The daily phoenix. (Columbia, S.C.) 1865-1878, July 15, 1875, Image 2
COLUMBIA, S. C.
Thursday Morning-, July 15, 1875.
A National Air.?It is probable thnt
most peoplo nre aware of the import of
tho centennial celebration nt Philadel?
phia next year. It is intended to show
to the world wbnt a great metropolis tlio
City of Brothorly Love is, und bow de?
pendent tbis glorious Union is upon
that village for its well-being. This is
the primo object, of course. Of second?
ary consideration is the fact that it is
hoped tho occasion will bring together
our countrymen from both sides and
both ends of the Mason and Dixon lino,
and that th?ro will be such another mani?
festation of good fellowship and good
fooling as was witnessed from Bunker
Hill the other day, only upon a grander
scale. To signalize this latter phase of
the commemoration oi the birth of the
republic, it has been suggested that soino
ono compose a suitablo memorial air. In
fact, there is no tune of a national charac?
ter which tho patridts of the North, the
South, tho East and the West can hum,
whi8tleor sing] in concert.withont invok?
ing memories that should be allowed to
rest undisturbed in tho tomb of the past.
During tho late passage nt arms, the
Federals inonoplizod all the whilom na?
tional anthems, and tho Confederates
were compelled to do their own musical
composition. True, tho boys in gray
were not long at a loss for soul-stirring
airs that gave new life to "dust-brown
columns" worn out with the fatigue of
tho march, or set the hearts bounding
when a battlo was impending. Conse?
quently, "Tho Star-spangled Banner"
will hardly cntwino itself very gratefully
in "Tho Bonnio Bluo Flag," even though
the centennial orchestra play the airs in
a fraternizing medley. It is, therefore,
apparent that tho committee on music
should sep to it that wo have a "Marsel
laiso," or a "Wacht am Bhein," or n
"God Savo tho Queen," which we all can
shout in chorus, as we fall upon one an?
other's necks, while the spirits of our
forefathers materialize sufficiently to give
OS their benedivile. Yankee Doodle is
played out.
?-???-.
Emigration to San Domingo.?The
chief of the Republic of San Domingo has
issued a proclamation inviting immi?
grants into his dominions, aud as an
inducement thereto, holding out tho
privilego of importing free of duty nil
tools, machinery and provisions needed
for three years. Tho invitation is ad?
dressed chiefly to those who have accu?
mulated some capital and shown some
capacity for conducting industrial ope?
rations on their own account. These,
more than any others of the colored race,
are useful where they are. Immigrants
are warned that they will bo expected
not to interfere with the existing political
order of things. It will be much better
for blacks in this country to remain
where they are, under the influence and
guidance of civilized men. It is also to
the interest of the whites that they re?
main, for their labor is needed in the
South.
-?-???-?
They are not making assessments on
the Government employees now. That
is forbidden in the reformed civil ser?
vice. Mr. Edmunds, Secretary of the
National Republican Committee, simply
"hopes" that the clerk "may be willing"
to contribute so many dollars to "main?
tain tho ascendancy of Republican prin?
ciples," and of courso it' he should not be
willing, he would hear no moro about it.
Possibly not, but would Mr. Edmunds
be willing to certify that at the end of
the month therowould not be an unplea?
sant envelope laid on the clerk's desk,
tho contents of which would notify him
that thenceforward the Government
would have no use for him.
On opening a bale of cotton at the mill
of one of the largest Liverpool spinners,
tho other day. much surprise was mani?
fested at the discovery within it of a box
of lucifer matches, bearing the following
label: "Superior telegraphic matches,
manufactured by Capples & Marston, St.
Louis, every box warranted." The
matches were of the ordinary kind, and
on ono or two of them being tried they
were found to ignite with the greatest
readiness. Tho cotton caiuo to Liverpool
from Mobilo, aud the most serious con
soquenco might have resulted had the
least amount of friction been applied to
tho luciferu during tho voyage or oven
after tho cotton had reached its destina?
tion.
Ln the United States Court, Charles?
ton, July 13, Judge Bryan presiding, tho
appointment of John K. Mectze as as?
signee in bankruptcy was approved by
tho Court; also, the appointment of Chas.
H. Moise. The reports of tho Registrar
in the oases of A. C. Sntton and J. R.
