Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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vi? J5X J. A. .orjJUJD.1 m COLUMBIA, S. p., THURSDAY MORNING, IEPTEMBE% 21, ?8G5. .YOL. I-NO. *?*. y THE PHONIX, l'?BUSUKI) DAILY AND TKl-WKKKI.Y, BY JULIAN A. SELBY. STATE PEINT E ? . TERMS-IN AD VA NOE. I .SUBSCiUlTION. Dailv Paper, six months.$5 00 Tri-Weekiy. .. .. .:i 50 ADVERTISEMENTS Inser? eil at 75 cents per square for the lirst insertion, and 50 cents for each subsequent. Weekly 75 cents each insertion. &3~ Special notices 10 cents a line. AGENTS. Thomas P. Slider, Charleston. H. L. Darr, Sumter. S. P. Kinard, Newberry. Samuel Drouthitt, Greenville C. H. Wm. Moore, AbbeviMe C. H. ^LulkufPiniu)e^m^rso^ | Tile Next Cotton Crop. The steadyHlnd continued decline in cotton has caused the subject of the present prices of this article, and the prospect for the ensuing crop, to become matters of much interest to those who have already purchased and now hold cotton, and those who are engi (ked in its cultivation. A correspondent of the Atlanta In? telligencer submits some very sensible remarks upon the subject, from which we compile a few facts. It was estimated by a committee appointed by the Confederate Con? gress that the number ot* bales of cotton East of the Mississippi, at the date of the report, was 875,000 bales. This committee luid every facility to enable them to form a correct opi? nion, and was composed of intelli? gent gentlemen. The report was made previous to Sherman's advance through Georgia and the Carolinas, when all crops, j that escaped destruction by Confede- j rate forces, to prevent their falling j into the hands of the Federal troops, were given to the flames by the order ' of that officer and his subordinates, by means of regular details for the purpose, and by camp-followers and straggling incendiaries hovering on Hie flanks of his army. As the theatre of war shifted Northward, the cotton j States were left to the mercy of the Federal force, and organized and un? organized cavalry raiders permeated ! every nook and corner of the conn- ! try, many of which being composed 1 of men emboldened by, and whose vindictiveness was increased with, the j waning fortunes of the Confederacy, delighted in the destruction of pro- j perty. It would be a moderate estimate to state the number of bales destroyed by Sherman's army and their cavalry raids at 150,000, leaving on hand 725,000 bales at the time of the sur? render of the Confederate forces. Of this, 250,000 bales will cover the number now in the South, that will be thrown upon the market under any circumstances, nearly the entire amount on hand being in the ware? houses of our principal cities. What are the prospects for a good ?orton crop the present year? Pre? vious to the war, 4,000,000 bales were considered a good yield, and this number would be a fair basis upon which to make an estimate. 1st. By a recent report made by Gen. Howard. Chief of the Freed? men's Bureau, it is estimated that I, 100,000 able-bodied negroes died during and since the wai". 2d. Nine out of every ten negroes, heretofore engaged in the cultivation of cotton, will not work in the cotton .fields this year. Thousands of them rare '.enforcing their freedom" by living in idleness and crime in cities aud villages throughout the South. 