Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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RV OLINKSOALES ft LANGSTON. ANDERSON. S. C WEDNESDAY. FEBRUARY 7. 1900. VOLUME XXXV--NO. 33 That 25 per Cent DISCOUNT SALE Of ours is certainly bringing business to us. People know that when we advertise a thing it's so, and they act accord ingly. Now, don't put off coming here to get what you want in the Clothing line, because this sale won't last much longer, and if it should stop before you get here don't blame us. We give you fair warning. While it lasts you save 25c. on every dollar you spend here. You get our $5.00 Suits or Overcoats, 25 per cent off, for $3.75. 7.50 Suits or Overcoats, 25 per cent off, for 5.63. 10.00 Suits or Overcoats, 25 per cent off, for 7.50. 12.50 Suite or Overcoats, 25 per cent off, for S.38. 15.00 Suits or Overcoats, 25 per cent off, for 11.25. 5.00 Odd Pipits, - - 25 per cent off, for 3.75. 4.00 Odd Pants, - - 25 per cent off, for 3.00. 3.00 Odd Pants, - - 25 per cent off, for 2.25. 2.00 Odd Pants, - - 25 per cent off, for 1.50. This is not a sale of old, shop-worn Goods but brand new stuff. Just got too much Winter Clothing on hand and we we don't wish to carry it over. That's all. . Evans & Co, THE SPOT GASH CLOTHIERS. WHITE FRONT. T Onelmoment of your time, please : WE propose doing a heavy business this year on the smallest possible expense. Every shrewd buyer knows what .that means for him. We are carrying a splendid line Dry Goods and Shoes, With special attention to HEAVY GROCERIES and FARM JUPPLIES. : We believe we carry the Inst line of FLOUR, COFFEE, TOBACCO and MOLASSES to be found anywhere-the-kind that will please you mid satisfy your hands. Be sure to see us on that Spring bill. Yours'for more business, VANDIVS* SROS. P. S.-We can accommodate a few gilt-edge, prompt-paying time customers. THE HUSTLING CITY OF ANDERSON V Is still Booming, and KING BROS. BARGAIN . STORE is Booming with Bargains. WE have never before had RO much to offer onr customers and friends as we have now. You will remember the way we sold JEANS last Fall. We have bought another lot ut old price and are selling right and left. Behool Boy Jeana 124c. yard. i ... We bavo bought the Bee Hive Stock of Gooda at prices that tickle us to think about. Now, if you want the beat Over and Undershirts .you ever bought for the money get one of ours. " Our 10o. Bun ponders are going off by the dozen. Come be fore they are all gone. Socks, books, Socks ! That's enough 1 Come and see the We want you to see our ber. Ckftnb if yon ever expect to boy-it's a dandy. A few more Spittoons to go at 6o. Dust Pan 5c Patty Fans 5e. a dozen. Never forget ns when you need CROCKERY, GLASSWARE and TINWARE. For 8ploe, Soap and Starch we are the people. Yours very truly, KING BROS., BABGAIN STORE, Two Doors from Post Office. B G. EVAKS, Jr. PENDLETON. 8 R. B. DAT, M. D. c. 3DI&TrGrS and MEDIOI2STES, rerfumery, Toilet Articles, Fancy Soaps, Sponges, Combs, Hair and Tooth Brushes, Rubber Goods and liruggist Notions, Paints, Oils, Varnishes, Dyes, Buists' Garden Seeds. St LD MOU M. / ?- : ME SOUTH aro largely used In every SouihernSUto and have achieved the iilghestreputation for quality, produs ti venena nnd adapta? bility to our Southern Boil and climate. TB* KW CEB?BBY I8SQE OF WOOft't BEtSmmVi OATAiOaGg ia fully abreast of the times, and gives the fullest infor mation about all Seeds For Southern Planting. | It should be in the hands of all who plant seeds, and we. will mail it Creo upon receipt of postal request. f. W. WOOD & SONS) Seedsman,. jnmMHjJjrJLVIMIIU. FROM THE NATION'S CAPITAL? From Our Omi Correspondent. WASHINGTON, D. C., Feb. 5, 1900. "Whom tbd Gods destroy they first make mad,'" It is credibly reported that rr*?s)?ent McKinley hos changed his position in regard to tho Porto Ri can tarin; and that ho will henceforth support the bill approved by the Ways and Means Committee of the House, prescribing differential duties of 75 per cent, of tho present ones on all goods shipped between the United. States and that island. In other words, he intern]H boldly to assume not only that tho Con stitution and laws of the United States do not extend to Porto Rico at present, but that Congress has full powers to legislate in regard to that island-and all tho others-without extending the Constitution over them. Of course, such a position is absolutely untenable. The Supreme Court has repeatedly ne gatived it. Beginning with Chief Jus tice Marshall, who held nearly a hun dred years ago that the term United States included all territory over which the United States exercised jurisdic tion, thor have been a score of decis ions reiterating this decision. All of those quoted on the other side, when examined, are found merely to assert that annexed territory is not subject to the Constitution as long