Curtis, bankrupts, were ordered to stand
as the decrees of the Court, and the as?
signees were ordered to sell the property.
It was ordered, that T. R. Tighe show
cause, on the 22d inntant, why 'ho has
failed to discharge his duties as receiver
in the case of Bowy?rand Raysor. r ?
Crrr Items?The thermometer touched
100 yesterday.
Tho summer hcgira has begun, nnd
there arc already numerous disconsolate
grass widowers in the city.
Urs. John Agncw will accept our thanks
for a beautiful specimen of the flower,
the night-blooming cereus.
There was a false alarm of lire, "last
night, about 11 o'clock, which gave the
ilremen a run.
Messrs. 11. Arndt A Co's grocery store
is in full blast. The location is conve?
nient?opposite Columbia Hotel.
The Greenville and Columbia Railroad
will issue round trip tickets to those
desirous of visiting Columbia during the
Hampton Legion re-unino?July 21.
Elijah Dixon, a colored man, was se?
verely bitten in the hnnd by his own dog,
at the market, yesterday morning. Tho
animal is beliovod to havo been mad.
We arc liable at any time to bo dis?
turbed by Prof. Tice's. July "Venusian
perturbation." We aroto bo treated this
month to cyclones, and in August to
earthquakes.
We advise owners of real estate in the
city, who wish their roofs protected by a
paint that will stick to tho tin until worn
off by rain friction, to examine the work
of A. J. Kelley A Co. on tho roof of the
Mansion Houso nnd Puojnix office.
When ono looks around and sees hun?
dreds of dough-heads getting rich doing
nothing, while he is working like a slavo
for bis daily bread, wo tell you what, it
makes a fellow feel as though tho butter
of this world was spread by a stop-mo?
ther.
The Phoenix folks were excited, Tues?
day night, by cries, in a woman's voice,
of "Oh God! murder! murder!" in the
neighborhood of Sidnoy Park, but on
hurrying in tho direction of the sound,
and making a search of tho shnded
grounds, no discoveries wero made.
Tho thieves are at work again. On
Tuesday night, the dwelling of Mr. Gco.
W. Smith was entered and tho keys to
his store and warehouso carried off. Re?
sult?job for Mr. Kraft to change the
locks. Mr. Sol. Hendrix's pants were
also carried off. Other pantaloon depre?
dations are reported.
The handsome punch bowl presented
to the Richland Rifle Club by the Oglc
thorpe's, of Augusta, was christened on
Tuesday night?an impromptu affair.
Thero were several very happy senti?
ments, the Georgians being kindly re?
membered. President Thompson, Vice
Presidents Swnfflold and Cathcart, and
Messrs. LeConte, Jones, Crawford and
others having a "say" in the matter.
Many active and passivo members were
present, who enjoyed the affair hugely.
We suggest that at the next meeting, the
epcrgne be adorned by some of the lady
friends of the club with a bouquet.
Tux Si-eclvl Tekm Coukt or Common
Pleas -Tin: Pakkei: Case.?Col. J. H.
Rion's argument.? Tho Court met at 10
A. M. At the request of tho Attorney
General, the arguments of counsel were
not confined to two hours' duration.
Col. Rion then said:
May it ph ase your Honor and gentle?
men of the jury, if you wen: to see a
vast building lot in this city, upon which
were collected vast piles of divers mate?
rial, put there for the purpose of erect?
ing a building, and you hud no plan for
the edifice, the limbers were unmarked
and the stone unnumbered, you would
have an insuperable difficulty to over?
come in determining the plan on which
to build and the manner of disposing of
these incongruous and undefined ele?
ments. In the case before you, gentle?
men, we have purposely brought out in?
congruous testimony the timbers, so to
speak, were unmarked and the stone un?
numbered, so much so, that neither you
nor some of tho witnesses could tell
what kind of a structuro wo intended to
erect. Now all we ask of yon is that, as
we place stone upon stone and join the
timbers together, you will hold them to?
gether until the edifice is completed.
This will not be a beautiful building,
gentlemen, lean promiso you; we have
been forced to get our material from re?
luctant sources, but wo finally got a
stone we much needed from tho hands
of a young man, a mere lad, and, with
it as a key-stone, we. will make the struc?
ture so strong that the other side, with
all its strength, cannot pull it down.