3d. The South lost- 800,000 able bodied white meu by disease and the casualties of war. 4th. Thousands ot' miles of fencing have been destroyed, and much is yet not replaced-gins and presses have been burned; horses, mules and oxen have been stolen, impressed, conscripted and claimed by "horse details" sent out by military authori? ty; so that many find it difficult to cultivate enough soil to supply the demand for bread. It will be admitted that nine out of every ten bales, made prior to the war, was produced by slave labor, which would leave 400,000 as the pro? duct of white labor, taking 4,000,000 bales as the basis. If the first and second propositions be true, then Ave have 400,000 bales as the maximum number that can be grown under any combination of cir? cumstances by negro labor. This would give us 800,000 bales as the total product of white and black labor, which must be further re? duced by the number of bales which would have been made by the 800,000 -able-bodied white men who died during the war. It would be alow estimate to fix this nt 75,000, which |^would ?eavo 725,000 as a remainder. Vfcr?fany who are acquainted with the neg*Og~hi.s natural disposition to idleness, nra repugnance to hoeing cotton*, and the uncertainty of this -class of labor under th'' present sys? tem, would regard it safe to reduce i ? this estimate still moro, as the re? sult of any given number ol them win not reach, within a "respectable approximation, ' to what it would have been under the old reqime. If these figures approximate in any degree to the result, it may be well asked, what causes thc present de? cline in cotton? Ono fact only ac? counts for it. The people of the North-yes, of the worM -cannot ap? preciate the exhausted and impover? ished condition of the South after her long, heroic and disastrous strug? gle, nor estimate properly the worth? lessness of negro labor under pre? sent circumstances, nor yet the political uncertainty and danger whic1 beset us. We should advise those who are fortunate to own cotton not to be? come alarmed and hurry what they have upon the market at this time. We need all the money i u the coun? try we can get, and we cannot afford to let slip the only thing in our pos? session that can command it. There is bound to be a "ground swell" in the old "King's" dominions between this and October. [ Wilmington Journal. Mn. McGnnnocH AND THE COMP- j TROLLKK. -The attitude of Mr. Clarke, Comptroller of the Treasury, towards his supei-ior, Mr. Mcculloch, is quite novel in the affairs of the Govern? ment, and shows the impudence, the entire contempt for propriety and usage of the times. What sort of Government are we to have, if the chief clerk of every department shall be allowed to set up his opinions in opposition to the head of the depart? ment? Under the system of levelling downwards, it would not ti?!? long to reach the scavenger, and make his opinions a matter of public concern. Mr. Clarke says he can see no impro? priety in his publicly expressing bis dissent from .Mr. McCulloch's views; aud wc can see as little in a similar appeal from Mr. Clarke's opinions by the messenger of his department. Beau Hickman has a better idea of propriety than Mr. Clarke, whojwants to be a Vice-president or something else. He is evidently setting up in business on his own account. [Richmond Dispatch. Gen. Marmaduke, of Missouri, late of the Confederate army, passed through this city yesterday, on his way home. He has just returned from Europe, where he has been re? siding since the close ol' the war. [Louisville Courier, Ki///. lt is rumored that the O'Mahouy Fenians have seuto.OOUmento Mparts unknown" during the past ten days, and. that the "Sweenians" are en? gaged in raising a regiment of "free lancers" to make a raid in Canada. Eureka Chapter No. 13, R. A. M. l? A MEETING of this Chapter will ?>^\^rbu held at Masonic Hall, Orange ^^burg, on the fourth SATURDAY in April, and every following month. Mem? bers are earnestly requested to be punc I tual in attendance. Bv order of the M.*. E.-. H.-. P.