F.
?WWW????i
VOLUME V.
*? >
K DITOR AND I'ROl'UI E TOR.
T K ft M S:
Ii pu.l within throe month#, . . $3 00
Ft piiJ within throe month# after the
close ofths year, 3 50
I: pnid within twelve months after llio
etoso of the year. ...... 4 00
If not pai J within that time, ... 500
Two nric .subscribers will bo entitled to tho
papor tho lirst ymr for^fir* dt/lirn, paid at the
teno of subscribing ; and tiro new subscribers
for ten dollars piid at tho linvi of milisorihiiig.
No p ipor to ho discontinued but at tho option
of tho oditor till arrearages are paid.
Advertisements not exceeding sixteen lines,
inserted for ouo dollar the lirst tunc, and fifty
cents, each subsequent insertion.
Persons sending in advertisoinoiits aro roquen.
t u to spocify tho number of times th^y are to l>n
i'.se'tej; otherwise they will he continued till
ordered out, and charged accordingly.
ITT ho Postage must be o.iid on all communications.
Cultivation of Cotton.
K'purton tho Cultivation of Cotton, read lufors
the Pea Dtu Agricultural Society at its Semi,
nun iul meeting in October 1833, by tho
lion. John Campbell.
The first object of considor.rion in the
cultivation ol cotton is the golociiou of a soil
? suited to its production. Hut us every v ?ncfV
of soil within the li nits of the Pee Di*
conn'ry of suflieiceit fertility, is found under
,i judicious system of eultiv.aiu^)^4(|.jrj^l u
tfoo 1 return for the labor bcstowod^ipoo it,
Miid as u eo iuuittcie Ins been appointed by
riis Ko 'ie.v ?o report p iriicularly upon ina- !
r-tires, it :s tho:i"li! mi icessnrv lt> make nnv I
comment upon ties branch of the subject;
exe?*pt to (vinark, that from an exhausted
fcoi!, or one naturally poor, mill unimproved
liv tut, it is va;n Mr the planter even with i
the most finyorable seasons, to expect an
ubundant hnrves?.
'i 'he fieri J bring seleotc I ?nd tin? proper
season having arrived, the first operation is
t ? prepare it lor planting.
in prope^ preparing land for planting
abort staple cotton good ploughing is in Jim*
pensable, and among the rules which may
tin i tid down as admitting of no modification,
are these : 1 ivory part of ill? so I should
he turned and ellectu dly pulverized ; nod
the depth of furrow on till lauds should bt?
regulated by tho stratum wlt cli ihvid-s
the fertile from the unfertile moulds. Theretiirc,
in the bre iking up or preparation ol
land, the plough nu>\ go as deep ns lie* sod
u !l admit, but not deeper, and from the
v.illation of t us rule which nature lias provikd
us a c*\icron, thin soils are sometune's
natch inj trod.
.l/g'tt and dry nioul.ihat are easily ptilvenznl
may la: ploughed immediately
he tare pi luting. Hut on clayey so Is, where I
O Ul %>? % Wi jr l''* i'lO : 1
ihe disagreeable uberuaiives of mirr? or j
clods, the best season of ploughing t* often i
short aid critical, an 1 such sjiIs should '
when practicable be ploughed eai ly m the
winter, thut they may Ijy the ne ion of the j
trust be rendered triable and more easy of
k I'libtvat on.
i iH : usual iluJ best method of planting
cotton is on ridg?*8, i!??? cent es of which
varv in distance trotn three and a lialfto s<*v
a tie:, in proportion as the soil is more or
! .-.s ferule. The riJges being widest upon '
the more fertile so Is, whoro Iroin the ! irgcr
Si/.! to which ill.h plant attains, it r -qmres I
the greater d.stance to admit the influence
of the sua and tho circuital on of the air.?
I'poa all sods the observance of this rule is
important, hut particul ?rly up n such as are i
backward in bringing colon to maturity.
Tin; ridges are formed according to circumstances
either by t!i?* plough aiono
drawn by one or more horses, or by the
loticrh and hot*.
Flic Inn 1 boit'g thus prepared, tin* object ,
I''-' - , |
' being produced in nii the Suoth* j
em an ! S iu'.liWi.'st :ru Slates, over a teiri'o- ,
ry ? unbracing a ronsi lernblo variotv c?f cu"
I
'inlc, 's pi.i ?t 'il a! c! Ueivnl times from tlin '
f.i.il'llo ?>t March Jo the Iks' of M iv. As a ;
iaiiVL-rsai rule however, it may be remarked, ;
t ) it the planter should select tlio enrli st
rio 1 that is consistent with safety. Con- j
li'lent that let biun in systems vary as they
may, the appro.ich of that season which j
wiikcs up the vegetable creation from tlin j
sleep of winter, an 1 by i.s genial iiiflj"ncn !
gives it life and beamy, is reg dated by a |
b n > ly barn]?and grateful when be coinmi s ;
liiss' ed to ibu e.irdi.tlnt it lie li.is discharge .
his duty in propathig Ins land for their r??. J
oei?ion. bis labor will n*t tin in vain. In
he region embrace I l?y 11!%? ? i) *o Agricultural
Society, the best tune for planting
;s during the inon'h of April, commencing
about the second week and co nplviwvg thu
operation as soon a tiewards as practicable.