After we havo finished this building,
which, as I havo before warned you, will
not be beautiful, with no plate glass
front and no gorgeous observatory on its
summit, although it will subserve all
our purposes, wo shall ask you to givo
it a name?we want you to christen it
"Parker's Stumbling Block, 1875!" We
are not going to erect a gallows or a
block of decapitation, you must under?
stand. Although tho defendant has boon
arrested and has been confined in jail,
this is, nevertheless, a civil action, after
tho manner of our old bail writ for debt,
and not a criminal proceeding, as tho
arrest might indicate. In making up
your verdict, thoreforc, you do not re
quiro the fsamo strict, conclusive proof
in this case as you would in a oriminal
prosecution, whoro tke ,proof must bo
convincing beyond a reasonable doubt;
but you simply need a preponderance of
nil the testimony thnt is offered. That
is enough in a civil case liko this, a sim
pie action for debt. But in this case we
have alleged fraud also, and the onus of
proof is upon us; but this proof need
not necessarily bo positive and direct,
but may bo inferred from circumstantial
testimony pointing toward fraud. This
rule of the law of evidence is tho result
of tho wisdom and reason of centuries;
it dates back to the Roman civil law.
This rule has not grown up to aid fraud
to escape and cover up its trucks, fur one
of tho characteristics of fraud is to con?
ceal itself, to hide its face behind a mask
and to obliterato its foot-prints; there?
fore, tho wisdom of the rule which says
that the proof need not be positive, but
may be circumstantial and indirect. You
could not have failed to observe how re?
luctantly our witnesses testified for our
side. They were far readie r, when cross
questioned by the other side, to give in
their evidence. Look at the reluctance
with which Kimpton's evidence was
given; look at the complex condition of
Parker's books -sec how obscure they
are. Little could not explain then;; hi:
said once that an entry of ?20 was for
gold, and then that it was not. Even the
expert Jones said that, while the books
appeared to have been well kept, ho
could not understand them. Even Mr.
Cardozo, when he was Secretary of Statu,
says that ho -kept no memorandum or
record of the bonds that were sealed by
him. South Carolina is not a large State,
but even had he been Secretary of State
of Rhode Island, ho certainly should
havo kept a memorandum of the bonds
that bore the seal of his office, and not
have allowed the State; to be loaded with
debt. But, notwithstanding all these
drawbacks, we have sufficient evidence
for our purpose. Wo have tho willing
testimony of Mr. YanZant, Vice-presi?
dent of the American Bank Note Com?
pany, which has kept such a record of
its work that even counterfeiting is stag?
gered, and with his books, those dumb
witnesses, which afford positive proof of
fraud. Ladd's testimony, too, was posi?
tive and point-blank, that Parker had
$450,000 of coupons which Parker him?
self said he had got from the Financial
Agent in New York at their final settle?
ment. But Mr. Ladd not only had Par?
ker's assurance ef the fact, which in law,
being' a confession against himself, is
most conclusive, but he actually saw
with his own eyes, and handled with his
own hands, $100,000 of these coupons.
Without going further, that testimony
alono is positive and direct. But,
gentlemen, slurs were attempted to
be heaped upon tho witness, Ladd.
Ho was asked relevant and irrelevant
questions, proper and improper
questions, all with a view toward
breaking down his evidence. Among
other things, he was questioned as to the
many favors ho had received at Parker's
hands, with the view of showing you his
great ingratitude; "the ingratitude more
sharp than serpents' tongues," as they
considered his testimony. Now, if Ladd
had been a willing witness for our side,
I admit he would have shown ingrati?
tude; but you all saw with what extreme
reluctance ho answered our most direct
questions, and once the astute Attorney
General came near giving up in despair
as to certain testimony which Ladd
seemed averse to give, it was plain that
it was painful to Ladd to have to testify
against his whilom friend, but with all
the difficulties and obstacles in his path,
his regard for his oath and his respect
for the mandate of the subpo.na of this
Court, and disregarding the promptings
of his heart, he has beautifully shown
that he "dare do all that becomes a man,"
and ivaliz< d that "ho that dare d?> more
is not." His armless trunk shows that
he has done duty for his country, but 1
will venture to say, althon '\i 1 do not
know his record, that all the physical
courage he may have displayed on the
livid of battle was not so great ;:s that
moral courage he exhibited here upon
that .stand. Col. 11 ion then w. ist on to
say that Ladd's testimony was not un?
supported; that it was confirmed by a
letter signed by Niles C. Parker, which
corroborated it in cverv particular: that
this letter might have been laid aside or
forgotten easily, but it was not, and was
now in this Court House, a dumb wit?
ness against the hand which wrote it;
that Ladd was corroborated by the news?
paper slip given him by Parker, with
the names of the bonds to which the
coupons he owned belonged marked oil'
on it; then Hardy Solomon said that he
hail seen $40,000 coupons in Parlo r's
possession; Mr. Gulick said that he had
a large amount of coupons; that these
very coupons were funded by Y. J. P.
