Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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VOLUME IX.-NUMBER 1360. CHARLESTON, MONDAY MORNING, MAY 2, 1870. SIX DOLLARS A YEAR. HOPES OF PEACE. A CA.ZX.Xn F JB X I, X If O OX THF CONTINENT. PRANCE STANDS FIRM, BUT A PEACEFUL SOLUTION PROBABLE. ?? '? -v !jJi; ; . ;. -.-; THE ' RAPIO 'siCOVRBr IN THE PRICE OF ' . SECURITIES. . ? : ...l..r..i.e.. .. . . ? ? . . I - aUltttirV Preparation in Purh-Tte . Sentiment or Europe, -. LONTWS, Sunday, July 1?. j Military preparations were going on' all night in Paris, ~ If the ?aadklatare pf; Prince Leopold be no; with drawn wi thin the 4ext twenty-four hoiii^tae Frenoh Ministers wl? be 'recalled froci Berlin and Madrid, aa? war proclaimed. The conduct ot France In forcing the issue ?and refusing to1 leave the question of the tthrone to the Sf tAwifih people is strongly con? demned by all Sarene, and Prussia's calm and r?dlgnlded position fe approved. T?ic FLaaacAal Fante - Trie London Tl mea urgealatervention-The Rn I ne Frostier ?We Real Issue. . PAR?, July U. ; The panic te attributed to approaching^ set? tlements and iears that bankers will contract accommodation?!. Dispatches from various European capitals this, morning announce the excitement ln| creased, particnarly ?m moni ed circles. All sorts of socTOlttes have. declined heavily. : The' Telegraph says that. moolee! men; known to be Ini Bar^leon's Wnfld?'nc?. ar? heavy 9olt9tt?t.\!&f?ti.& : The London Times says r6 ls still possible to ? look calmly at the future, and diplomat* must j seek to impress limace with the extravagance ? of her pretensions and susceptibilities in the,1 absence.>of.real danger. Similar jealousies: passed wi th oat coll?lOQ tn 18-10 and 1858. The balance of Eurofean power is undeserving a thought. The nxiZ issue 'is tte.possession ef ? the Bhiii^ <left Ixink. ?$he contest must last. : until one, power or ; the other is exhausted. Civilization .has everything to loselnsuch a contest, and Frar.c? i?'evldently in the Wrong. After firrther allument indicating Spain's right to choose, ber 'King, . the limes says : ' "Neutral powers must act earnestly and firmly to present oollhniiri:'^ The same edition of the Times, however, -de? plores the probable Injury to France by the en ^thTonemeat of Hobensollern. 'Tito Pnuilaa Trbn-?I?d? More to thc ...... F^asrt. ^ .. PLYMOUTH, July H. Several Pruselan iron-el ads, recently riding at anchor ic this port, were ordered to the "Baltic-yesterday.; These orders were counter? manded to-day, and the vessels sailed toward ?Cherbourg. The Emperor to Co?m?nd In Pcnon Stoppafc of F?rL>mKh*i-No Answer! from. Frassl a. f X'L ? .... 'PAMS, July in. i The Moaitetrv announces that it will :io -longer^ive public to movements of troops. Pris8ia^jan?rwe:r; 1?. still, momentarily-ex? pected. ' v# '?-_ .ri The Journal 03:Jel says; "In case', of war, ; will command in person, with ^aon^stanl'' ? th? French J troops naveg?se n , tho*; rfra?diav? ^ -sirtiy^ojo- the frontier and the fitorlie^tat^ Several regimen ij'of. the Paris division * re uuder oftlen. < " . ? '.'--. , ?T:i^:^^^i0^1L . ?hlvlerdeclined ? to give information whioh might compromise the endeavors pf tlte government to arrange al . peacetui eettleinen i of ? the. difflcultiee arising from the . elevation, of Prince Leopold teethe throne of-Spaln. - - . ?M. Jules leavre' m ade, a bitter attack on. the -action oXtlhe^governmenL He denounced^ <&bmet aM stock^ ? ,' The Bourse lfrexerted.' -^Rentes 68t:' 70c 3 x^W^-4P\aA-rwtfiw ot lt. y -vj .BKKLIN, July BJ ? A^ai<in?^y^\n^J??js: " "France per -sista in her: insult .to Prussia by. holding Prussia responsible for Hohenzollern's candidature:" Spain Deprecates m War-A Hew Kos .. ..!;;...;<;.?au. . - .The Regency reiterates the .declaration that its course in 'regard ' to Prince Leopold was dictated by no hO??l?ty towards France. v.?? The Republican journals my that the only solution of the existing troubles ls the imme-;'j diate^edaratiofi of a re DobUc. Prussia Propasen to B pe ait-The lUy tfal- j . ? V' - ? >'-^'Irt?r^*?**^* Hie -North GermanParliamentis aumiaoued to return ar^er^ of France. Tiie^?por^^ofr?Tnssi?u Mrar'T^p?ra??M are uotrno. ' ttt i j$?stai :' . .' ?? ?? - a .-' A Better tiff ?lt o*j An I>oautaBM?Bd,ParU Hopa? o4?jf nae? .^prltla^ Ad-rmmoliia;. >?T.\:. : :xh*C? , _ LasboN^July W-Evening. ,v 'The feeung'Is qule?e?botri'here and ih Paris, .and the Impression ts gaining ground that the i gaestions at Issue betsveen Prussia ?nd France will be seilied withint;a resort io extreme .measures. j^ecurities haye advanced several.-per cent, silice mornbg, and' the tendency-Is -still up? ward. American bonds, (62's,) which were 86} at 1 o'clock, have just closed at ?8j. Other securities' have advanced proportionately. A much, better .feeling prevails npon the Paris Bourse. At.Zft'oiock,j?Rtie3.were .?flr.?Dc, a very decided aavanc?. BIOTIN VIB&INIA-HEVERAL MEN KIX.EE?. RICHMOND, July ll. The Dispatch:ha* information' or a -serious riot ht Louisa County, during which several men werekilled'and a large number wounded. Knives and pistols WCTO freely used. Tile Legislature adjourned tooday until 0c tober 1st. -: "-? - . MEETING OE THE, G EOE OLA ZEGI& XATT7?E. .. ... . ATLANTA, July ll. 'The l?gislature met to-day, and after con? sidering for awhile a resolution instructing the State Treasurer to use the Behool fund in pay? ing the Claims against the State, adjourned un? til to-morrow. . i 3 4 -Acco?hfs from4Coba by no means confirm the late imported saccesSBS.of the government. Its troops. are on tri? .d?fensive,' and demands fdtMnforcemedta were, un'succeasluL' lt 'was posltrral;r aa8erted.tli'at the.V;had been defeated in saverdl engagements. The' planters refusa to obey the Emancipation laws anu will resist freeing the slaves. WASHINGTON. ^ FROM THE ASSOCIATED PRESS.' WASHINGTON, July ll. Mr, Fish will retain the Secretaryship of State until October. Tfre revenue to-day is nearly one and a half million. the Conference Committee on the Funding Mil adjourned ? with no, result.. The House committee wants four per cent, bonds,, and no foreign agencies. . . " General Hancock disavows haying treated General Grant intentionally with disrespect, SENATE. : The credentials of Anthony and Cragin were presented. . The following discussion lnnstrates toe Tax sale bill wklch passed to-day: Trumbull called up the bill te confirm the titles of purchases to lands sold Tor taxes in the late Insurrectionary States. Bayard opposed toe bill He said lt confirmed -sales which had been attended with the gn?ssest irregularities, and the conditions Imposed upon the original owner before he can recover his lands are most onerous and unjust. Trumbull said that the man