as itis govern ed under military law by the President Apart from the impossibility of legis lating for Porto Rico, and yet keeping it outside tho Union for a longer time than will be necessary for the Supreme Court to pass on the subject, the Presi dent must withdraw from tho position he took in his message in favor of free trade with that island and must de liberately abandon the policy which he declared to be essential to its prosperi ty, and to which we were bound by every consideration of fair dealing. And he must do this at tho behest of a few mercenary patriots who fear the importation of a maximum yearly pro duct of $100,000 worth of tobacco and $8,500,000 worth of sugar. However, thevPresident may not have changed hiB attitude after all. He may be only indulging in his characteristic custom of "wobbling." The Gage ^scandal will not down. The extraordinary character of some of the letters which the Secretary sent to Congress themselves condemn him of having len?his great office to fraudu lent purposes. It ?B no answer to this to say that he himself has not profited by the fraud. Such proceedings can-,} not be forgiven simply because they were taken for the benefit of the Sec retary's party rather than for that of tho Secretary's pocket. The whole matter has been referred to the Ways and. Means Commitine of the House for investigation. This being a strong Re publican body will of course minimize the findings as much as possible, but even so it will be impossible to hide them utterly. The most ominous thing in tho .ca tire matter for Mr. Gage is the President's recent assertion. "I am responsible for the Secretary of the Treasury," he said. "The attacks are not primarily intended for Mr. Gage but for me." No one who remembers recent history cnn fail to see in this the shadow of approaching fate for the Secretary. Only a few months ago, the President made a half a dozen exactly similar remarks about Secretary Alger. At the very moment when ho was re iterating his assertion for perhaps the tenth time, vice-President Hobart was on the way, at tho President's request, to ask Mr. Alger to resign. It is possi ble that the President, urged by Sena tor Hanna, is trying to make it easy for Secretary Gage to leave the Treas ury? Strong influences are being brought to bear on the Republican leaders and on the Administration, to secure the postponement of the shipping bill un til tho next session of Congress, or at least to insert in it an amendment pro viding that it shall not take effect; until January 1,1001-two months after the next Presidential election. The more the country has learned about this ini quitous bill, the more decided has be come the opposition to it. Especially is the West indignant at the enormous bounties to be paid under it to fast At lantic passenger liners, which are too aristocratie to carry any except the most expensive freight. The object of tho bill is asserted to be to secure cheap conveyance abroad of our grain and heavy freights. The farmer, how ever, is unable to see what benefit he can derive from a bill which will pay something like $0,000,000 a year to fast, aix-dav Atlantic steamers and only one ci'two millions to the slow vessels which must carry his goods. Mark Hanna, who in trod need tie bill in tho Senate, has realized the depth of this opposition and for political reasons, would, no doubt, like to amend the bill so as to change the beneficiaries. Bat Hark Hanna, like everyone else, must bow to the men who will furnish the money for the Republican campaign this fill. They insist that the fast vessels owned ny them shall receive the lion's share of the loot and the Administration is forced to yield. Bnt it is fighting for time. Ii the bill be comes a law at this session, the full enormity of ita provisions will become apparent by drawing millions from the Treasury before the election, and will unquestionably alter the votes of one or two States .in the West. So Mr. Hanna has hit upon the plan of post poning action till the next session, or of postponing the time when the bill is to go into operation until after elec tion. Whether he ran persuado the ship owners to permit this and yet nut un money for the election is a ques tion. OUR COLUMBIA LETTER. COLUMBIA, Feb. 5. Ink'rest in local affairs has been sec ondary to interest in thenifairs in Ken tucky during tho past weok. Tho fact that tho house had special prayer offer ed by its chaplain in the midst of its routine work is evidence of tho intensi ty of the feeling here. Tho elections for directors of tho penitentiary aud trustees of ino South Carolina and Winthrop colleges passed off without exciting much interest. There were few candidates for tho. po sitions, but one feature hus developed which has been coining more and moro into evidence every year recently, that is the uso which members of tho