11 rarely, indeed it almost} never, o-ctirs,
wh-re lands luive l?> ii well prepared, iliit
there is n failure in the s'and.
The seed are planted either in drill*, in
chocks or in chops. lint the most usual |
* mid cotivciiient mo.hod when tool nre
nhund lit", is to so a iri drills run on the lops I
of tin; ridges and t> cover lightly with a.
plough constructed for the purpose. If the
weather is in as! an I warm tin.* plant will j
nppe.tr in a I-w days, n tit; contrary the
seed will rem tin for weeks without vegeta- I
tin?. The stun I of co ton is sometimes
inpired by lie ivy floods of ram fulling shortly
ntter planting,succeeded by drought, form,
mgn crust on the drill winch the vegetating
send are unable to penetrate. Light soils ;
arc not subject to this evil, and i shlf lands
it rn iv in ti eront me isilre lit; avoided l?v
.* r> J \
L sowing thn seed and leaving them exposed
{ ~
t KM
ji j\r dc
CHERAW, ?
ly covered while (ho earth in friable. The
mo'K'uro absorbed ?' such a time will ocen?
s:on iho seed to vegetate before nnothor
ru n Iris fallen an J another crust has form*
Oil.
A her tho plants are up, commences n
most important part of tho cultivation ; and
hero tho Committee will remark, that
practical resul s on the culture of C >:ton are
varied so much by circumstances, that it is
impossible to lav dow i rul??8 wheh will be
ot one orxal application. But depending almost
cn'irely upon ox|?erience and observation,
and very little upon theoretic rensoning,
every judicious planter will be regulated
in the management of bis crop by tlio"
condi ion of his fv 11. The first process
however, after the cOUon is up, is generally,
in common language, ?to chop out."
Tms o|ieration is performed by drawinp
tiio boo rapidly across the drill ut short interval,
leaving between each chop throe or
much gjj^ i^
va:ion. ... v?b.\o;The
first ploughing in generally performed
vvitlt two furrows to the row, leaving n
narrow ridge of not more than six or eight '
inch -s to he work d by .the hoe. In the I
oipniiil I ill 111 ir li i ,ifT tliA inlnrunl. I,,.i ill,* 1
~ " O ??
ridges should bo eflectually ploughed^ out, j
mid 111(5 fresh earth thrown lightly nround j
lli? lower part of tlio cotton stalks. livery j
subsequent ploughing thould be performed J
hi tlio sumo manner, with an increasing par- j
ncularity us tho plants increase in siz** and
approacli maturity, nut 10 run deep und near,
I*'Mi by so doing, tie- lateral root* which are
thrown out in search of food, should be injured,
and tho circulation of thf ;^ap too
much checked. Ploughs of various models
arc used in dlccting tho same results, {
hut it is deemed unnecessary to enter into ,
a description of them or a description of
their r< laltvo aduptuiiou to the objects inlende
I. livery planter in the selection of
ploughs will of course bo governed by his
own observation.
The cotton crop should ho worke I at in?
tcrvals of not more than thice weeks from
the coininencement to (tie termination oft is
cultivation, nnd success depends not It ss upon
(lie judicious end skilful management ul
the hoc than of tho plough. There is howover
much greater uniformity in tho method
of using this implement, and it may be
remarked, in general, taut where tho sod is
mellow und in good condition, it is sufficient
to remove tho grass where the plough cannot
reach it nnd to draw a I ttle fresh earth
to the plants wth (lie hoe where the beds
arc hard; us province in addition, is to loosen
the surface.
With a viuw to the increase of prod tic.
I.VPllftg m int; nl:mtt>rii urn in tli.* I11U t
-w.? Ml (IIJ i ? Ml*# lilt I?ttri| l/l
topping their cotton, and there is no doubt
tlial where litis operation is primmed in
time, r produces good rcsul's. The plant
a*lion upward growth is checked by this
proc? ss, yields more of us circul Winn to the
support of i s lateral branch ;s ami io the
nourishment of its fruit.