-. ' March 21 \v3* il SPLENDID assortment-selected with special care bv myself. At E. RpKLARD'S. March 18_fC* Itch! Itch! ?JCRATCH no more. WHEATON'S CELE 0 BRATED ITCH OINTMENT, the great Exterminator, just received nnd for sale at 22. POLLARD'S. March ls _t6*_ BOOVAL, .1. F. EISENMAS bogs to inform his patrons, and the puMic generally, I that he has removed Iiis TAILORING ?ESTABLISHMENT to Mr. Volger's old stand, on Main street, where will bo ; found a complete assortment ot* ('LOTUS, ! CASSIMERES, Ac, of the newest styles. Also, NECK-TIES, HANDKERCHIEFS, I COLLARS and a variety of other articles usually found in a Gentleman's Furnishing j Store." Having purchased them personally, he hopes, by moderate prices nnd strict i attention to business, to merit a share of j nblic patronage. March 16 ?ftp I The Southern Guardian. POSTMASTERS who have heretofore acted as agents in procuring subscrip? tions to the above named journal, will please prepare lists and forward to the undersigned at Columbia. Persons who desire to snbscril '. will forward their names. Subscriptions to bc paid on re? ceipt of thc first number. March 22 C. I'. PJELHAM, Proprietdv. Administrator's Notice. ALL persons having demands against the estate of Dr. JOHN H. BOA? WRIGHT, deceased, are requested to pre? sent them properly attested, and all th'>sr indebted to said estate will please give 1 notes or make payment immediately to .1. L. BOATWRIGHT, Adm'r., : In basement of Col. L. I). Childs' house, Corner of Bull and Plain streets. March 25 Kentucky Mules for Sale. fobg^ PERSONS desiring to purchase Pl MULES, will call on the under mtkm?X* dersigncd, at Hunt's (lott i or Logan's Stable. JOHN H. WILSON. March 25 "J* MUY MM! A FULL ASSORTMENT OF FINK FAMILY GROCERIES ANO PROVISIONS! ALWAYS ON HAND. SELF-RAISING BUCKWHEAT FLOUR. Extra FAMILY OYSTERS -Spiced and Fresh. TOM ATOES-Fresh. ,T. M.. O. K.. Wahou and Calisava BIT? TERS. 1.000 lbs. of the celebrated DURHAM SMOKING TOBACCO. For sale bv RICHARDSON STREET, Between Ladv and Washington sis. j March 'i.") OILS! OILS! OILS! i TUST received, a fresh supply of KERO : ?J SENE OIL. MACHINERY OIL AND ? TANNER'S OIL, and for sale by the barrel : or trallon by DIALA POPE. Bolting Cloth! j -f f\r\ Yds No. lo Boitin- Cloth, Anchor 1UU brand, j 100 vds No. 9 Boitins,' Cloth. Anchor brand, i KM? .? .. 8 ; ux> .. il '. : 100 " *. 4 1 For wale low for cash by March 23 G KENNETH & < URSON. Flour! Flour! pr /^r\n lbs Fino Countrv Flour. O.UUU 10 bbls Self-Rai?ing Flour. FISHER & LOWRANCE. March 2:1 6*_ JOHKT H. HEISE, CANDY MANUFACTURER, WHOLESALE AXD RETAIL FRENCH and ITALIAN CONFECTION? ARY, Fancy Goods, Toys, Fruits, .te. Variety too numerous to mention. Corner of Plain and Marion streets. East of tho Baptist Church._March 2 c Imo ?&S7~^lSrTJ5S?>9 ACOMPLETE FLEE of the SOUTHERN GUARDIAN, for which a liberal Drice v il be paid by ' C. P. PELHAM", March 22 Proprietor, &c. PARTIES wish )g to TRAVEL to Edgeticld C. H. or anv intermediate point, can be accommo? dated by applving to R. O'BRIEN, South side Gervais st., near Assembly. March 17 lin?* COTTON AND WOOL CARDS. XTTBOLESALE and retail by VV March 22 DIAL & POPE. NOTICE TO MILL-OWNERS. THE subscribers are prepared to furnish to order, at short notice: BELTING, of all kinds and widths. . BOLTING CLOTHS, of all numbers. SMUT MACHINES, all six.es. CIRCULAR SAWS, all eizcs. AND Have in store a full supplv of SAW and GRIST MILL IRONS, MACHINERY OILS, it c. Persons wanting the above goods will lind it to their advantage to call on us be? fore purchasing, as we are prepared to offer them inducements. March 17 _ DIAi' & POPE. C. li, BALDWIN, Gr 3EL O O JES 3FL . STANDARD grades of GROCERIES and FAMILY SUPPLIES constantly in stock and for salo bv the package or at re? tail at POPULAR PRICES. Corner Main and Washington