legis lature make of their membership to secure the positions whicli aro to bo given hy tho assembly, especially those which ure remunerative. There is little uso for an outsider to apply. This is going to result in rousiug feeling against the "legislativo ring" whicli will be unfortunate. The chief interest of the week has been in the development of the dis pensary sentiment in the two houses. "The senate has passed the May field substitute bill, which is the ad ministration measure patched, trimmed and cut down to fit the sentiments of the senators. Tho bill abolishes the present boards of control and provides for the election of a now one, the chairman by the Senate, and two mem bers by the House. This Board shall advertise for bids for furnishing liquor each quarter. The liquor shall not be bought from a House that sends drum mers or strikers into tho State or that sends samples. The county boards shall bo appoint ed by this State Board. The com missioner and constables are all to bo under bond. It is though t that this bill will meet tho approval of tho peo ple. Tho House has killed a prohibition bill, but the vote showed that tho cold water army has gained five recruits last year. The House has passed a bill that will bo gratifying to towns that aro trying to accomplish great public works with a bonded indebtedness already as great as the constitution allows^ This bill is for the purpose" of securing a constitutional amendment to allow certain towns to issue bonds for the improvement desired in excess of tho constitutional limit. Winthrop has asked for au addition al dormitory, and the necessity for it has been abundantly demonstrated. This may have a bad effect on the plan for the improvement. Tho House has k illed the bill providing for tho sale of the present Governor's mansion. The ancient and honorable bill to tax dogs will como up again during this week. The wide tiro bill had a narrow es capo in the House, but is safe as yet. There has beon a strong fightjjmde on tho anti-lyncliing clause in the con stitution, but the house has stood by it. There is going to be a hard fight over the petition of a part of Abbeville county to bo joined to Anderson. These' neighborhood rows aro always hot when they get into tho legislature. The plan'of establishing a fertilizer factory in the penitentiary was killed by the House, though many thought thc plan a good onoto follow in the matter of lighting the trust. Whether the session can get pay for moro than forty days or not te still agitating the members. If it is decid ed that this is one of the first four sessions under the new constitution it may be extended beyond forty days. If there is to bo no pay for more" than fo rty-fiv? days it is very sure that the session will not be longer than; forty five at the outside. It is a mystery even to the members themselves, how time is killed in the legislature now, when the four weeks of the old sessions used to be plenty of time. There aro many explanations of the matter. Some people say that in old times that all the legislature had to do was to follow the directions of the bosses and go home. Again there are others who say that in years past there were men in the legislature who used to know what was to be done and they did it and quit, that now there are a great many who have to take six weeks to find out why they are there. There is certainly ah effort at too much legis lation. The solicitors are very much to blame for the vast amount of trash that gets into the legislative mill and has to be cleared out before the grist can come. They could and ought, if they did their full duty without fear or favor, keep this trash out bf the way. HARTWELL M. AYEE. Of Interest to Pensioners. Township Boards of Pensions will meet at their usual place of meeting at 2 o'clock p. m., Feb. 10, 1000. AU pen* sioners must report to their own Town? ship Boards, and the Boards will make complote list of all pensioners in their Township. . The County Board of Pensions will meet in the office of J. J. Gi'mor. Sec retary, on Feb. 19, and all Township Boards will please make their reports on or before that time. JOHN T. GREEN, Chm'n Board. J. J. GILMER, Secretary. - It is believed that the Nicaraguan canal bill will poss Congress and be come a law within thirty days. A Political Assassin uti on. FRANKFORT, KY., Jan. 30.