Tho commit ee deem it almost unnecessary
to alludo to tho great importance of
having the cotton ii?i"hercd as soon utier a
lias op ui'- l us is consistent with a proper
reg ird to liic a'liM'iou duM to other in ciegis
on a plantation. livery planter of obsertuion
inns1 he convinced oi tlio great ioss
in wight, un i the* deterioration in quu uy,
sustained hy co lon, from long exposure in
tlio li< Ms to the storms and frosts of winter.
Tint cot on plant is well known to he
subject to <i gn at variety of diMtasa s, soma
of tuein appearing in the plant and nth rs
in tlio fruit only. .Some have supposed t lint
all of tliesu diseases procee i from insects.
M i y of them 110 doubt do ; l?u; experiments
have proved die existence of a circulatory
system mi tnc vegetable as well us
in the annual creation ; and it is known that,
like animals, vegetables ex'ract a fluid from
whatever siilxtniieeK are mmlifil in ilio />r
guns through which they receive nml digest
their nuirimcr.', that may either teed tu promote
their health or to produce disease.?
Hence it is obvious that the health of vegetables
like that of animals may become in.
jnred by drawing within their circulation
deleterious or poisonous (palilas, and that
tii? rot a ml other diseases in cotton
may ho wttribu ed to this cause. This
alone comhniod with the circums'unco
that we have not yet been aide sat.
isfactorily to trace tho caus- s or provide
against many of the diseases to which
cotton h liable, shews the iinpuil nice of an
unproved stale of agricultural knowledge?
knowledge, the advancement of which lias
no doubi been much retarded by (he secluded
st itc in which the culnva ors of the
so I have generally lived, and the want ol
that patient and continued obscrvut on necessary
to understand tho processus of ve.
gelation, and to remark intelligently upon
tho different results of the app'acat o i ol difa
rent soils an I manures, and the elFods ol
other external agents t? which th" plant ma>
be subjected. A state of things which it t:
hoped tb it this society, no v in i s infancy
/ i
I-!
Em - MP
. ft
y H E R J1 f*
SOUTH-CAROLINA, lltli
n
w II have iiomn agency in removing tilhin
the limits of its influence.
Tiid cotton plant under the none of
G'Msyppiiiin has been historically kiown
Kinco the t mc of I I'rodous, the fatb?r of
profane litsfory ; but so recent lias ben its
cultivation in this country that mnnynow
living can recollect its tnro'iuction auong
us as an nr:i I-? of Commerce. It wjuld
be foreign to the objects of this report to
refer to the important influence which in*fs
processes of rultivu ion, manufacture st^d
sole, this article is now exercising on thf
destinies of the human race : Out in illtfjtrution
of the extent of i a cultivation and of
its value, ilit? ('oiiu?''? < *dl briefly r</nr to
the lust rc|Kir'ol the Secretary <>t the t run ,
ury contiiuinig. a siuehv-m of t'm annual
j Commerce nnJ Navigation of the UuU? d
Htates, coalmen.*mg 0n the fust o! Oc oh r
itt37, an i en-ling on the 30 h Septemb r
1833. Acco dtng to this report, tin* un ire
RXpor s ol the domes it produce of the United
States amounted for that year to
ftflfl.UM3.821. Of ting amount .lie export
ofrnwrotton'doneamount* <1 o$01 ,!)'r)6.81 I
and in iniifaeiures to $3,75*l7"?5 miking
in nil $(15.315.55(1. and h aving less than
ft31,(MO 00(1 for tin* exports of the domestic
lirtuJiice ot I lie vtliole IIiikim lii'si If,
ding the con ribu ions of the earth, tin; for |
est and flic sen, of agriculture nn l in inufictii
es. Thus we K''e that t .c single sirti.
cle ot cot.on alum*, raised exclusively in a
Reel ion of eountrv con mning less tlinu n
third of .he population, constitutes in value
miiro than two thirds of the exports of the
done stu: produce of the Ui.U'd Stuics.
'I'll the support of lt|U
which, under a fortunate conibinutiou
of circumstances, we have obtained
| :im the cultivators of Cotton wo lire
mainly to look not only for individual
prosperity but for the permanence
of our commercial und politicul importance,
and this preeminence is to be
preserved not so much from our local advantages,
as from it perseverance in that enterpnse,industry
and skill which have placed
the competition of oilier regions, not less
favored by climate M a distance, atid kiven
; to us the command of the markets of the
' world.
From the Southern Agriculturist.
ON TIIS CAUSES OF IMMIGRATION.
i Mr. Kditor,?Of the causes which have
produced dissntisfuct on with our own State,
i and driven so many of our planters from us,
to seek their lorunies elsewhere, two nave
contributed more tintn any others to that
result, and lor the present I will confine
myself to those two. I mean plautiiig
( largely to the hand, and the employment of
overseers.