Owens, the very man who should have
tried to unearth this fraud; why did not
Parker go to some broker or banker in?
stead of coming to Owens, tho ('hair
man of the Financial Committee of the
Legislature:'' Parker also told Gulick
that Owens had funded his coupons; the
fact that Owens funded ?200,000, points
Parker out as the source from which lie
got them, and his having them funded
I as agent, and on two different days, shows
that there were two parties to the trans?
action, and his funding exactly five per
cent, of all the bonds on the last day
shows that there had been division and
silence at the same price old-time law?
yers used to chargo for collections; then
tho funding book put in evidence shows
that Niles G. Parker funded no bonds
or coupons, but Scott says that he
received some of these funding bonds
which wero given in exchange for tho
coupons; Scott has forgotten their num?
ber, but Mr. J. G. Thompson, who got
ten of them from Parker through Gen.
Anderson, remembers that 21) was the
highest number, and that the>?' were
regularly back from that number; the
registry shows that Owens funded from
No. 11 up to No. 23 or No. 21; this shows
that thoy wero tho identical ones Owens
had funded; Ladd said that Parker said
that tho $150,000 of coupons wero to bo
divided among certain parties? himself,
Kimpton, Soott, Nenglo and Chamber?
lain. This was a plausible tale, but it
I was untrue; Parker knew that Ladd
might not believe that Gov. Chamber?
lain had been one of the party to this
fraud, and he, therefore, qualified it by
saying that he diu not know that he had
received any of them. Gov. Scott had
come upon the stand ami denied this
part of what Parker had told Ladd;
counsel was sorry that Dr. Ncngle had
not done likewise. Now, after Kimpton
had taken a receipt in full for all moneys
and bonds bundled by him, and required
of the State a certificate that the State
was indebted to him for 11 large sum, it
occurred to him that he ought not have
returned certain coupons, and he, there?
fore said to Mr. Cardozo that two certain
boxes of coupons were his, and asked
that they be retained. Now, these very
coupons Parker had already taken from
the office.' If Kimpton had been in Par?
ker's secrect, he would not have asked
for the same coupons Parker had already
taken out; therefore he was not in this
division. If these gentlemen had been
in this fraud, do you suppose they
would have allowed Parker to^ lie in jail,
when they might continue on' his bond
nnd set him free? Having, then, found
that neitherScott, Chamberlain or Kimp?
ton were in this division, you must con?
clude that Neagle was not either, and
that Parker gut the whole $100,01)0 of
coupons. Dennis' testimony proved that
the interest on the State- debt was, on Oc?
tober '21. 1871, S.OUO an! odd dollars,
while Parker's account, taken from his
report, made it several thousand dollars;
counsel showed that Parker made this
exhibit of interest by charging the State
with interest on many bonds long before
they left the treasury; these coupons had
matured before they were sold or hy?
pothecated. When Kimpton sent the
dead coupons to Parker, why did he di?
rect his clerk not to cancel theuiV and
why did he place them in his own pri?
vate safe? Oh, he intended to take them
from the treasury; not these dead ones
exactly, but to take some valid uncan
celed coupons and to replace them with
these deatl ones; and it was these valid
coupons in two boxes that Parker actually
took, that Kimpton afterwards tried to
get from Cardozo. How could these cou?
pons have got out of the treasury if Par?
ker had not takm them out? How came
them in the possession of Parker
individually instead of in the pos?
session of ^Parker, tho financial king
of South Carolina? Some coupons were
out in hands of other parties; these were
paid in gold in New York and sent to
Parker, and Parker took them out with?
out canceling them and put dead ones in
their place. He then explained why
Parker had made the interest on Octo?