who neg? lected to pay bis taxes deserved to pay the costs before he. could recover his pro? perty. Casserly 'said th? blD was designed to make a void salo for taxes a valid one, and to tap?se Conditions of recovery that were ex? traordinary, unheard, ot, and, in his judgment, illegal. Bayard moved to strike ont the clause requiring the payment of costs and penalties by the original owner, before receiving 'back has -land. This was rejected.. Bayard moved to amend that the bill shall only be of effect ' where sales' were: made according to law. He knew thai in some of these sales the costs had "Veen piled ap without regard to .low. The amendment was rejected and the bill passed, i ' Mrs, Ll nco! n's pen 3 lo a was postponed. The Appropriation bill 'was resumed. The . Charleston Customhouse ge ts $300, ooo. The Senate went 'into Executive session i upon the New York nominations. Samuel Duncan was confirmed as assistant commis : stoner of patents; John M. Thacker, of virgin? ia, os examiner in chief of the patent office. ?uta BOOSE. The General ; Disability bill was passed as amended by the Senate; also the Naturaliza? tion bill. ? t ' The report of toe majority that Seegar, ol Virginia, ls entitled to a Beat as Congressman at large,, was adopted. . ' FOREIGN ITEMS. -They have been firing cannon in the fields hear Paris to bring on a rain, i -Verdi is to bring ont a new opera at Milan and Naples ia August. i -The Spanish papers are ridiculing the ab di - cation of Queeu Isabella in favor of her son. -Fordham, the English jockey, has ?n in? come of $20,-000. -That novel of Garibaldi's did not pay ex? penses. . : ' -London ia to have a new street ni.iaed af? ter "Lothalr.1' -A Dundee ve loci ped?s t . oas acco mplishe d eighty milesia eight boars. -Prince Arthur has left. Canada foy England, after making a farewell?ddress, which was re? ceived with great applause. -A negra viallnlst, wiro la giving concerts ic Northern Germany,'ts creating quito a sen? sation among Abe mnslo-loving people? of the Fatherland.; ' -The continental demand tor ; the ; English reprints of Dickens, published In the Taue fi? nite edition, printed ac Leipzig, has Immense? ly increased since his death. -A statue ot Battenberg, of green bronze, which Staads In thc court-yard of the Imperial printing otlce at Paris, was struck by light? ning recently and turned completely white. -Coventry, England, had Its legendary' pa? rade June 20, but thc fact that a whole men- : agerle'aud circus a:companled the procession ; did not atone for the circumstance that "Lady Godiva" wore a petticoat. -An E nglig h. Coon tess, who made the ac? quaintance of some American girls on the Con? tinent, is said by the Revolution to have ex? pressed great astonishment at the fineness and costliness of their underclothes. She did not believe that t.he csrmbrlcs, linen and laces of tne Princess Boyal exceeded In value those "worn by onr American giris, ri -The warm .weather In.England ls interfer? ing with, the op?rations ot the Iron furnaces and rolling mills-the puddlers being unable to work over half time.. The consumers of pig iron have also boen compelled to counter? mand deliveries,.In .oonseqaence of the ina? bility cf their hands to ase, up the uaoal amount pf material during .the oppressive weather. . . -An American traveller in.Italy has drrmb ionnded jthe. garer nmen t by seriously propos- : lng to lease "Mount Vesavlus. He says he will-.' makV roads- ani lay 0 ut'pleasare grounds? up0n its rocky sides, build hotels, and set np soda j fountains on its summit, and help visitors np end down by machinery..- Tp pay him for all ' this outlay, and amass a fortune besides, he: .will charge a sinai! admission fee from all who wish to step up and see too show. :" - The 'exhibition of fans, now open in Lon? don, is part of a scheme for the instruction of women In art. To promote this object, the Government Department of Sciences and Arts offered prizes In competition for fons, painted by the students in the female schools of art, in 1868,tin ind again in 1870. The exhibi? tion also contains specimens ot elaborately worked ians, Intended for the instruction of the female students. The 'French Ians, how? ever, .are greatly superior to those of English workmanship, both In numbers and in beauty. The Empress Eugenie has contributed largely to the collection, and great attention is paid to her ^.modern French ian," with mother-of pearl sticks, and displaying the "Deliverance of Andromeda." . THUNDER-STORM IN OE ANO EBVEG. The News says that on Monday afternoon last Oraageb'urg was visited with a very heavy rain and thunder-storm. Two or three of the clapB were terrific. One o? these struek the steeple of the Baptist .Church, causing the weathercock to whirl around and blaze like a rocket, hut doing no injury to the building. Passing on, the same stroke entered the roof of Mr. George H. Cornelson's store, splitting and tearing 12p the beams, rafters and moulding in the upper storyv.whicli is occupied by the family o? Mr. J. W. Moseley, and strik? ing the nurse, a colored girl, threw her senseless on the floor. She remained speechless for some time, but being promptly and kindly cated for, will probably sustain ho permanent injury. The lightning after thus injuring the upper portion ot the building, and setting fire to some clothing, passed down one of the iron columns in the store below, throw? ing down some colored customers, but doing up further damage. .It w*s certainly very re? markable that hone of the other occupants of the bulldlng'were Injured, and we are happy to record that this visitation of Providence re? sulted with comparatively BO little damage. The shock was felt in all the stores adjacent, clerks being thrown downland at the Canoon Hotel where persons were sensibly and un? pleasantly jarred. FBOEOETIONAL EBEEESEI TATION Address Delivered Before the Cal hon o and Preston Literary SocIet.es ot Woffonl College, by Colonel John P. Thomas. The well-digested and masterly address upon "The Science of Government," delivered by Colonel J. P. Thomas before the literary so? cieties of Wofford College, on the 28th ult., will, we believe, be published in fall by^the Calhoun and Preston Societies. In View, however, of the wide interest which the ques : tlon of "Proportional Representation" has excited, especially in connection with recent events in Illinois, we have obtained the con ? sent of the author to print so much of the ad? dress as relates to that Important subject: From the formation of society down to the present period, the question of Government ' has engaged ' the attention of the best and wisest men. And from Aristotle ' the Staglrtte, to Calhoun, the South' Carolinian, theory upon theory has been