I was somewhat surprised to find in a
late number ot tho "Agriculturist" t >at a
wnter, under the title id Immigration, would
prevent the evil by the very mcius, which
I u ill . r>ili>:iuiir to (illf.ll'- Will llivurinl.lv f.r.>
- - -" V I" "
lure n. It nas been the loo fatal practice
in Sou l>.Carolina 'to clear nml weur out*
tlin luii.Is fit for cultivation. Plant twelve
acres of cotton, nn>) eight of corn, pota o? s,
vice, to the hand, as recommended hy a i'me
Land Planter," and you will most certainly
do the same tiling. PI uit seven acres ol
cotton and five of prov.sion ? manure?rem
and nurse your lands, and they will always
improve under such management. Vou
are laid to plant largely, and make a great
deal /,*> the hand. I tell you to plant no
more than you run tend \ery carefully, and
I m ike a great deal to the acre, and at length
you * ill in ik'i a great netil o the hand too.
it is the system of | hinting largely to the
i. -I _ l ? ' '
> iitini w i no it ua?s>sauty impoverished the
! upper colli) rv ill I'll- Sr.!;'-, is now wealing
I oill tile .amis, in itae. West, will ulw iya pro]
dace lla: same re-ull.s win rever practised.
Culiivai' ii land* imisl I) - manured, or
iiiuhi have r< si ; w I tiler is only a n il r|
em and i em r >yscm ol manuring. I liavo
* heard ot lands wuieii <!u noi require e.tlo-i,
! nut 1 liiwe uoi wen litem, and I know tin y
| am scar i'. it manure or r< at. or liolii, aie
' necessary to ke? p lands Srnni deteriorating,
1 will venture to assert ttiat no one who
plants v- ry lirgelv.cun carry on thai ays'
tein to any profitable ex en'.
Let in" compute the two n\s:rms. The
planter who cultivates twenty acres to each
{ iiaud. mils' encounter great labni in tin* outset
to get tli it qu maty ol" open land?be
i must make great use of the plo igli to tend
' tli it quantity, ami keep up horses?niu-t
, plant ol CoUi'sC u proportionate quantity oi
; provision laud, and as I maintain lie cannot
| clear Ircsh lauds sufiieicnt to enable linn o
r..w? ? .? I r.. I.I. .1 -- I - l
I -?? i.mon mil ii ?re wearing
| out. 'I'Ims system is, to inrreasu yi arly the
! quantity of land planted to pro tore an u\(. r
u { ! crop ? wlncii crop gradually diminishes
I as die laud from continued culliv ition lie.
coines exhausted, until lie abandons his
' plantation in despair, and ilie result is?uuii
1 gi ition.
j I liavu not the least douhl on tlie olhei
j hand, that twelve acres in cotton and corn
1 well tenth d, one year with unollier--wi.l
ootid and bad seasons, will product* us mud
as twenty #cr>-s, carduliy n iide*!. 2 h>
great gam is, that under the mo h ralc sys
lem til planting eight of die twenty acres
may be rested every alternate year, am
thereby in the end, so far from exhausting
it, will grea ly add to its value. The othe
advantages of tlio inodcy^o s)stem, nri
' neither h w, nor uiiiinportan^^Among t li<*ti
i ( are, especially, rest--witluuit which I thiol
there can he no successful planting for urn
I long period ; comparatively htt'o expense ii
I horses?little I md for provision?grentl;
?I more enso and comfort in the cultivation
. ' and ubove nl', 'hit: under such a s\stcm. t't
-A '
V 1 H fi
: -T5F -JL I
><? >. it** * ' ? * i ii?i
MOVER
JAY EVENING, NOVEM
plantation improves with each year. Fresh,
noss and fertility is imparted to the soil, ic
place of increasing barrenness and decay,
and tho ever consoling reflection to llit
planter that he ul least will not be compelled
to elllijJMtC.
I uin fully convinced that the system ol
heavy plaining is extremely injurious t.? th?
bent inf'TCsts of the planter, and orthe State
sud 1 would greatly rejoice to see ever)
where in South Carohna the adoption of >
J iT* - . fit l - J
jriierc'ru kv?''mm. i d sit no more pinn't'i
| tnnn the planter is always nltle to kcef
clear of grass?to?ee at least one half o
the cotton lauds resting every year, and cn?
oure provided for tho Oirn
A to!her cause nf our wujnt of success it
in ill-- employment of overseers. I do no
wish to be understood n? sannj n wor>
h gainst .hat in lustrous and useful class o
men. hut what i do mean is. tiiat no piaiit'i
can be entirely successful who places I:>c
whole management of his estate in the handi
of another.