-Senator Goobel was shot from ambush as he entered tho capitol grounds this morn ing. Goobel is not yet dead but cannot live. Thc bullet was tired from a side window on the third Hoor of tho exe cutive building. Goobel was carried away by his friends. The assassin is not known. Tho people, especially Democrats, aro worked up to a f enzy ot' excite ment. Five shots .vere tired, lt is not known how many took effect. Goobel was carried to tho Capitol ho tel. At 4.10 p. m., Goobel is still alive with abare hope of recovery. He was only shot once. The ball entered the right breast and passed out two inches from the backbone. Outside tho Capital hotel where he lies and around tho State House, theie is ono boiling crater of growing ex citement and turbulence. The State House grounds are under an armed guard. Tue shock following the attempt to kill Goebel seemed to paralyze tho public, but indignation is rising now. Tho gubernatorial contest board of the Legislature will probably hear no argument. It hud been arrnnged for each side to have ten hours debate. The democrats have decided since the shooting not to make any speeches. Both houses of the Legislature ad journed immediately after the shoot ing. Republican oiticials are dazed. Many of Goebel's partisans, as soon as the tiring ceased, rushed toward the north end of the Executive building, which is occupied by Governor Taylor. A body of men armed with Winchester's met them at tho entrance. "We want to search this building for tho murderer," cried the Democrats. "You can't enter here," answered the Tnylor men. Pistols aud guns were leveled, but soldiers appeared on the scene and marched between the two factions and a collision for the timo was averted, but with every hour the excitement grows. A general slaughter may en sue at any time. Goebel's followers declaro that he shall have the seat if he lives if they have to fight their way with Winches ters to the capitol. The streets aro crowded with armed men. They glare at each other. There seems to be no donbt that a civil war is iminent. FRANKFORT, Jan. 31.-G o vernor Tay lor has adjourned the Legislature. He has refused to allow the Legis lature to assemble. *. Martini law has been proclaimed by the governor. William Goebel was shortly before ? o'clock to-night sworn iti as governor of Kentucky and J. C. W. Beckham a few minutes later as lieutenant gover nor. The oath was administered to both men by Chief Ju tice Ilazchigg of the court of appeals. FRANKFORT, Feb. 3.-The bullet hied by an unknown assassin last Tuesday morning ended the lifo of William Goebel nt 0:43 o'clock this evening. The only persons present at the deathbed were iMr. Goober's sister^ Mrs. Braunacker, and his brother, Arthur Goebel, of Cincinnati, who have been in constant attendance at Mr. Goebel's bedside, and Dr. Mccormack. Justus Goebel, another brother who has been hurrying from Arizona as last as steam could carry him in a vain hope of reaching his dying brother iu time for some token of recognition, arrived 40 minutes too late. Oxygen was frequently administered the dying man during the afternoon in an effort to keep him alive until his brother's arrival, but in vain. By tho cruel irony of fate the train on which rJus tus Goebel was traveling to Frankfort was delayed several hours from various causes, and when Mr. Goebel finally reached here it was only to learn that his brother was dead. Among partisans of both parties deep grief is manifested and already a movement has been started to erect a fitting monument to Mr. Goebel's mem ory on the spot in the State House grounds where he was shot. LOUISVILLE, Feb. 5.-Shortly after midnight the Republican and Demo cratic conferees in session at thc Galt House came to an agreement and a document was drawn un for signatures. It is said the agreement is decidedly favorable to tho Democrats. Gov. Taylor is to withdraw the troops from the State buildings at Frankfort and send them home. The order conven ing the Legislature at London, Ky., is to be revoked and the regular, sessions ef the General Assembly are to be re sumed at the State capital without mo lestation. It is believed tho under standing arrived at to-night will result in an amicable settlement of the dis pute between the two parties in this State, and do away with the dual gov ernments now asserting themselves. $100 Reward. $100. The readers of thia paper will be pleased to learn tb bl there la ct least one dreaded disease that sel ene* bas been ubi* to cure in all its stages, and that ls Catarrh. Hall's Catarrh Cure ls the only post tire cure nov known to tho medical fraternity. Catarrh being a constitutional disease reqilres a constitutional treatment. Hall's Catarrh Cure la taken internally, acting directly upon the blood and mucous surfaces of the system, thereby de stroying tho foundstlon of the dbeaae, and giving the paulent strength by building up the constitu tion and asslsUng nature in doing Its work. The proprietors hare ao much faith In its curstiTO powers, that they offer One Hundred Dollars for any case that lt laHa to cure. Send for 11st of tes timonials taJSold by Drugiifltp, 75c. Hall's Family Fills ar* the but. STATE NEWS. - Col. J.e. Boyd ot* Greenville, is nu avowed candidate for railroad com missioner. - Several local eapitalistsfrom Clin ton propose to organize a million dollar cotton mill. - Tlie National Educational Asso ciation will hold its next annual con vention in Charleston in .Inly next. - Charleston is interested in tho building of a sanitarium at Castle Piukney, for which purpose a bill is pending in the Senate. - Forty-tour Mormon elders heida conference in Columbia last Sunday. They claim to have 1,300 members ot 'heir church in South Carolina. - Congressman Talbert has again been made chairman of the South Carolina delegation in the house, and he is also a member ot't he congression al campaign committee. - Mrs. Montague, the mother ot the president of Purumu University, was burned to death at the home of her son in Greenville, her clothes catching tire as she sat before the til?'