set forth, and views inore or less acceptable to mankind have been elaborated. Nor can lt be denied that this is a subject worthy of supreme consideration. Looking to the progress of mankind, to an advancing civilization, to- the fulfilment of man's destinies upon earth, no matter what? ever can be deemed of more importance than that which relates to tree governmental prin? ciples. This ls, indeed, a noble theme, and than which none nobler has ever, for worldly ends, evoked human effort. It is in truth a Scat cause, well calculated to arouse patriot ought, as lt has been, over and over again; in the world's history, been rendered conse crate forever by free and rich libations of patriot blood. The subject of government is Indeed a vast one, and as comprehensive as it is important. To comprehend lt thoroughly, would require a depth of reflection, a profun? dity of thought, a mental grasp and a fund of knowledge, historical ? and philosophical, to which iewjntellects can reasonably aspire. To this achievement an unaffected diffidence at once withholds ns from advancing. We must, of course, decline to enter that broad field whereon only the world's ablest minds have put forth their efforts. We do not pro? pose to grapple withthe question of Govern? ment, in Its length and depth and breadth. To essay an undertaking so great, is within the scope neither of our time nor bf our reflec? tions. Our design is far less pretentious. It ls to devote our time upon this occasion to a ? briet analysis of one feature of every Just and I well-regulated governmental system. This is proportional representation, or the means .whereby the rights of minorities may be se? cured. In our Judgment, this ls the great problem connected with numerical representation. And now more than ever does this -problem call for a prompt and decisive solution. If the tendency of the age, toben rightly inter? preted by the signs of the times, unequiv? ocally points to universal manhood suffrage, how Important it ls that such a represen? tative system be devised as shall give an adequate and equitable share of Influence co minorities. Certain it is that the legislative excesses to which numerical majorities are liable, should have a wholesome correction. Certain It ls that the imperfections of numeri? cal representation, as It IB now constituted, should be cured. Certain lt ls thal If majori? ties can take care of their interests, -some or? ganism should be provided for the protection of minorities. No one .will affirm minorities must be left at the mercy of the stronger ele? ment ot the majority. Ko one will claim that minorities have only such rights as the pleas? ure of majorities may concede. The proposi? tion is monstrous. Consider now the practi? cal operation of the present representation system. Observe how unfair is the working. In a community of one hundred voters, fifty? one elect a representative, and this represen? tative is BuppoBed to represent the wants and views of the one hundred voters, whereas he really represents only the fifty-one voto-a who elected him, leaving.the other forty-nine voters without any representation whatever. Need lt be suggested that a system like this is radically defective in many, respects, and wholly wanting in the element of equity ? Need it be further demonstrated that the pres? ent representation system demands the en? grafting upon lt of a new, a hitherto untried feature ? We hold that lt clearly and urgently does. - - We maintain, farther, that the cause of pop? ular governments, for Its own preservation and extension, imperatively requires a reform of the system of mere majority Representation. The Issue IB, reform or death. Let the system operate as It stands at present-refuse lo make the required change, and it will be Been that the cause of personal government will be found to contest the field with popular govern? ment, and that wearied and bewildered peo? ple will seek relief from the tyranny of the many, and consent to remain content In the more tranquil shades of empires and mon? archies. A prominent European journal .has said, in recognition of the point we are? seeking to make, that "Proportional representation is the creed of all the men in the .front rank ot the party of movement,'' We accept the pro? position. We maintain the principle. The representation of minorities is undoubt? edly the grand desideratum in govern? ments that rest upon universal suffrage. It Is thu one thing needful; and that legislator who shall succeed in devising the organism where? by this principle of reform representation may be enthroned, and who shall nave lt made part and parcel of the fundamental law of this coun? try, will be richly entitled to the laurels of a new, progressive and enlightened statesman? ship. More than patriot, he would : be the benelactor of the world. Furthermore, it may be remarked that this ls a question that the ? new order ot things in the civilized world-presses for a solution. For . a long and weary period, we have, seen the masses struggling for their inalienable right. Now, the cause ot the people seems every? where asserting itself. In Russia,.in Austria, ? in Prussia, in italy, in Spoin, in Portugal, In .Frence, In England, in Ireland, popular de? mands seem'to be the paramount sentiment, and concessions the general rule. Rulers fly .before the gathering storm Emperors and .Kings bow their lofty heads before the majesty of the people, and wisely compromise'with a growing power that threatens to Invade all the strongholds of time-honored ' prerogative. When the waters of some mighty river over? leap their r accustomed barriers and overflow the surrounding plains, the question at once arises how to direct and utilize the inundation, and the question is no longer whether we sholl have.the flood or not. So, now that States seem.to be rapidly tending to .universal suf? frage and its concomitant features, numerical rule and majority representation, the question ls not whether this system ls wise or not, whether premature or not, but rather how shall lt be regulated for the public good. Hence, the question we propose briefly tq consider-how shall proportional representa? tion be secured ? And first, allow us to remark that this sub? ject ls by no means a new one. Ever since the close of the lust century, minority repre? sentation has in several countries occasionally commanded thc study of thoughtful minds. We have seen its history given, and its pro? gress in Switzerland, France, England and this country traced. The matter has also given rise to discussion in Germany, Belgium, Sweden and Australia. We have also seen a statement ot the different schemes ol' minority representation that have been suggested, in a lecture delivered