I wil1 slate tie overseer system, siniplj
and plain v. Admit that a planter employ!
a good over-er, who conducts Ins busnj-ss
generally, well enough, (clways denying
iiowever, that tlies overseer can conduct it
, tteller than the employer, if ho has any goo?l
habits ol business.) Under such an over;
seer, the plantation may be put and kep! ir
! good condition, but the usual result is thai
the overseer d> m.mds an inereuse of wagei
lut th" rxpuation of each year, until al
length the employer will give hnn no more
and h" seeks employment elsewhere. Th?
planter gels nno'tier?a bad ono?the chan
f't are against him. foi (inditleR'Hl or b:n
overseers are more numerous than goo<
ones ) The plantation becomes unprofitable
under his manogcinen'? ho in turn is re
placed by unother, and after a course o
years, under good, indifferent, and bud ovt r
seers, ilit; owner ubaudons a fine climate
, and perhaps a fruitful soil, in the vain hopt
of finding elsewhere .1 country where hi
labors will he rewurd?*d ; but vain will In
his hopO'i if ho continues always to triss
entirely to another, what ho ought in grea
part to do himself.
I is a great but 100 common error of 1110s
persons to suppose that any fool cun mak(
a good planter. Parents have often heei
heard to sny?"I will give my son a plaii
English Education?enough for a planter.'
tiive hnn enough for n lawyer?a phy?i
cian?a divine?acquaint hnn, if you cat
with all arts and studies," and he will make
I assure yon, no worse planter for his b arn
ing. The prevailing error that edueuMn
is not necessary to the planter is a gr"a
! cause of failure among ?hat class of men
i I am aware of no oursuit that renuires mun
| continual observation and reflection thai
j n^riculturc ; and 1 think that no one is l.ke
! !y o bo i v ry successfu planter, unless h
! so considers it. 'Agriculture,' says Mar
1 ?liul, as quoted in the lute uhlu uddregs I
the planters and farinrs of South-Carolina
j "is u subject which viewed in all its branch
es, and io their lull* st ex en', :s not only th
most difficult m the rural economies, hut i
the cirelc of human aits and science."
' How then can the plant' r be successft,
who follows no fix- d plan himself, and en
'rusts the management of his entire estir
| to the ever vatying plans of Id* ngein
whom he changes with almost every tear
ijfl me advisw each one to follow somesjs
tent ? an erroneous one is better than noit
' at all. Never cult vate more than his fore
is able to tend hi any season, however ad
verse?res'?manure and nurse his laud
?never entrust to another what he can an
<>u?i)- to ,!o himself, and to him, I am sun
ill" nect s>i v oi i in grating will never he pri
sutd. * COTTON.
There arc two point* in which we coined'
! . I -
VILW.H in mi* iorr|^oin?r aruciiM rionrouf.
loo little prominence a? given to manuring.Rest
is important, if not necessary ; but uiaiiu
ingk eitlier by planting and turning in gret
ch>|ih, or hi some oilier way, i* more so. 2. Tl
proscription of overseers is too general. On
| 'lirK'" plantation I lie proprietor cannot exerci
j a constant personal supervision over all its op
ration# ; und il lie could, tin- labor and cxposti
|
; would t>c too iiiueli fur tho majority of our pit
! tern. Tho fault most commonly committed B<rn
! to us to be, not tli employment of overseers, b
! entrusting too much to them when tliry arc ci
I ployed The planter should be a planter, ui
| direct all the operations on his plantation. 1
i should not sutT. r such management l>y any ovr
seer as to let his ''plantation become unprofi
j able " The prnvinco of tho overseer should
! generally to execute the or iters of his emjitoyi
sud tin* ho should be required to do umformi
promptly and faithfully, as will cheerfully, or
' sent to seek employment somewhere else. I
should be required to render a trritten account
bis stewardship,?of even thr hoes and plm
?*M||||||IU'U Iiiinr flilliun lITILIt I llllll (11 I I'll o 1 (III
a week. All lliii could bo done, and still I
overseer bo treated with the courtesy and rcapc
duo to hitn an a man and a cilison. A planter
if ho can, without abuse of language be ?o call
?who allow* the profits of 1ms plantation to i
pond upon an overseer, ought to have a guurdi
i appointed to inan.igo ins business.
| Eo. F.*a. Gax.
| G!ue, It hnn bcon erroneously stated
j the public papers, that India rubber w
| rmtko good glue ; but it will never lmr?I?For
u strong, firm, clienp glue, no'hing li
I yet been discovered superior to the hi
' kind of that which is in general use ; n
I for u fine clear, nnd transparent kind, whi
| will even unite glass so ns to render !'o fr?