streets. March 3 Imo Internal Revenue Tax. j THIRD DISTRICT S. C., j MARCH 18, l??i?. A LL persons in business, trade or pro- ' fession of anv kind since 30th of May, 1865, are required to pav their licenses forthwith. W. A. HARRIS, Collector for Richland District. | X??" Office-Court House square. March 18 . D. P. GREGG mav be ? <&'Z7?m\ found at tho residence of i ?fffSBSk Mrs. McMahon, (near the; " T L-T Episcopal Church,) ready to a : tend to any professional calls from his old or new patrons. March 17 HAY, CORN, PEftS ANO OftTS ? ? OA A BALES EASTERN HAY. ??V f\J 300 bushels primo White CORN. 200 bushels Black-eyed PEAS. 300 .. White OATS. 20 bbl?. Extra FLOUR. For sale low. BBO*WNE ft SCHIRME!'., Main street, Volger's new store. March 17 t Imo FROM Columbia to Charleston. THE NEW and LIGHT DRAFT STEAM? ERS "GEORGE-' and "COLUMBIA" arc now prepared to make engagements to take Freight from Granby Landing to Charleston. Advances or insurance made, if desired, to Charleston or New York. Applv to A. L. SOLOMON, Or * THOS. L. CRAWFORD, March 15 2mo Agents. Kerosene Lamps, &c. AFULL supplv of KEROSENE LAMPS, OIL, CHIMNEYS, Burners, Wicks. ?fcc, in store and for sale at low prices, bv Jan 23_DIAL & POPE. ' W. K. BROWNE. F. M. SCHIRMER. BROWNE & SCHUR. AUCTIONEERS AND GENERAL COMMISSION AND COLUMBIA, S. C., ! . HAY!NC located themselves at ibis point for tho transaction of the above j named business, would respectfully solicit consignments of MERCHANDIZE, of all descriptions, lither for public or private sale. Particular attention paid to thc sale cf REAL ESTATE, STOCKS, BONDS, .V. Having a large and commodious Brick Warehouse, we are prepared to receive, ] store and forward all kinds of Merchandize. Wc have made arrangements to keep constantly on band a large supply of HAY and GRAIN of all descriptions! Wo re? spectfully oller our services to ortr city and I country friends. All orders lilied with ! promptness and despatch. ear Volger's new store, Main street."SS j Marc!) l i Imo A Beautiful Complexion. " CIRCASSIAN BLOOM ! " FOR THE COMPLEXION. j THE most elegant preparation for the j complexion. Remove? spots, pits,ble- j misbes, pimples, freckles, tan and redness I of the skin, and all excoriations and rough- j ness produced by rough winds, chapped i lips and hands. It softens thc skin and renders the skin fair and beautiful. A beautiful complexion is the admiration of i every one. Try ? bottle. For sale by drug? gists everywhere. JOHN M. MARIS A CO., | Wholesale Agents, Philadelphia. f FISHER & HEINITSH, March ll Agents, Columbia, S. C. ! STALLION JO^ MORGAN. 1 THE STALLION JOHN MOR JlTiiW|GAN will stand the season, com- I M 71 mencing on tho 10th inst., at the Columbia Fair Grounds, for $30; groon.'? fee $1.50. John is a handsome dark brown horse, eight years old, fifteen hands high, by Sir Archy, Whip and Woodpecker thorough-bred stock-with a cross of Mor? gan. Ile was raised by W. B. Daniels, Esq., ot York District, and in that section of the State has a high reputation as a stock horse. In January, 1S05, a patriotic citizen purchased bim at a high price, and offered bim as a present to the most dis- i tinguished cavalry officer in the Confede? rate States army. The Lieutenant-General, however, with characteristic modesty, de? clined to accept the costly and splendid charger. John, having the kindest dispo? sition, was then easily broken to harness, is a fast trotter and rino buggy horse. Terms cash on first service. March 3 Imo Amjoroty^es, &c. body-ran ging from SI to $5, with ease -at the new Sky-light Galle? ry, South of Blakely & Copeland's store, Mainstreet. Call and give the operator a trial. J. G. GLADDEN. _March_8_ Paints, Oils, Window Glass, &c. AGENERAL assortment