in Boston, in April last, Mr. David Dudley Field furnishes an analysis of the various expedients that have been pro? posed, from which it appears that there have been six distinct plana, viz: Preferential Vot? ing, Cumulative Voting, Limited Voiiug, Sub? stitute Voting, Proxy Voting, and List Voting. Having now turned aside to refer to the his? tory and development of minority or propor? tional representation, we go on to observe that this question is now attracting special at? tention both in this country and in England. To Mr. Calhoun, in bis "Disquisition on Gov? ernment," belongs the credit of directing thought m this channel.. In his elaboration of the principle of the concurrent majority, he lays down many propositions bearing directly upon proportional representation. We ask to be indulged whilst we turn aside for a mo? ment to present a concise analysis of Mr. Cal? houn's views upon this point. The Disquisi? tion on Government by Mr. Calhoun, as is generally conceded, is a masterpiece of com? pact reasoning, and reflects that keen logic which was characteristic of the eminent au? thor. An analysis of this Disquisition shows that it is composed of successive propositions, with conclusions as clearly defined as tho which accompany the ProMems of Euclid. In his work, Mr. Calhoun thus arrives, in 1 deductive method, at the establishment ot tl concurrent principle. First, he ' declares tl necessity of government and constitute Assuming that the science of government based upon that law of haman nature whii necessitates government, he inquires.-?rb that law ls. The answer he finds in the fa that whilst man is endowed with both iri?ivi nal and social feelings, the former predon nate. But this leads to a state of univers conflict. Hence government ls necessary as controlling power. , But government, from 1 liability to abuse of power, also needs a co trolling principle. Hence the necessity oft! office of what ls meant by constitution.. Itu Mr. Calhoun deduces the necessity and sphe: respectively of government and cons ti nulo aha, holding that governmtni is ot God's ord nation, whilst constitution ls of man's contri ance, he takes the ground that constitutii stands to government as government stands society. i Having established the proposition that go ernment must find Its cheeks in constitute: he Inquires what are the proper elements th constitution should embody.. The .Answer that these elements are contained In a certal organism, and Inquires wherein that organis consists. He argues that the right of suffra? securing, as it does, the responsibility of tl rulers to the ruted, is one of the fundament principles In constitution. But he goes on I show that lt ls of itself Insufficient, lnasmn'c aa lt changes the seat ol government wlthoi 'curing liability to abuse-Inasmuch, furthe as lt tends to the formation of parties, and I the rule and the abuses of a majority. Heno he holds that there must be conjoined with sc frage a provision against party abuse-thereloi against party control-therefore tor taking tl sense ot each interest-therefore for what ls d nominated the concurrent, principle. Th us, tl author ot the disquisition on government-a rives, by a logical process, at this conclusloi ?to wit; That the concurrent principle, con bined.with the right ot suffrage, constitute the element of constitutional government. Such are the suggestive points made by M Calhoun in relation to the concurrent princ pie In government In all frankness we mu here state that we have always regarded 01 great statesman by no means clear as to tl specific mode of putting bis theory into actna practical operation. This theory ls based upc the Idea that the several interests of the con munlty are distinct, and stand each crystallizei Therein iles the gist ot the difficulty. ' We ai in doubt as to how these ''interests" are to t distinguished and defined, nor are we furnlsl ed by the theorist with the practical agen ch for taking the sense of each "interest," or "o der," or "class," or "portion," into which ti community is supposed lo be divided. We fo bear, however, from further remarks in tb direction, as lt is not oar purpose now to di cuss Mr. C's celebrated principle of the coi current majority. Our object is specifically t refer only to so much of his views in this edi neotlon as relates to. the abuses of majori t representation, since ont of these abuse springs the necessity for proportional repr< sentatlon. Upon this subject Mr. Calhoun points are well taken and forcibly '. put. Ela! orately and convincingly he sets forth the h Justice and evils of mere majority represent! tlon. In establishing bis propositions, lie es hlbits his great logical powers as he strikt home with his keen Damascus blade. Let us follow bim as step by step he carrie us to the conclusion that we want for our pm pose. He begins by assuming what Is uer tau ly an obvious truth, viz: That che object of sui lrage ls, "to collect the sense of the commun ty," and he adds that "the more fully and pei fectly lt accomplishes this, the more fully an perfectly lt fulfils the end." But as respect suffrage, as at present regulated, he remark that "the most it can do, of itself, ls to collet the sense of the greater number,- and to assum tliis to beute sense of the community." Thatl the sense of the majority-although it migh bea majority of one-ls taken for the sense o the whole community, wben, in truth, lt i ?iossibly Just the opposite ol' the sense of a east the minority. Mr. Calhoun then proceeds to ?itow the radi cal difference between the numerical and th? concurrent majority, as he understands ant defines - them, and next goes on to state thi errors that arise lrom confounding the mimer leal majority with the people. In our presen undertaking, this is what chiefly concerns us This bears directly upon our Bubject. To show the "errors" Just relerred to ls to prove and tc bring out In bold relief the necessity of re pre sent acive br electoral reform-the necessity 01 so modifying or supplementing majority rep resentatidn as to inaugurate a modo ot secur? ing an equitable share of representation foi minorities. It ls, in fine, to illustrate our lead lng proposition, to wit-that proportional repre sentatlon ls the problem of the day, as regarde the proper workings of free government, founded upon suffrage. Mr. Calhoun remarks: "All admit that s popular government, or Democracy, ls'thc Svernment ol' the people, for the terms lmplj ls. A perfect government of the kind would embrace the consent of every citizen or mem? ber of the community; but os this is impracti? cable, in the opinion of those who regard the numerical as the only majority, and who can perceive no other way by which the sense ol tho people