1 turn almost imperceptible, nothing is e?i
j to "u'li^luss boi Yd in spirits of wine.
< Amcr. Farmer,
BJ3TT
T I Z E R.
BER 89, 1839.
Wo find in the Franklin (Ky.) Farmer, two
I excellent osHaya 011 breeding horses for 'urtn- I
, ing purposes, sent to the editor of that piper I
in competition for a premium offered l>y lino. I
I The following is the one to which tin-premium 1
was awarded. The other we shall copy as '
T soon as we can find room.
' Qfi BREEDING AND REARING HORSES FOR ! J
AGRICULTURAL rORpnSLS. j |
1 By William William*, of Nashville, Ten. j '
' Tho No. for June 1st offers premiums j j
j. for the 1 at and 2d hegt essays 'on the | ,
HuhjeotM of breeding and rearing hows lor |
ngrcultural purposes." The writers are | ,
lilld und'-r no rrstriuikins as to the modoofj
^ diseiiMMton,or the breeds they tony choose'
j to advocate. An agricul urn! p-ipt-r could I J
f not lie expected to have been more I h'-r d. J j
A rlisce rfitfion on the Mnn'l nnd nrorw.rth.r.s !
r nirr, ,.u.
( the breeding, rearing and training the turf;
( rarc-horsc or I' o stout'T lu:!t, but not; .
mil?-h less b'otnl-like roadster, huu'er, or : ,
war-house aliirii 'ho idvrtnce of modern 1
iines Iiiis iirrntluced, might not have suited i
ili"lns>-s of a majority of yonr readers I'
You are aware howver, tlia! hv placing tin ' 1
| in'' rdi-'t on ilie luif, the camp, t!:o field ur.d i ^
I lilts road, you damp the urbour of yutiruri. (
ters, and strip the horse of io* glory. Thu ;
( plou.-b and cart horse H a tie re utditnihn, j ^
and ploughing and raring, however tie- J i
poets may have emhellished them in song, .
, ! ur>- I;nowt? hv the Worries to be nl.iin f.irt 1 1
* r * * I
in.it er^, Miitf iTticrtnr?l!y achcved by the due | :
' I nn t coir limed iipphca'ion of bom* and sinew.
There evidently is no fanry in the; nflinr to I ,
j till; ill.in who holds the handles ?n<f guides ^
i ?f>? There* is however, ample room (
^ for tho cx'tcni; of much practical good j
sooso in policing out the boi?t (l| '
j. brooding, raiding, breaking nod working 1
farming horses to the best advantage. Tin* I (
profits of Hgncoiiur.tl operation generally (
' ure modi rate, and managed as li?*v are in
many ins auces loss is iiirnrrod. Most <
* breeders of animals, it is apprehended, n*.
ceivo i*ui a very inadequate cornpciisut on
for their time and attention and money ex.
ponded. It ought not to be. and th.it it is
does not result necessarily, but from the
j \sant of proper earn and judgment in breed* i
j ing and raising. They follow vvlmt has j
| be> n.not inaptly railed ho imp.hazard mode, :
I) j | 9 ( ^ - |? M ? \
19 i uV iiSiV *# u iv iiiiiii; v?i iifiy ^vlt i ,
of u nude wihout regard to qualities ; and !
in raising tney nie so stinted and s'urvedns
' to warp and destioy whu'ever hu'.o of good
' form and rons'itulion, they nn?y h ive acei- i
tleiiuy brought into tlio world with them. J
f These seem to art without obj'*ci, uxrept. j
that they know a horse is u horse and a j
|
steer a st' er, and that d iho roit was got for ,
9 a barrel of corn and the calf gratis, '.hut thev
I) * j 1
have saved their inon< y.
(, Tilt; business of breeding nnimals, in mo* '
ilern um* s, is s.i d to be science. It I.as
0 not been, liowev r, and probably never will t
u be reduced toexue'ness. ' if.uue nature" ]
in her operations delights to display endless
Vririt'llfN Hilt rprl:iin>i?lo? l?*?i... I
. - ? ' ?*? " ' ' "? " ,
down by the obset vance of which we may '
re ?n-?t?ly expect to approximate ci-rtauitv.
LiUf begets like" is the leading rule. It
not utily basils exceptions, but it must b?: I
w understood with limitation. Select a horse 1
i nnd n mare, such as you ?nn?, or .is near
? ns you ran find, the produce of their eon.
. junction may resemble the sire, or tli?%
dam, or net.her ; hut it may have un inter- !