ber 31, 1871, $600,000, instead of $456,
000, which ho took from the Treasury,
on the ground that ho had to make
allowance for outstanding stocks, fire
loan bonds, Ac; deduct these, and you
have about ?450,000 h it, with a margin
of $6,000 for stocks, and the balance for
the tire loan bonds; but by Parker's own
report, he could not charge interest on
the fire loan bonds, and as he charged
interest on bonds before they hfl the
State, you see that the difference between
$8,000and $t>00,000 is explained. Col.
ltion then related an anecdote about a
traveler and an ancient Arab, his guide,
who fell asleep in an oasis. The tra?
veler awoke and saw a camel pass thctu
while the Arab slept. When the Arab
awoke, he said to the traveler that a
camel, blind in the left eye und lame in
the right hind foot, had passed them.
The traveler asked in surplsse, how tin
Arab knew what had passed while he
was asleep; he then explained by the
herbage having been eaten on the right
side of the tracks, accounting for the
Mindless, and tho tender way the right
hindermost track was made. This con?
vinced tin-traveler t:,:.t the Arab knew
just what had passed by the tracks
alone, all hough asleep when they were
made. Throughout the rest of his argu?
ment, the testimony connecting Parker
with this fraud he called tracks, und
Parker the camel, although, he said, he
did not do it in an ofieiiMvu sense. He
then showed how these coupons which
Parker abstracted wire manipulated,
and explained why some stray coupons
were in Kimpton s box. He said this
was a mistake, an ov< r-sight of Parker's.
He then traced out individual coupons,
naming them, and showing how they
were manipulated, and then connected
them with a class tff coupons, and then
connected Parker with them all. He
then proved that Parker had receipted
for certain boxes of coupons with their
numbers marked on the outside; when
he took valid coupons out, he must
make the number compare with what
the outside of the boxes called for; this
he could not do; Mr. Cardozo had sworn
that tho coupons which wero in the
boxes when he came- into office were the
same as when the boxes wero given to
Dunn und Cavender to count; Cuvender
hud sworn that the count was as correct
as conscientious toil and labor could
make it, and thnt tho number of cou?
pons in the boxes did not corres?
pond with the number on the outside
of the boxes; thus the chain was com?
plete. Parker had receipted for them to
Kimpton, und had not turned them over
to Cardozo. With tho exception of La?
val's term of office, the coupons attached
to bonds bore tho lithographic signature
of tho Treasurer. Now Cardozo had testi?
fied that there wero $100,000 conversion
bonds, or more, in his office when he
was Secretary of State, which he would
not seal. Jones testified thnt he sealed
$1,000,000 or $2,000,000 conversion bonds
in tho summer of 1?71 or 1872. Now
theso unsealed bonds wero in tho trea?
sury. Tho bonds themselves were worth?
less, being unsealed; the coupons were
good, bearing tho lithographic seal of
tho Treasurer. These coupons could not
be cut oft' without exciting suspicion, if
the bonds were left behind, so Parker
takes bonds, coupons and all; nnd as tho
coupons fall due, what is to prevent them
from being presented at the treasury for
payment? lie then called attention to
the falling oft' of the coupons which had
been presented at tbe treasury since
July. 1870. He then explained the dif?
ference between the accounts or tables
made out against Porker in account with
the State by himself and that of the de?
fendant's counsel. "While explaining an?
other point, the Court adjourned until 0
o'clock this morning.
List or New Advertisements.?
C. J. Irodell?Carolina National Bank.
B. Jones?Proposals for Hoofing.
C. Bouknight?Executor's Notice.
Bound Trip Tickets?G. & C. B. B. Co.
Jones, Davis A Bonknigkts Notice.
Furnished Booms to Bent.
Hotel Arrivals, July li.?JIendri?
House -J. S. Coles, Chappell's; H. W.
Kennerly, Orangeburg; W. D.Trantham,
Camden; T. F. Wesson, J. F. Jackson,
New York; W. P. Buckner, Tonn.; B. A.
Stovall, W. F. Rndisill, Augusta; A. H.
Powell, Foirfield; S. G. Brice, Yougues
ville; W. E. Anderson, Waterside.
Mansion House?J. D. McDonald. L.
M. Candless, Cauiden; T. E. Cloud,
Ridgeway; J. M. Seigler and child, He?
lena; J. rt. Bowers, Newbt-rry.