can be taken, they are compelled tc adopt this as the only true basis ot popular government, in contra-distinction to tue gov? ernments of thearlstocratlcal and monarchical kind. Being thus constrained, they are in the next place forced to regara the numerical majority as, in effect, the entire people, that is, the greater part as the whole, and the govern? ment of tlie greater part as the government oj the whole." Thus Mr. Calhoun reasons, and thus clearly does he demonstrate, that a gov? ernment based simply upon the numerical majority principle, Instead of being a true and perfect model ol the people's government that ls, a people self-governed, is but thu gov? ernment of a part over a part-the major over Hie minor portion. In these clear propositions-these logical de? ductions-it will be seen how fully Mr. Cal? houn exposed the fallacy, the widespread and Injurious fallacy, of assuming that a majority rule fulfils the conditions of free governments -the Just requirements ol a proper, represen? tative system. The point is simply this: Granted that lt is the office of suffrage to em? body the sense ot tho community, the ques? tion is, How shall this be most effectuallydone? Admitted that under no system It can be fully done, the, question ls, How can we best ap? proximate to a complete organism ? It ls to this great question-a question con? nected with interest so vost and important as to Include continents within Its scope-that we are seeking to find the answer, or that which may approximate thereto. It has been shown that majority representa? tion is utterly at fault-utterly inadequate to give the consummation desired.. This, there lore, is not tlie answer. In what direction, then, must the searcher look for the political Instrumentality that ls wanted ? The reply ls, in the direction of that electoral reform which alms to seeure, by fundamental law, mi? nority representation. Majority representa? tion is not only unjust, but it must con? duct popular governments into disorder, disrepute and disintegration. A true system of representation must embrace more than a mere majority of thc community. Such a representative syotem is too partial. Hence, to come at once to the point, tlie necessity, the imperious necessity of devising and ini? tiating a system oj proportional representation. We repeat the warning-this must be done, or we may expect the experience of commu? nities to cull in question Ule wisdom ot that self-government which, for ages, has been thc aspiration of peoples, and the dream of states? men, from Plato, the Athenian, even to modern times. Thus much for theory. We proceed next to show, in a practical way, the points mode against majority representation and for a re? formed repr?sentation-which ls aptly styled proportional. To du this, let us illustrate the workings of the present electoral system in this country. This we find well done lu the columns of" an ebie American Journal. The New York World says : "Under the present electoral system of the States, A being the Democratic candidate for an office and B his Republican antagonise, and the vote being ?ooo Democratic and soot Re? publican, B is elected, and the 5001 Republi? cans have a representative, but the 5000 Dem? ocrats have none. There is, to be sure, a man who, under our system, claims to be the repre? sentative of the entire 10,001 voters; but we know that his views, votes and action are for 5001 only ol' his constituents, and in known opposition to and disregard of the re? maining 5000. He represents, chen, but the 5001, and, to examlae it closely, ls In reality made a representative not by 5001 votes, but by one vote only. Thus: the poll begins and B receives 20 votes, which are forthwith neu? tralized by 20 votes for A. Were the polis lo be now closed, there would be a tie, am body would be elected; the opposing \ would'kill'each other. But the voting on; somebody votesibr A, and now. if the were closed, A would be elected, having a (orlty; . but Just herc come in two votes f< which 'kill' A's majority and puts B ahead, lt goes on till all the votes are in, when lound that A has 5000 and B 5001 votes, therefore, is elected, and elected, as the correct popular phrase ls, by one vote, eat his other votes being killed, neutralized, r fled, made as if lc had not been polled, I corresponding antagonistic A vote. One^ then, elects B, and does the work tor the w 10.001 men coting. "B, thus elected, represents the wills wishes of 5001 persons, and, in represen Buch wills and wishes, necessarily conter thwarts, and disregards the wi Us and wii of the 5000 who o ppose the 6001. The pro by which.Bis enabled to do this, we ten election, and when B does this lt is called ular representation. A more intelligent c prehension styles lt majority repr?sentai and, while not contesting the right of the Jority to ? representation coordinate wit! extent, insist on the right of the minority representation co-ordinate with its exte This Journal adds: "How to secure this r ls the problem of minority representation.' We must, in candor, say, that we have original theory to propound. As to toe dis of the body politic, there ls nb doubt in mind. As to the diagnosis of the case, we equally satisfied; but as to specific remedy i to be employed, we must, for the present, fer to the. conclusions of other minds, have already referred to the various sehe of proportional representation that have b devised. That one which, in .our jndgm comes nearest to the mark, is the plan of MULATIVE VOTING. It ?S the best 8SjUtlOI the problem thus far rendered. This is plan recently submitted to the people of nols. It was reported to the Illinois S Convention by Mr. Med ill, from "the Com: tee on Electoral and Representative Refor and the plan is thus explained : "It div! the State into ' senatorial districts and re] sen ta tl ve districts, each whereof ls toe three members, each elector having tl votes to dispose of as he will-one vote t< one to B, one to C, or two to A and one to or three to A orBor*<3. How this works i be thus shown.: In the first senatorial distt say, arc 7.000 Democrats and 13,000 Repn can voters, or 21,000 Democratic and 39, Republican votes. The polls shows : DEMOCRATS. w KBPUBLICAX. A...14,000 votes. O.16,000 V0 B. ..-..T.000 votes. D.\ .13,000 vo S*i?t E......11.000VO Total.21,000 votes. - . \ Total ....39,000 vo Being arranged, the list will then stand: C. Republican...15,000 votes.) A, Democrat.KOOO votes. \ Elect U, Republican.13,000 votes. ) Fl, Republican.ll.ooo votes. B, Democrat.."