of the above, together with a full stock of BRUSHES of every variety. In store and for sale cheap for cash by_ DIAL A POPE. Premium Platform Scales. AFULL supply of PLATFORM SCALES, capacity from 400 to 1,200 pounds. In store and for sale cheap for cash by _Feb 1 _DIAL A POPE. A Long Life of Usefulness TS given to the horse hy the cse of thc L celebrated GERMAN HORSE POWDER. The extraordinary virtues of this Horse Powder are attested to by thousands, and for fifty years has stood, and still stands, first in tho estimation of all experienced farmers, agriculturists and farriers, as the I best medicine for thc horse, lt is com Cosetl of roots and herbs carefully com ined with tonics, and may be given in all ..ases where diseasH exists. For indiges- : tion, distemper, hide-bound, drowsiness, loss of appetite, inward sprains, debility, wasting of flesh, sore eyes, swelled legs, : grease, mange, surfeit, old coughs, for ex? haustion Crom work. It carries off all foul humors, purities and cools the blood, and prevents horses becoming st ?ff and foun? dered. lt is a stimulus for weak stomachs, and renders tho limbs and skin soft and fine, giving a smooth coat to the hair. For tale by FISHER A HEINITSH, March ll Drup^ists. ?ny? SOLL?T?IS !| J3L rrivals. FRESH HOPS, LANDRETHS SEEDS. EXTRACT LOGWOOD, OLIVE OIL, ; Concentrated Lye, White Glue, Whiting, : Chrome Sello* Machinery Oil, Sweet Oil. : For sale by FISHER .v HEINITSH. March Hi Druggists 1 FACTORS, SHIPPERS AND COMMISE MEBCHANTS, OFFICE i v COTTON TOWN, COLUMBIA, SS. O. WILL store or attend to the forwarding of COTTON, PRODUCE. FURNI? TURE and GOODS entrusted to their care. Will also uell HORSES. MULES. CAT- ! TLE, &c. We pledge ourselves to use every endea? vor to promote the welfare ol' those who mav favor us with their patronage. J. M. CRAWFORD. " L. P. MILLER. es~ Charleston News, Newberry Herald, Wiunsboro News, Chester Standard, Abbe? ville Banner, Anderson InieUlgencer and Greenville Mountaineer will publish two weeks, and forward hills. Dec 80 Notice. JOHN C. SEKGERS, of Columbia, is my Sole Agent for the sale ol' the different kinds of BISCUITS, CRACKERS and PILOT BREAD manufactured by me. He will sell them at Charles-ton wholesale prices, freight added. J. C. H. CLAUSSEN. Charleston, January 27, 1866. TUST received a lot of SODA, CON? GRESS, SEED, Sugar. Wine, Lemon. Butter. Pic-Nie Biscuits, and Pilot Bread, .lan 31 JOHN C. SEEGERS. LUDWIG & KEATINGE, ENGRAVERS & LITH0G1?API1ERS, CORNER NINTH A NB BROAD sis.. 3Eg.lo1n TTE Q33LC3L. ~Y7"?X,. Jan 30 3mo Hardware. ; ^* rfflHE subscribers would re?r* ci tully wi JL form the citizens of Coj?uibhi. and vicinity*, tint tbevthavfe opened then- stocK of HARDWARE', PAINTS, OILS, WIN? DOW GLASS;, A-C, to which they would ask the attention of purchasers, cheap for cash. DIAL A POPE. THROUGH! ROUTE NORTH, VTA CHARLOTTE AND GREENS? BORO. N. Ci AND DANVILLE AND RICHMOND, VA. tJTAGES leave Columbia, S. C., daily, connecting with Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad: Arrive at Charlotte, N. C.2.30 p. m. Leave Charlotte.3.00 p. m. Arrive at Greensboro. N. C... 10.00 p. m. | Leave Greensboro.-10.20 p. m. Arrive at Richmond, Ya. 3.15 p. m. the following day, connecting with evening trains for Washington and all Ute North? ern cities. Close connections made, and no delay on this route. Nearest and best routn North. J. FITZ JAMES, Agent Jan 23 3mo R. D. & P. Railroads. Sup'ts Office, Charlotte & S. C. S. E., COLUMBIA, S. C., JAN-U.VIU- 1, I860. MD?SfflnSBffl ONE HUNDRED LA /^?