,, mediate form, or may take after some re- |
I mote aurcs'or ; and if the remote ancestors !
|s were indifferent, or positively bad, the;
t| changes will b" again*: the rub*, in propur. j
lion 'otlic number of wo:thy pmgcni:6rs. I
It should be enjoined on beginners, therelore, '
1st, To s b et good animals to start upon,
>r where no bolter evidence cuu he fiad : *2udly,
j Hut where it can. to select litem from gooil
families. In Knglund, where more a tontioa
lias h> eii p-od to the breeding and rearlog
tie* lib?od horse, than in tiny other eoun"
irv. ili? v t ave .arnved at extraordinary
10 f.iid | ower and endurance ; niul it has been
* tlor.oby combining the Arab, B.irband Tin k, ,
sc and developing the bone and muscle of
P* t'te new race by generous feed and jtldicous *
ro exrrcse. There no one thinks ol breeding I
a" a rue- r from n maie who bus not at h ast j
" five pure crosses. And many of their mosi ,
ut distinguished marcs can number double the
" nmount. 1 mding on n royal, or n le r Arab. 1
i in t,r H lib mure. There is somethi.ig in '
the blood, that gives family distinction, j
>r- though the blood may not tell in particular I
t' individuals, either from mismanagement oi 1
ho accident, or from some delect in constitution j
-r, ??i iuiiii. / ? unru nae requires mill iiii'v \
j, bo crossed ; in other woids, that wo avoid j
t>? the eoupl ng together near relatives. The1
lu morr n-tnnto the families, probably tl??*
of ter ; but al'.cr prohibiting the intercourse ot
aire Hint daughter, brother and sis'rr, he
cc yonJ these wo mny probably be pormi ted
l,e 10 use our judgment in selecting the req?n?
>cl sito forms. Soma of the double J anuses
weio very well proportioned, but th*y wee
C(l very small. The double \ rchys e\identK
j0 show a lulling off. Hut Wagner by Sir
in Charles out of a Marion is thought to be
among tbe good ones. And we need not
look for a better than llighflver, Ins dam
I?y Ulank, got l?y Kegulus, both voim of Ihn
Godolphm Arabian.
ill There arc* some subordinate rules, tha'
II. it) lite thorough bred st?i Is, shuiM be wr I
ins considered. 1. Cert tin hooi ieii rross h?M.
's>l , t? r than others, all b< ing good. 2.'. Crrnd
I tain individuals cross better titan other in.
id) | dividuals. 3rd. And certain imlividu i's
>o. I breed Invtr r tbnn other individual*. lb-rod
ltd ! and Eclipse were cx r. ordinary racers and
| stallions, an I were of good fjmtlies, hu< 1
J. they crrjscd well upon other go ? J 'nrolics.
E
;i
'
v j> *
r * ?, ' - .
NUMBER 3.
HHMwwaMfiijiiiMl <*
Bui the union of their bloods wna raiho
ranscondnnt, and were we to select from
lie be.-?t of Eclipse'* sues, we should luko
hese?B-'nningbrongh, Waxy and (Johanin,
all out f?f Herod mares, and llamiitoniin,out
of digit flyer, u son of Herod. St
Archy and Eclipse '.*1 Long Island arc both
jpiod ?'all ions nrd their blond is thought to
;ross well but the blood of Eclipse and Uuter,
son of Sir Archy, "nicks." Theso
ast rule* arc to be learned by practice only.
Wl iu run assign th? reason why Ratlt-r'o,
immediate) descendants buve not shown his
worth ! In thctn it measurably dormant,
i>ut it is shining wi It rowplcndmu lustre in
Mingo and Job, of th" second1
Ar.d of Job it ivas hardly frrhure been ck
it lie I II hiiim!.!!.. J -in !!rt::cif.! r.i.vnr.f
ion of D oir.c.i m.J Sir Arci.y blood, buin^*
noil very m.ch 44 in and in."
The thorough brod iiorsc, Btrnding cvi*
K.'iitly and acI;aowie?ig?d|y in the fir>t rank.
In* rule for breeding and ruling h'tn being
4considered and freely uuikrstooJ," a vni
:'"ty suited to a particular purpose is lo b'j
?rodue<d by considering liie Ipfopcrtiosjy
vuuicd, und iltu families and individual^
"rom which such properties arc most likely
i) be inherited. Were the thorough breeds
otially numerous, nnd bred and ra sed ut
he same or nearly the same co?t, I would
.ay without li*'si;ut:on, nnd so would every
no who understands his interest, jet the
borough breds to work. Eclipse, or lint<
r, or Tranhy, or Mingo, or Job, if put to
t m their prime, would Lave dor.c more
auiU than any inferior bred horses ofhbeir
iixe. In June or July, blood will telf as
promptly in the corn fluid as on tho race
. oiiise. Mv best breds always tlicn tuLo
lead. Hut thu above, and such us the above*
iii? not n credible to farmers generally.? ^
I h- price mmi i... What it.en is to bo
done? In this glorious land ol ltuc??jr?
every one, who has the means, does as bo
pleases, and 1 only w ish 1 can scarcely
hopi', h.v some individuals or companies or
;it* ieutlural societies would import a bay
Tmk, a b .y Barb and u Cleuvelund buy,
und bay dray, or draught horse. The Cleveland
buys arc said to tic almost uniformly
of bay color and universally gentle in harness.