?ooo votes." Now, it will be seen that this methoc plausible and-not wanting In some excell features. It strikes the mind with force, a community of 7000 Democratic voters, t 13,000 Republican voters, the result, under i present electoral system, would be the e! don of three Republican representatives-ti giving absolutely no representation whate to the minority of 7000 Democratic vqtt But the plan of cumulative voting greatly I proves this bogus representation. Accord! to this improved system of voting, each pa would calculate its strength before hand. 1 majority would grow moderate In their dalt of necessity and in self defence. They wo forbear from grasping at all power, from I fear ol losing all power. In the case stat the 13,000 Republican voters would get t representatives, and the 7000 Democratic ters one representative. This is the plan that has been incorporal In the revised constitution of the young a growing Commonwealth of Illinois. It rema to be seen whether th&popular Judgment v endorse or reject this forward movement, remains to be seen whether or not the peoi ot Illinois are to be entitled to the great o Unction of Inaugurating au admirable pol cal feature. In either event, our opinion the same, and ic ls that tbe scheme st gea ted, though, perhaps, susceptible of li provement, marks an era in the cause of pc ular representation, and deserves the earn? study and fair consideration of every genul advocate of self-government. Nor does the plan of cumulative voting, the system of proportional repres?ntate therein contained, exist In theory only. It h been reduced to practice and found, to wo advantageously. Amongst the early advocates of mlnori representation In this country, was the Ho Charles R. Buckalow, who, in the year 186 was one of the Democratic senators from Fen sylvania In the United States Congress. JJ Buck ale w ls a resident of Bloomsburg, a Pen sylvania town with a population ol about s thousand souls, and politically "Democratic There "reformed voting" was first put in tb land to a practical test. Through ex-Sena& Buckalew's influence, the Pennsylvania Legi lature passed "an act to define the limits at to organize the Town of Bloomsburg," and ! the act a provision tor a new voting sys te. was Inserted. The town council was order? to consist of a president and six (0) member ?and the mode of voting indicated In one of tl sections of the act, which reads thus : "When six persons aro to be chosen, eat voter may give one vote to each, of six person one vote and a half to each of four, two vot< to each of three, three votes to each of two, ( six votes to one." On April 12,1870, the ele Hon came off. Ex-Senator Buckalow, the ai thor of the experiment, cast the first vot< The election was held, and the result prove satisfactory. The town was politically divide between the Democrats and the Opposltlot with an Inconsiderable Democratic majorlt; The result was that of the six councllme elected,.three were the regular party norn nees, and three were of the opposition. Undi tho old system allslx would have been th? rej ular party nominees. Thus Hie principle, trie on a small scale, was fonnd not Impracticable The local Journal expressed the public sent ment In the following terms. The Bloomsbur Columbian Democrat said upon tho occasion c this novel election : 1 . "Our town election on Tuesday last, Apr: 12, tested the merit of reformed voting In satisfactory manner, and gave to lt the sane Hon cf popular opinion for the future. Thee retlcally it had been accepted by reflecting men In our community as Just and expedient but as an untried plan, it was still open b question among the mass of our people. Nov all doubts of Its utility, fairness anti practica blllty have disappeared forever." To some minds this may- seem a "little mat ter." Not so the developments of the future may show it to have been. As the cloud nc bigger than a man's hand sometimes growl until Itoverspreads the heavens-os the quiei stream oft-times developes into the majestic river-so may this comparatively small mea? sure ol' electoral progress, beginning at t Pennsylvania town, increase I'S Influence, until it shall pass over the country, and, mak? ing justice, purity and stability possible with universal suffrage, find its fruition in the dig? nity, strength and perpetuity that lt shall impart to popular government. As for ourselves, we may say that as a citi? zen of this great and growing country, whose giant strength and magnificent destiny have not, os yet, been half developed, the subject In? vests itself with unusual interest. We believe in human progress, and so long as we repose faith in God and humanity, we must believe In man's capacity for self-government. We know that nations risc and fall. We know that the world has had its Dark Ages and its Golden Eras. We know that the world advances and retrogrades. But after all does .not the close observer find that there is an undercurrent of healthful waters<2hat bear3 humanity steadily on to better times and a purer era ? This is the faith ol the progressionist. But "faith without works ls dead." And thus, If man's destiny upon earth ls full of promise, and to end at last in the fruition of his noblest aspira? tions, so uiso are his responsibilities heavy and his duties important and urgent. To realize his disputed capacity for self-government, he must bring into play his best powers, and call io his aid all those instrumentalities that bis ingenuity may contrive and his wisdom and experience suggest. And among these instru? mentalities, we maintain that proportional representation is not the least important. Wc hold it to be a just, a wholesome, a great prin? ciple-a conserving element, and one neces? sary to regulate that generous suffrage which everywhere seems to be the aspiration of civilized communities. A French writer, speaking of proportional representation, says that "Ic ls an improve? ment upon the system of representation now in use. as evident and almost as important as thc application of steam to industry." This remark ls not extravagant In character. The truth is, tkat the gist: of this matter le, i all, contained in a few brief propositions, essence of Republicanism ls repr?sentai In proportion as the representation is thorc and general, so does the republic appr< perfection. Proportional representation secures tins general representation. H< proportional or minority representation i essential element1 of genuine Republican Having now reached the last analysis of theme-the conclusion of the whole matt we offer in this connection but one addi ti remark:. It is related of Thomas Jeffer the founder ol.a great political schoo: America, that he desired to nave the follov words inscribed upon his tombstone: "Here was burled Thomas Jefferson, Author of the Declaration of Independenc Or the Statute of -Virginia for Religious Freed Au? Father of the University of Virginia. Doubtless these works stand proud ms rials of Jefferson's services, yet'who will d that a grand addendum to this epitaph wo have been this: "Here lies one who, in addition thereto, sho how the Rlffhts'and Interests of Minorities c be Secured, ann thus made Universal Suff and the Representative. System not Inoonsls .with 'Popular Governments and Human grass.'