. -A big lumber mill and a cotton warehouse in Kock Hill have been burned. MO bales of cotton were de stroyed in the warehouse, and tin? plant and lumber in the mill. - Mr. Pinckney Shockley, a fanner living at Barksdale, in Laurens Coun ty, on tho Greenville & Laurens Rail road, wttB run over by a train last Fri day night and crushed to death. - The Greenville Convocation, of which the Episcopal clergymen of up per South Carolina form apart, will convene with the church of the Epiph any, m Greenville, February 21st. - Senator S. (J. Maytield has gener ously given the material required for building a new Baptist church at Friendship, Greenville county, in tho neighborhood in which he was raised. - Rev. L. M. Boper, a nativo of Carolina and a graduate of Kurman University, but for the past four years pastor of the First Baptist, church of Canton, Ohio, has been called to the First Baptist church in Spartanburg. -.Last Friday tire burned for six hours in 1,000 bales of cotton stored in the city bonded warehouse of Laurens. Much of it was destroyed, while all was damaged by wat?r and smoke. Tho loss will not be Known until an inspection is made. The cotton is in sured. -. - Week after week we notice pa pers in vari us sections of tho State an nouncing that they will put up the subscription price from 81.00 to $1.50 and in some instances io $2.00 a year. Tho groat advance in tho price of all printing material has caused this ad vance in subscription. - The first term of the criminal Court in Greenville for the year ended last week with 32 cases disposed of and 3-1 cases continued. Of thc 32 cases disposed of there were 15 convictions, ? acquittals, 4 pleas of guilty and 7 no bills. There was a conviction in only one.of thirteen murder cases before the court. - The correspondent from Jones ville to the Union. Times gives the following: "Mrs. Milton Kennett kill ed a hawk last Saturday_ with a plow handle. The hawk scooped down upon a chicken iii Mr. Kennett's yard and while the hawk was tussling with the chicken Mrs. Kennett seized a plow handle and dispatched his hawkship." - A charter in perpetuity has been granted to Furmau University. The petition for the charter was signed by Henry P. McGhee and J. B. Earle, and W. IL Lyles, of Columbia. Forman University was originally incorporated by an act of tho general assembly, ap proved on December 20, 1850, tho char ter being renewed by an act approved December 20, 1800, and renewed by nn act approved February 10, 1898. - The State Board of Control com pleted its ann mil roport last week, lt shows a net profit for?899of $414,181, tho largest in the histevy of the insti tution. Of this amount $220,492.45 went to the counties and cities and $193,099.49 to the State. Within tho present month the Board has turned over $100,000 to the superintendent of education for the school fund, this be ing the total amount asked for tho present year. - Mr. PinCasej ,agedabont70 years, who lives at Enorce met with si tragic death. He was assisting his son and another white man in loading n wagon of wood in a forest near his home. His son and assistant were busily engaged cutting down a tree, and the old man was paying little or no attention to tho progress of tho work. When tho tree fell it went to earth in exactly tho opposite direction tJ that intended. Mr. Casey was not on the alert and the tree struck him, crushingihim to death. .