have occi- j
iltinliy brought into tho world with them.
These seem to act without obj??oi, except,
that they know a horse is a horse and a
steer a steer, and that if iho colt was got for
a barrel of corn and the calf gratis, that they
havo saved their money.
The business of breeding animals, in modern
times, is sa d to be science. It has
not been, howev r, and prolmbly never will
be reduced to exactness. * Dame nature*'
in her ojverations delights to disnluv endless i
variolic*. But certain Yules have been laid
down by the observance of which we may
reasonably expect to approximate c-rtuinty.
* Like begets like" is the leading rule. It
not only has its exceptions, hut it must be
understood with limitation. Select a horse
and a mare, such us you want, or as near
as you can find, the produce of their conjunction
may resemble the sire, or the
j OF fiOiiiiCT j ulii % iTiiiy JiuVv iiO ifuri |
! mediate form, or may take after spme re- j
mote ancestor ; and if the remote ancestors
were indifferent, or positively bad, the
chances will tv against the rule, in proportion
to the number of wot thy progenitbrs.
It should be enjoined on beginners, there lore,
1st, To s'-h-ct good animals to start upon,
where no beitereviduncc cut) be hnd : 2ndly,
But where it can. to select tliem from good
families. In England, where more a tontion
lias been paid to the breeding and rear,
inil the blood horse, than in nnv other conn- i
irv, lin y have arrived at extraordinary siX'*,
nii-1 power and endurance ; and it has hern
dor.a by combining tlx- Arab, Barb and Turk,
and developing thu bone and muscle of
(ho new race by generous feed and judicious /
ex?*rci?e, There no one thinks of breeding I
a ruc- r from a mare wlvo lias not at h ast
five pure crosses. And many of their most
distinguished marcs can number double the
amount, ! Hiding on a royul, or oilier Arab,
i'lii or B irb mare. There is nomcthi.ijg in
the blood, thut gives family distinction,
though ilio blood may not tell in pnnieular
individuals, either from mismanagement or
Occident, or Irom gome detect in constitution
or torm. A third rule requires that tliey
bo crossed ; in other woids, that wo avoid
the coupl ng togctle r near relatives. The
more remote tlin families, probably the bi tter
; but nf.er prohibiting liie intercourse of
sire and daughter, brother and sifter, be
yond these we may probably be pcrmi ted
to use our judgment in selecting the reaui
sito forms. Horn* of (lie double Januw**
wate very well proportioned, but tlivy were
very amnl!. The double Arcliys evidently
show h fulling off. Hut Wagner by Sir
Charles out of a Marion is thought to be
among the good ones. And we need not
look for a better than Highflyer, his darn
by filnnk, got by Kegulus, both sous of the
Godolphut Arabian.
Thorn are some subordinate rules, thain
the thorough bred studs, should bo wu I
considered. 1. Certain fundiiea cross bet.
ter than othets.nl! b< ?ng good. 2?'. Certain
Individuals cross better than other ini
divi funis. 3rd. And certain individuals
breed better than other individual*. Ilerod
I and Eclipse were ex ^ordinary racer* and
stallions, nnd were of good families, and
they creased wclf upon other good families.
_ ?i - - ? ?
i ~mgrmf ru
Mud I
: *? yAw * #v i.v> t. - 1 '? ',} ~
' ' r ' 1 " ' .' J|
NUMBER a
, ? iy
HBBWBnBHHI r
Bui the union of their bloods wss rathe
ironeccndnnt, and were we to select from
ilie b<'?t of Eclipse'* suns, we .should lake /i
these?B'-nningbrongh, Waxy and (Johanna,
all out of [Inrod ins res, and Hamiltoni- " ?
nn, out of Highflyer, a son of Herod. S r.
Arcliy uad Eclipse of Lfing Island arc both
K<?od a^lhuna and their blond is tho|if[lit to *
cross well but the blood of FSclipse snd KtU-,
ler, son of Sir Areby,^" nick*." Theso
lest rules arc to be learced by practice only.
Who can assign the reason why Ratler'ej ** J
immediate doscendunts gave not showft h*s
worth I In llicm it measurably dormiini,
but it ia shining widt rnnfilrtnijaLt. ,lu|jr<fint /
Mingo a*d Job* of ih?* veCona geoecaU6n,v # ^
And bf Job it tfOsfibrdly-tafffefcVe been ex.
pecb-d ns he combines un unusual ?rspof.> *
tion of Dotr.oa unci Sir Arct.y jbfaod, bvinm
bred very m,ch 44 itl aod hi. .