*; - ;\ . ?j, ; TH JE K ER SHAW RADICA QUAKING. . .'.;.:/....? '?<-. ? >}...'.., C elebratlon of thc Fourth-A Good W for Jiilson-Who are the Honest Ra eal-i-Cli<?-r lng Signa. [PRO* ODTl OWN C0RRBSP0NDB5T.] CAMDEN, 8. C., Joly The "glorious Fourth" was welcomed lu town by the Tinging ol the fire and cht bells at the hour of morning twilight, mud the discomfort of your correspondent, wh dreams, from the ringing ol, the bells, v< troubled with the impression that a confla? tion was occurring, but the awakening polled the illusion, and it was ascertained I the "Fourth" had dawned. For several weeks, notices had been poe at the different- conspicuous places at town, calling for a grand rally of tho Ur Republican delegates to their county, conv tion. to elect delegates to their general c yehtlon, in Columbia, on the 25th Instant, in other words, the nominating cphventloi 1 J. K. Jlllson, general superintendent o? e cation, was invited to be present, and a bai cue was prepared. At about half-past'10 A', a procession ol ? two colored fire compan followed by a crowd of the "rag-tag and b .tail," from grown men down to very sn boys, one of whom carried a carpet-bag, c faining the remnant of a very ancient ho skirt partly protruding, no doubt an enslgi the bearer's bellefin "woman's rights." Probably one hundred and fifty were hi r. cession. Accompanying it on the sidewai was an Immense crowd of colored peo] .mostly women and children. Three or t marshals and adjutants curacoled about ' specimens of horseflesh, very good models which to construct horses,- and endeavored preyent straggling. The procession hal in the grove -where the. academy erecl by the Freedman's Bureau, but claimed Whittemore, ls situated. There ? platfo had been erected, and the speakers, Hess Jlllson, Cardoxo, Chesnut, Adamson, t other minor ' celebrities, mounted the sar Prayer was offered by the Rev. Munro Boyk but his voice was drowned by the sound of l drums and fife, which by an accident stru up Just at ?hat time. After prayer, C. Shiv? Esq., read tbe Declaration of Independen with considerable emotion, caused by the i steadiness of the platform. and the insecur of his footing. Mr. Jlllson then made a speech of two am half hours, In which history, politics, woma rights, the Union Reformers, all came in fo share di his notice. It was quite free from a abuse or his political opponents. Mr. Jills la one of the few officials of the present adm! istratlon who has never been suspected of d honesty, and who has_ conducted himself li manner calculated to Impress all with the ld that bis character and reputation are equa free from stain. Mr. Cardozo, county auditor, followed in regular political harangue, warning his ra against trusting the whites of the Refoi party, and characterizing the latter as "snak in tho grass." Ho is suspected of an itchii for office, and bis speech was a campaign doc ment. He is an aspirant for legislative hoi ors. Chesnut will probably be his opponec The speeches of Chesnut and Adamson we frovaVam politics In a great measure, ezce? as of course connected with the circumstance under which they met. Upon the ground there were probably tv hundred men and about tho same number women and children, the latter of whom, M understand, procured the greater part of tl barbecue. Manya hungry iddlvidual wei away still hungrier, and as he trod the weai miles which separated him from home, 1 made a secret vow to trust no more to the di lusive phantom of a- large table bountiful: spread with a feast sufficient to tempt an er. cure; but tho next time he comes to town t celebrate the Fourth, to brjng with bim sufi clent food to stave off gnawing hunger wit its gloomy feelings. Ardor or enthusiasm, there was none c either. Two-thirds of the men In town wer In the streets doing shopplng with their wive and children. A part of the fire companie (who composed the largest part of che speak er's audience) took the drum r.nd fife, an marched down Broad street to hurrah for on of the firemasters. Altogether it wa3 a very shabby affair, am the truth that the colored people are no longe enthusiastic In attending these meetings o anxious to obey the behests of their leaders, 1 perfectly patent and unquestionable. Radicalism is shaking in its shoes. Men c that party are becoming Independent ii thought and action. One of them has expose an attempt ot the land commission to swindle the government, and wa3 called by one of thc State officials "a d-d fool" for his trouble Attempts have been made to read out o that party influential men in this county whe were persistent in' opposing Whittemore; bul they have had the manhood to stand up foi honesty, and say that they will make any sac rlflce rather than be false to their conviction! and consciences. Thus you will perceive that there are Bomt honest men In that party, and to their praise be it said they are colored men ! The Columbia District Conference of the M. EL Church, South, has been in session here since Thursday morning last, Bishop Vight man presiding. The meeting is-weil attended by both clergy and laity, besides by-the com? munity generally. They adjourn to-day, after an harmonious session.., Theproceedings have been heightened in interest by several able ad? dresses from the bishop and others, besides by services held eyery evening. To-morrow all of the pulpits except the Episcopal will be fill? ed by the clerical delegates co the Conference. In the afternoon a meeting of the Sunday sell oois will be held, and addresses made at the Methodist Church. The other churches will be closed for the occasion. The crops are doing very well Abundant showers make cotton and corrr ^cW'raplclry5, and we suppose that old corn ha? been made by the rhlns of lastweek. 'fh?^Xoi^p^je are laboring fa?t^^^yfii?j^ befti?e this, on Saturdays, t!ie streets-were filled with' them; now, you scarcely notice, ?^.percepti? ble Increase In the floating rxjpniatioj};--.] .* We are, therefore, in better; condition than heretofore since the-war, i~v ?-.. i Quawv:>e a ?int ' - ' " . ?i -j-"-^-1 -j j ....... . .,(. ?' . .?.. rai* u<:. ?-,fi .7:-,.",-!r,-o?; ?: " -rr; .. ' ? -? > ai TbeCfrri.tlftn M * rtygjfcr/> ; i ,*!'