- Some valuable and historic prop erty ? as transferred when tho South Carolina Jockey Club Racing Associa tion, which flourished in Charleston for twelve years, decided to disband the organization and donate its hold ings as an endowment fund for the Charleston library. The property, which includes the old Washington race course, is worth $100,000. Under the laws of the jockey club ita property could not bo sold and on this account the efforts to purchase thc race coureo a few years ago by one of the Dwyers failed. Tho club was organized in 1834 and the races given there wero the greatest events of tho kind?of that day and time. Thc donation was ac cepted by tho library association. General Sews Items. - - In thu Sixteenth Congressional District of illinois a candidato has ap peared in each of tho eight counties. - The lire losses in this country last year figur? up $180,773,200, against $110,1150,500 for 1808 and $110,312,530 for 180';. - A bill has bi en introduced in the Maryland legislatura that will disfran chise a large percentage of the negroes in that State. - lt is said thal $33,000,000 were in vested in southern cotton mills last year. The present indication s are that during 1000 more than this amount will be invested. - Pingue is increasing in Honolulu, and there have been 38 deaths from the diseas??. Ten blocks of the city have been burned in the effort to stamp out the pestilence. - There is still chanco for the own ers of cotton captured during the civil war and sold by tho United States, t<> make good their claim. There uro si ill $0,000,000 available tor paying them. - The gunboat Nashville which bred the first shot of the Spanish war is now in th?' Philippines, but there is little chance that it will tiro tho last shot of tlie Filipino war at least for some time to come. - Dr. li. M. Palmer is the oldest sur viving moderator of the Southern Gen eral Assembly, holding that ellice in 1801. Hois still in tho active pasto ago in Kew Orleans, although consi derably past so. - The next Confederate reunion will bo held in Louisville, Ky. That city will raise $ 100.000 fund in order to se cure the $100,000 offered by Charles Broadway liouss for tho Confederate Battle Abbey. - A bill will ht' introduced in Con gress nhortly to extend the facilities of public libraries by reducing the postage on books from main stations to branch es, for tl e convenience of patrons in small communities. - There, are 8,175 widows on the pen sion roll credited to the Mexican war and only 0,204 surviving soldiers of that conflict. The Indian wars, from 1832 to 1842, show :i,000 widows and 1,050 surviving soldiers. m Hard fighting reported in the Philippines on Jan. 25, resulting in American victory. Only ono U. S. soldier killed, while 82 Filipinos were slaughtered. Gen. Otis claims that this fight disposes of the last organ ized band of "tho enemy." - Tho levees on both sides of the Mississippi are of sufficient extent that if they were built in a single straight line they would be about 1,300 miles long, or long enough to stretch the greater part of the distance between New Orleans and New York. - Balloons are now used for drying linen in.one Paris laundry. Bamboo frames are attached to a captive bal loon and the clothes are attached to them. The balloon makes six ascents daily to a height of about 100 feet, where tho air, according to the pro prietors of tho laundry, is particularly good for linen. - Josiah Emerson, a farmer who voted for McKinley io 1800, declares his intention to vote for Brynu pro vided the latter is nominated in the summer, because tho kinks in the tails of the three remaining pigs from a re edit litter form the letters VV. J. B. Mr. Emerson interprets this incident as an omen of the outcome of the next Presidential election. - A bill has been introduced by Kepresentative Glynn, of New York, to stop the shipment of convict-made goods from one State or Territory to another State or Territory. Violation of the proposed law is to be punished by a fine of not IJSS than $250 nor more than $500, or imprisonment for not more than ono year, or by both fine and imprisonment, and tho forfeiture of tho goods to tho United States. - P. C. Torry, of Wisconsin, has re ceived notice that the government will pay his claim arising out of the de struction of the schooner Thankful by French pirates in 1708. Mr. Torrey who is a descendent of the people who owned tho Thankful, will receive $1, 400. The claim, it seems, was present ed by this government to the French government and paid long ago, but tho money was not. turned over to the heirs. - The Medical Recordsays: "What ever may bo the immediate or remote causes of the dark complexion of tho negro, philosophical inquiry has shown us that to him it is a provision of na ture; mercy and benevolence. Thc black color of natives of tropical re gions may justly, then, be considered as a wise experience provided by Ora? nipotc nee for cooling the fever of the blood under the influence of the scorch? ing sun." - Charles H. Cramp regards tho South Af rican war as a serious menace to England's commercial supremacy? He says that the war has had such an effect on the demand for vessels that "tho climax of England's supremacy may have been reached." He thinks that Germany has captured the North Atlantic steamship trade permanently. She will divido it later on with the United States, ho believes, and there after tho United States, by reason of its superiority as a producing nation, will occupy, with the Kaiser's Empire? tho position which England formerly held.