North and South.?The New Y'ork
Herold closes n long Fourth of July edi?
torial with the following sensible re?
marks: "It has of late been customary,"
says the Herald, "to express a wish that
the centennial, with its preliminaries,
may restore the old fraternal sentiments
between the South and the North. Such
sentiments are wise aud timely, and
they aru certain to gain strength with
the approach of the centennial festivi?
ties. But we apprehend that the re?
peaters of this wish or this advice see as
yet only a part of the strength of their
case, it is not merely that Massachu?
setts and South Carolina stood side by
side in '70, powerful as this appeal to
early recollections is and ought to be.
The strong point is?and before the close
of the centennial year the North will ac?
knowledge it?that our Southern bre?
thren have a livelier appreciation of the
patriots of the- revolution than is possi?
ble to us. What we inherit as a traeli
tion, they have experienced as a reality.
They have been themselves in the posi
tiem of rebels. They, too, have fought
for independence, while so fighting,
they nourished their hearts and
strengthened their fortitude by constant
meditation on the eleeels and the heroes
of the revolution. The position into
which we of the North wero forced for
the maintenance of the Union tended to
put us out of sympathy with revolu?
tionary spirit. Wo learned, for the first
time, iiow governments feel that are re?
belled agaijist, and lost our former admi?
ration of rebels. Up to the outbreak of
our civil war, there was not a rebellion
in Ireland, or in South America, or in
Greece, e>r in Hungary, or in any part of
the world, in which the warmest sympa?
thies of 4his country were not freely
given to the rebels against their govern?
ment. The South continues to retain
this feeling, and as elanger to the Union
is forever past, there is no reason why
we should not relight tho partially ex?
tinguished torch at the Southern altar,
where the fire has been kept Bteadilv
burning. Our Southern brethren will
ultimately acknowledge that we did them
an invaluable service in frustrating their
attempt and making its repetition hope?
less; and, em the other hand, we shall
yet acknowledge that they acted from
the noblest sentiments directed to n
mistaken object. We have something to
gain from them in capacity to enter into
the spirit which achieved our independ?
ence."
A Coon AvKit.voE.~The aggregate city
debt of New York on the 1st of Januar}' ?
last was 8112.000,000. Add to this the
j Jloating debt, unpaid judgments onel
claims in suit it will reach SHU.000,000.
Then a deficiency exists in the Treasury.
I owing to uncollected taxes and nssess
1 inentsnf about $12,000,000, making the
n al public indebtedness about SI07,000,
000. This on n basis of 1,000,00(1 popn
; lation is it ))?? capita of $170. The year's
appropriations lor the expenses of the
Gtivcrnment amount to nearly S3S.000,
000. This is a per capita of* $3h. The
united debt and taxation, therefore, ovo
I rugo scill for every man, woman-and
child in the city.
Talk of tho Keely motor! Here is the
Rev. James M. Henry, e>f Clarksville,
Pike County, Mo., who has inve nted a
Hying machine which can move through
the air at the rate e>f 100 miles per hour.
He- has been working forty years on the
problem, and claims to have sol veil it.
He doserves to have $100,000 a year as
well as Beecber, but he is so poor he
can't raise money enough to build a large
machine from his model. It is sail to
think that nobody will be willing to give
this old man a chance.
The trial of John D. Lee, charged with
complicity in tho murder of 131 emi?
grants by Mormons, eighteen years ago,
at Mountain Meadow, Utah, is in pro?
gress this week at Beaver, in that Terri?
tory. Tho massacre was one of the most
fiendish on record, and is believctl to
have been the result of Brigham Young's
instigation, to avenge tho Mormon
Church for the killing of one of the
members by on outraged husband, whose
wifo hael been seduced ami taken into
the Mormon harem.
On Monday, tho 5th inBt, the Messrs.
Weldon, of Cherokee County, Ala., were
passing along tho roael near tho baso of
Lookout Mountain, when they were fired
upon from umlmsh by two men, named
Ke-nnedy. Tho murderors wero not
more than ten steps fioni their victims.
Ono of tho Messrs. Woldon was instantly
killed, and the other ono had his arm
broken. The latter managed to make
his escape and thus saved his life.
Tho "Black Death" scourge, which has
recently appeared in tho rivers Tigris
and Euphrates, is the same which de?
stroyed millions of lives in Enropo and
Asia during the fourteenth century.