The thorough brod horse, standing c^fk
Jently uud uckuoniedgedly in thelfirst rtirA.
lie ru!u for breeding and .ruisiugJtifn being
'considered nntt freely uudtratuoJ." ii. vnl
riely suited to a particular purpo^ la U> bu
iroduced by considcrtog *I*L Jp^opcCbc*\
wanted, and the families ana individual*
rom which such properties are ^pst likelyl *
0 be inherited. Were the thorough breeds
1 qually numerous, and bred ond ra:?ed ot
ill., on...a n. ft t -ft t !J
numti ui iinirijr um mine viwi) ( ffowy
my without hesitation, and so would every
>nc who understands his interest, put tho thorough
broils to work. Eclipse^ or Roller,
or T ranby, or Mingo, or Job, tf put to
it in their prime, would have done more
ivoik than aoy inferior bred horses oubeir
si?e. In June or July, blood will tcu as v
promptly in the corn field as on the rs?e
rourse. My best breds always tlten tako
lead. But ihu ubovc, and such as the sbovg*.
Vf not accessible to farmers generally.?
he price What then is to be
done? In this glorious land 01 irue?v? -?
i?very one, * ho has the moans, docs as lie
pleases, and 1 only wish I can scarcely
hope, dm: somo individuals or companies or
agricultural societies would import a bay
Turk, a bay Barb and a Cleaveland lwy?
and bay dray, or draught horse. Tho Cleveland
bays nro snid to bo nlmAat uniformly
of bay color and universally gentle in harness.
1 have scon a few matches from
lite north, apparently half breds, excellent
in Imrncss, of the desired size and shape.
Draught horses, perhaps equal to. any,
might be had in Virginia or Pennsylvania.
T lie rork should all be selected by it coml>ctimt
ju fgo of liorse flesh, and tho two
coarser kinds sIhhiUJ be chosen not only
with s view to thcirown s'outness,but fumily
stoutness und gentleness et work, and
with a scrutinizing eye to their hoofii and
pasterns. Brittle horn, gummy ankles, or
tendency to grease in tho heals should be
an insurmountable objection to a horse
however perfect in other respects. W#
would of course have to chooso the temper
of the I) whs and Turks, though a man
inorougiity conversant with horses can
certain indications form a tolerably correct
nilmuit: of their icnijiiir*. A pvrtuii inn
moderately acquainted would be able to
know that BeUhazjtur was quiet, and that
St. Giles was M queer." The mnrea to be
selected, should be well bred, of bay or
brown colour nod a few greys. They
should have long heads, wide between tho
eyes, and jaws well displayed, with clear
p'.icid eyes, and open foreheads, with pointed,
w. ii set cars, ana nu&muezics, and nostrils ;
necks of moderate length and muscular,
with large detached windpipes; having
quarters before and behind with plenty of
muscle ; large bodies with forge ribs, and
the short ribs eloso to tlte hips ; standing
even and rather wide on legs abounding ill
!>one nnd sinew, and terminated by tough
l?hek hoofs. A white pastern and hnof is
about as liable to disease as those of btac|t
or dark chrsnut colour. Tho Stations
should be of similar shape, but more coarse*
ncss is tolerable in tbein, particularly about
the n?-ek. The mares above described of
$15 1-2 hands high or upwards should be put
to the Barb and Turk, those under, to the
Cleavelund buy. Those three crosses In
the general would produce stock ot sufficient
(ita Tim luiil nf iKn ??!? ?l.I l>~
?r?v lie woi ?' lliv VVIIS IIVUIU MW
kept for stallions. When o filly was deficient
in siz* she should be put to the droy
horse. Tho crossing and the result of eaco
cross si ion Id be n*golurly tvrordi-d. If c?r
vety defective form sho should not be permitted
to breed, or bo put to a Jack. If tho
mule inherited the defect, it would rot bo
perpetuated? And nil the blind fillies, and
those having defective eyes, should be put
to a Jack, for a blind mule would be a euri*
osity. A colt thus bred might be kept as
a coven-r h! about $10 the price of tlic seaion
of one mare. And where the blood
of the dray at $7,5l) or pcrhnps 80, which
i should lie the minimum price. Am 1 asked
why the expense of imj>orting a Barb or. J
Turk should br incurred ? It is answered,
the B>er!cy Turk nnd the Curwen Bny
B*?rh p?>t ti colt and filly, the tire nnd darn
oi P.?r ner. one of the best horses ever bred,
j llrt pot Tartar, n capital one. Ilo got He.
rod, tlto listing properties of whose stock
have probably wver been equalled. Ho
pot II>|tiiiI)tTi who luui do psftelu iu ins
day. tin got Sir Peter, a good racer, nnd.
as ns'allkm, without n p-\rral!el in bis day.
Ho rnimmiited his excellence to Ilnphat*
; nrd j nnd he to Philho -dn-puta ; tiud bo got
| Birmingham, w ho, hut for the inroads to a do
on his eotistt u| on by bad mmiagement,
1 might Save perpetuated tho family Moutness.
! IVrhups it may bo dono by Phiftipi*"w1x?
. ?aw?i>f Tressnn r, a daughter of ?wmilius,
j ** whar stock were particularly noat and of
j great for strength their si?e.M
Tlavvnr shorten i!ic rtgjbt sort ?r? Cms*. nnd
"w.'HJ??