^?'BORERS wanted, to work on the track. Apply to WILLIAM REY? NOLDS, Section Master, nt the Depot. Jan 8 _JAS. ANDERSON Sup't. II. E. NICHOLS, GENERAI. Corner of Assembly and Washington Sis., COLUMPIA, S. C., REPRESENTS a number of the best both Northern and Southern-compa? nies, possessing an aggregate capital of over $33,000,000. LIFE, FIRE. MARINE, INLAND AND ACCIDEN? TAL RISKS taken on equi? table terms, and all losses promptly paid. ?rST"Policies made payable in Gold or Currency March 1 Gino* INSURE YOUR LIVES. APOLICY OF LIFE INSURANCE IS THE CHEAPEST AND SAFEST MODE of making a certain provision for one's family. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: Nothing is so uncertain as life. No provision is perfect that is contingent apon the duration of your life, ?vhich is not immediate. The onlv IMMEDIAT!', provision is that provided by LIFE INSURANCE. It provides a SECURITY to thc family .>t every man engaged in business. It is' a species of property that costs nothing but the premiums; it requires no repairs, bas no taxes, calls for no outlays, Hid its conditions do not change. Call on H. E. NICHOLS. .Virent for tho following OLD, RELIABLE and POPU? LAR LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES: /ETNA, OF HARTKOKD, CONN., Assets .Sa,0(H),ooo. ?LOBE, OP NEW YORK, Asset?, nearly $-4,000,000. WORTH CAROLINA MUTUAL,OF HA? LEIGH, As,ct?, m arly 81,000,000. CORNER OF WASHINGTON AND AS? SEMBLY STREETS, COLUMBIA, S. C. Jan 18 3in Irish Potatoes. FOR sale bv JOHN C. SEEGERS. March ? _ Old Newspapers for Sale, BY tho hundred or thousand, at March 2 PHONIX OFFICE. S1LL?NG OFF AT RediicedPrices TO MAKE ROOM FOR SPRING & SUMMER STOCK, WHOLESAXF. AND RETAH. DEALEHS IK Dry Goods, _ V Vmu CLOTHINdl GRQCEBjJj OFFER THEIP^v-^H CONSISTI NC? <A>? H >^3t??&^? AGOO'D assorti .cut of ^'-'-^?^I^fe^H colors and qiulities. ^^^e^^^K DELAINES, POPLINS. A^*^'^ French and English MERINO. Mm gi Black ?md t 'olored ALPACA. Wk mm 1 DEBEGE, LINDSEYS. Mmk m: Opera, White and Bod All-wool an^Mt- S j ton FLANNEL. ?. 1 J GIN G II Al I. J ACO NET, SWISS MU Sift, li JEANS, CAMBRICS, PAPER CAMBBJ?. ? Bleached and Unbleached HOMESPU? ? Linen and Cotton SHEETING. PILLOW-CASING, TICKING. SHAWLS, LADIES' CLOAKS. HATS and BONNETS, tr'raed and unt'd. BONNET FRAMES, RIBBONS. FLOWERS, FEATHERS, RUCHES. ~~ - BUGLE and other Fane)- Dress and 31oak Trimmings. L, Handkerchiefs, Gloves, Hosiery. A Cuffs, Collars, Hair Nets. " m. Breakfast Shawls, Sontag?. Hoop and Balmoral Skirts, Corsets. Mw Veils, Coate's and Clark's Spool Cotton. Mt ALSO, A FULL LIN OF ?i Bim TOPING GOODS i . Over, Business and Black Frock COATS. PANTS and VESTS of all qualities. White Linen and Woolen OVER-SHIRTS Shaker, Merino, Woolen and Cotton ?NDER-SHIRTS and DRAWERS. Socks, Suspenders, Collars, Wristi?^nJ*. p Neck-Ties, Pocket Handkerchiefs. '* Hats and Caps. Fine Pegged and Sewed Boots, Gaiters ind Shoes. / Together with a largo and well-selected V itock of Plain and Fancy ' 7 Groceries, A 1 FLOUR, BACON, CHEESE, BUTI'ER W LARD, TEA, COFFEE, SUGAR. Whole and Ground Spices, Candios. H Fancy and Common Soaps.: Jk\ Soda, Indigo, Copperas, ftlue Stoat-. Madder and Logwood. J Plain and Fancy Cracker.-,. Herrings and Mackerel, by i.hc barre I ?alf barrel um! \ Jfc^ IL Sweet Oil, 'VJ mm 'owdJfca Carbonate oVl^fci. '.'oiT;untratedLvg. JfB ^l-'j^mm^Mmm^mmmmMSm\^?\m Sugar and Fn^^H, jfS |i IPI Kerosene Oi^^K | - W?? RM?! Cotton and ^B?^..x;.r4^;l?-?*^syi?^B^^*, I Pocket ami B?MPHJHr^O pt Tobacc > *iuT><$f<*. ^Jmm*^ wmV Together with a'large tfmMfvM'tit 0flB ;oods usnallr kept, and too ntmicrous toWR nentiou. mm ALSO, ON HAND, A lurge stock of WATCHES, CLOCKS. MM PECTACLES, Ac. Watches, Clocks an?* Jewelry repaired. . . Old GOLD and SILVER bought. New and second-hand WATCHES bought. AOEXTs ron KALB'S PATENT LIMBS. HARTMAN'S PATENT ELASTIC RUTCH. And FAIRBANK'S SCALES. ?ssembiy Street, ? ET WEEN PLA IK ? WA SEIKO TO $ ' J.n?OLUIV,p??S?- c.