1 liuve seen a few matches from
the north, apparently half breds. excellent
in harness, of the dcsiri d size and shape.
Draught hors ?, perhaps cquul to any,
might be had in Virginia or Pennsylvania.
'i lie s'ock should all be selec cd by a com.
potent ju tgo of lior.se fl -sh, and tho two
coarser kinds should be chosen not only
v\ i:h a view to th'irown soutness, but fumu
iy stoutness and gentleness ut work, and
vvitli a scrutinizing eye to their hoof* and
pastern*. Brittle horn, gummy ankles, or
tendency to grease in the heals should bo
;<n insurmountable objection to a horso
however perfect in oiIht respects. Wo
would of course have to chooso t!ie temper
of the Bubs and Turk*, though a man
thoroughly conversant with horses can frupn
certain indications form a tolerably correct
estimate of tie ir temper*. A person but
moderately acquainted would be able to
know that Bdslmzzur was quiet, and that
St. Giles was " queer." Tho mares to bo
selected, should be well bred, of bay cr
brown colour nod a few greys. They
should have long heads, wide between the
eyes, and jaws well displayed, with clear
p'ucul eyes,and open foreheads, with pointed,
u II set curs, and fniq muzzles, and nostrils ;
necks of moderate lencth nnd mticivilnp
with large detached windpipes ; lia
fjuarters before and behind with plenty of
muscle ; large bodies with large ribs, and
the short l ibs eloso to the hips ; sanding
even m.d rather w'de on legs abounding ia
hone mid sinew, and terminated by tough
hi ick hoofs. A white pastern and iu of is
ahout ns liable to disease ns those of hlttc^c
or dark c1 csnnt colour. Tlio Stallion?
should he of nmilur shape, hut more coarseness
is tolerable in thein, particularly about
the n?-ck. Ti e mures ahovu described of
SI 5 1-2 hur.ds hi^h or upwards should be put
to the Barh and Turk, those under,to the
Clenvelund hay. Those three crossn in
the general would produce stock oi suffictei
t size. Tlit? bes' of the colts shou'J Iu?
kept fur s'nllions. When a filly was tieficient
in siz ? she shoulJ he put to the dray
horse. The crossing and the result of race
cross should he regularly record, d. If of
vety dofcc'ive f>rin slio should not be prrmitted
to breed, or b?? put to a Jack. If the
inu'e inlicriied the defect, it won! I rot l?t
perpetuated; And all the blind fillies, and
ihits" having defective eyes, should be put
to a Jack, for a blind mule would be a curios:
y. A colt thus bred might be Kept ns
I a eovrrerii! about $10 the price of the sea*
I "son of one mare. And where the blood
j of the dray at 67,50 or perhaps 80, which
! should he the mm nunn prior. Am I asked
I ivlil' lino nvi onou /?T ? ?v .?? ? IJ .. ?t
i mi' * \ja iiv wi ?iiijM?nni^ a n'ifo on i
j Turk shoul 1 he incurred ? It is answered,
! Mm Bverlry T^rk end the Cur?\n liny
' Unrli j???| ti roll nnd filly, the sire nr.d dam
?? Par nrr. one of the best horses ever bred.
He got Tur ar, n capital one. lie got He.
I roil. Iho lutting properties of whose flock
have proh .b!y never been equalled. {!<?
K?'t llglifhcr, who had no parrullu in o.s
day. II" got St Peter, a good racer, and.
i ?i? a s uliiott, v?:t'noi:t a pnrralitsl in his day.
! Ho rai.nmiitcd his excellence to I haphazard
; and lie to PnilllO-dn-puta ; und tic gel
Birmingham, ul.o, hut (or the inroads rondo
: on i is const! ut on by had management,
might have perpetuated thu family stoutness.
Perhaps ti may l?o done hy Phillip,-"who
. rnnnMil Tf'.'MHrt r, e (IflUgiiW '?!
" who#" stock ?it?' jMirticulnrJy ncut ar.t! of
' gre it for strength their sizt."
' j fh t'?c r:ght tcrt '.<> rro??. nn<t