><,roi, TO ' G ns t.ne Dor?'s : latest production is thus de? scribed in the to??on News: r'.'".'',";'^'. L. An important work has boen added to-the collect ion qf pic turee by M . Dop?, which has for seme time past represented that' eminent artist of th? romantic school at the Gallery called after him, the- * Dor? Gallery, ." in Baad s ti ?ot. Jn. oboovivu such a subject as the suf L-nugs of the " Christian .Martyrs ia the Beits pt iDiocletmn,'' p?Dor? h?lfoweihkiwfi n aUons to wards'th? sens ?ti on a! an d th e terrible. He shows us the scene af n??ht in some tait amphitheatre'iike the Colosseum of Rome, after a day of horrors spent- for the gratification of an inhnmanJEmperor and people in the ?laugh - ter. of man and women by wild beasts. All the haman- demons are ?one fxoin the' drona, throne; and the grand tier of the noble patrie ians; toby have given place to tho savage lions that prowl orer the heaps of victaina covering the proa ad, some of whom appear tobe si ill suffering, and oue raises his head to look upen the orosa at bis side. Bot above this awful scene the heavens shine with stan, and an archangel dee ? en da with a glorious company of ai) gel s to bear'off the gp in ta of the mar tyra to the real? s of eternal peace. , y Snoh id tbe treat meat of thia subject alter the manger of Gustave Dor?, and the piorm e ap? peals strongly to tbe im&gicati60 andeymp&th ?es, aa well as to the artistic sense of tho beauti? ful : but whether all this is not overridden by the ' sight* of bb' m deni \ wt 'is: h brittle* Webe question that anses here, as it does in so many of the painter's works. Although some? thing is gained on tbe side of beauty by throwing tbe obscurity of night over the terrible scene, which hides tbe horrors to some extent, yet this has not been carried far enough, aaa the eye is permitted to realizo only too clearly themastly.featuros, Jt-mci1-aceces are at,ML within the scope of the painters sri^it must be, as it seems to us, with less of the real and moro to the undefined and .the mysterious which belong to pictorial art. We could imagine how, for example, Rembrandt would have treated this subject without for'amoment offending the. amenities, and yet with more impressiveness. Paul Debjroehe is infinitely more .-path etic and beautiful in his "Martyr" lady floating down -the Tiber -at night. M. DorC seams to haye been doubtful himself lest the passage of beauty in his picture, whroh resides in the (troups ot angela and tbe starlit sky, which is somewhat of the melodramatic order, should be overpowered by the dreadful spectacle below, and henoe bis figures are all small, snd all of tbe same size; so that the spectator is not brou sr ht too muon face to face with the dead: and1 dying and the devonring beasts. Ibis, however, only betrays a certain weakness m dealing, with the subject which is not gen? erally to be noticed io tbe daring work ' of the painter. In the large piorore of ?Dbe Re?M pbyte," the power of the painter io delineating the countenance and giving expression ..to sc many vaiietief of sentiment and thought hi most remarkable, but ho attempt of the kind could be made when the fisuras are so small, as in this work of the "Martyrs.;' --We should add that the picture of "The .Neophyte," which contains a great number of lifo eize figure*,1 how - exhibited, is the original) weerie/ and I differs from that formerly shown here TU haying a tecond line pf figures of the monita, onanang 1 . heir omyei*'. ' It is 'certainly a most striking picture, and would alone plac? Gmfove DOW iri thehighest rank. ". . ???"vr-.<rv - 5f)ipplng... ... iii 11?. jp O B P H I L A D E L'if- af.?.A^l The Al American Tern'WM. 8:1'?lLtE8,''^A* Burgesa, Master, having a large part of her SK cargo engaged, will sall with dispatch ipr,tue above-named port. For Freight engagements apply to ?. c:< . - J. A..EN3L0W *?QO.,,-' Jolyn . ? . . .Ko. 141 East Bay. ?pO E P H I h l p.?.hI JLr THE REGUCAB STEAM LINE-WE EELY. ' The Screw Steamship J. W. EVERTON, JjfflMi.' Hinckley, Commander, will sail for PUl'SbUK adelphia direct, on FRIDAY, July 16th, at half-past 10 o'clock A. M, from Brown's South Whait1 ,f>< ta~ Insurance by the- steamers of thla.Llne x per cent. J* - . ir For Freight engagements, or Passage "(ca'oia $16,) apply to ' T: .- i * v.?) iii j rnW WM. A. COURTENAY, Agent, . Jnlyll-mtothfi_No. rl Union Wharves. JflOB NEW YORK-ON WEDNESDAY/.' The fast screw Steamship "CATBE-^T&J?. RINE WHITING," Howes, Commander, ?SUflaaB will sall for New York on WEDNESDAY, July lath, at e o'clock P. M., from PIKE NO. 2, UNION ^yjj?Ji;Ygg ? ..-?? ^ fA.JHSJ . rafi *' Tbe CATHERINE WETTINGr will connect with the liverpool Steamship WISCONSIN,, of, Mesara. WILLIAMS A GtnoN's LINS, sailing July 20; J. Insurance by the steamships af this line a per cent. ? r.\ ,. The Steamship ASHLAND, Crow d?commander, will sall on tbe following WSDNBSDAY, July 20, at 6 o'clock P. M. u . , ..... For Freight engagements or Passage; having a limited amount or Cabin accommodations, apply to WAGNER, HUGER 4 CO., No. 28 Broad street, or to WM. A. COURTENAY, No. 1 Union Wharves. jnly8 .<.- \w\ sw. ' ". -'.- . . .jt, . Jp O B FLOR I D A i r ' (ONCE A WEEK,) VIA SAVANNAH, FERNANDTNA, JACKSON? VILLE, PILATKA AND^'???STS ON ' * ST. JOHN'S RfyER.^,,^" -ri . '.v?.:;:itm .tu* The Steamer DICTATOR wui sail ?... ?Jjr?!^ on and after the 5th July for abOTOaflpatmBC places every TUSSDAT EVENTNO, ' at 8"0'CIOOK. " Fare from Charleston to Sa van nan, mc lad lng meals and berth, $3._ ,< Jnlyl ? jpOB SAVANNAH, BEAUFORT; AN1> PACIFIC LANDING, EDISTO AND .. .. . . ROCKVILLE. Steamer PILOT B01, Captain c. C. White, wu I sail for the above, places as follows: TUESDAY MORNINQ, at 8 o'clock, for Edtsto, Rockville, Pacific Landing and Beaufort. THURSDAY MORNING, ak 8 o'clock, for Pacific Landing, Beaufort and Savannah. Freight co Edlsto reduced 50 per cent. . ? ,v J. D. AIKEN A GO., , junl7 South Atlantic Wharf. JpOR DEWITT'S BLUFF AND-INTER? MEDIATE LANDINGS ON THE PEE? DEE RIVER. The Steamer PLANTER, Captain _ . ?JT^L. J. T. Poster, is now receiving Freight ^^gfiBK at Accommodation Wharf, and win leave on THURSDAY MORNING, the 14thinst., ats o'clock. ' Freight and wharfage prepaid: For Freight or Passage apply to RAVENEL A HOLMES, jolyl2-2Dtc No. 177 East Bay: - F OB GEORGETOWN, S. fi.. TOUCHING'AT SOUTH ISLAND.- '. - . Birrab*! The steamer PLANTER, Captain'. J: T. Foster, ls now receiving Freight S_ at Accommodation Wharf, and wui 'leave on THURSDAY MORNING, the 14th Inst?, at 6 o'clock. Freight and wharfage prepaid.'1 For Freight er Passage, having"stateroom ac? commodations, apply to j, RAVENEL ? HOLMES, ' Jalyl2-2 ' :?? ? ? ' No.'WEastBay. " T?j? P N L ? G H T EX CXB S I O V?rr The steamer PLANTER, Captain J. T. Foster, will leave Accommoda-,, tion Wharf, at 8 o'clock on TUESDAY NIGHT, tue mu instant, for an Bxcuraion around1-the Har? bor. . . v ;. Music and refreshments on board. Fare-Upper Beck 60 cents; Lower Deck 26 cents. jn)yll-2