The Anderson intelligencer. (Anderson Court House, S.C.) 1860-1914, December 13, 1888, Image 1
bt ceenkscales & LANGStoC
?
1,500 BARRELS OF FLOUR!
fo he sold within the iiext 30 days at the following
x>yA../^.^, t?w Prices.
200 Barrels at
Sod I'
. ?? :3Q? v "
300
200
200
? ALSO, -
-^v^OfiRGES^TuGK OF
"Ever brought to this market by anyone. Prices running from 25c to 50c per pound
retail?by the box less. Call and Bee. i&g
SPECIAL GKOGERY STORE.
1:50
6.00
6.25
6.50.
. ?
m 1
mm
ill
FOR T^E
OUR DRY GOODS DEMRTMMT COMPLETE.
j :; r^vF?raj -J?RESS GOODS, .... P J^j^lMLS.
HATS and CAPS, JEANS,
? ROOTS and SHOES, &c.&c &c,
AT LOWEST -PRICES*
OUR GROCERY. DEPARTIvlENT
* Iiis ?2 iiQi.cr**.1 ? ? *
''-''H&nspletetr. fUhsd^ "wilt*- tha-Uewest~and Juxest Staple and Fancy Goods tbe markets
FLOUR at all prices, grading from good family to Finest Patent in America.
Fruits all kinds, .
Nuts all kinds, ?f*s**x~~* C-O
. Extracts all kindST^- r- ?
. " ^ Spices, Cloves,.
Cinnamon, Mace,
^ Nutmegs, Saisina,
v.,, -r - -^~Cto^&(Stroii;'
-; ^MiKceJuCeat,
Apple Butter,
Fruit Cakes and Fancy -Crackers, &c. >
?SB~ We"have all you need:' Give us a calL "
?-;
call/ - >7 . - ; .
e??^:^bi?Msc^c 'Sons.
? - ?
Ii
?Irl
?la
1.2 8 ?
o 5 g ts ?
So ^ S 3 S?Sn?
2 8 ? ? S
"OS? ? .2
> ffl o A
?- O ~
?h2o
o
SSM
Sil
n
'Sit'?-1
THE OLD STORY.
Delicious Qualities rill Delight Patrons anipay
Dividends to Consumers.
J. P. SULLIVAN & GO'S.
CONSTANT AIM IS TO SELL THE
? -? ??> ? v- .r.
Best Rio C?ilee
They Can Find.
* ;> .;?' i
?9
PA^TEIsTT FLOUR,
Ana nil other Choice grades. Tbey keep a close watch after,
and are prepared to give bottom prices, notwith
? "?'- '>. i ' standing the advance.
Whus Olotliiiig JB tisiiiess,
TBey 'bave a nice stock of MEN'S, YOUTH'S- and BOYS' CLOTHING
cheaper tbao you can imagine. They haveyJtaken time and pains to get up this
stock, and are ready to offer good Bargains
KENTUCKY AND ATHENS JEANS,
iDEY GOODS OF ALL KINDS,
From the cheapest Prints to fine Cashmere?. '
BOOTS AND SHOES,
The best stock they have ever had.
: EpRYTHING-^REIR STOCK IS GENERAL.
Ji P. Btrllivan & Co.
' ":vi_;_a
J^??Hg^?oii?MN,
ia&* All communications Intended foi
thteC?l?tnn Bhottldbe addressed toD. H.
R??SflLL, School Commissioner, Ander?
son, S.d. . - -
Subscribe for" the /nt/wr, 50 ceots a
year, ;;
That school is best , that enables the
student to do the most for himself. The
teacher may translate the Latin senten?
ces for his class, but that is not teaching
.Latin. He is not helping them to help
themselves. It is some times easier to
tell a pupil, than to enable him to find
the truth for himBelf.?Index.
The first great lesson for a young per?
son to te&ra is how to study, lie who
knows bow to acquire knowledge will
not long retrial n ignorant. Half hearted
work will not succeed anywhere. Untir?
ing effort and a determination to succeed
will accomplishi wonders in the school?
room. Concentration is power.?Index.
Our vi nt to the Dean vi He School was
a very pleasant one. The people of that
community have United themselves to
build up a good school, and have em?
ployed Mr. A. it; Watt to take charge.
Judging from the bright eyes, intelligent
faces and ready responses, we concluded
that some good work is being dope there.
Success to you, brother Watt.
We call attention to the communica?
tion from Mr. H. A. Johnson in reply to
the tmery, "Wh?t shall the boy study ?"
Do all the teachers agree with him? Is
there any other view to be taken of this
question? Recently a father brought
his boy ;to the teacher with ^.request
for him to study Arithmetic. ' On exam?
ination the boy was found to be a very
poor reader. What is to be done in such
caiie^
do theieacbers Bay.-i _--?>..'. -
^What arei" the*endV of Education ? If
we want boys to become blacksmiths, we
should let them go through college. No
man has-.a right to be merely ? black*
smith ! - He must be a man-'and an
American citizen.. He must be able to
go into society and- be a gentleman.
Labor is not degrading unless a man
does nothing but labor. He should
become,;cultured, so that he may enjoy
life and have hie'thoughts, diverted frcai
his labor ^thW hlgher
gained' pniy '^by choice^ reading. We
plead for this education and the needa of
culture on the part of the people, because
they are to be citizens and parents and
members of society.? Teachers' Imtilute.
"Parsimony toward education, is libe?
rality toward crime," is a proposition that
cannot be called in question.' All others
who -work for;the-State'. receive, their pay
promptly, and the more promptly the
higher we go in the scale of office ; then
why should not teachers receive theirs?
The State has a right to, and does expect,
the very best service from all her teach?
ers, and the teacher has a right to good
and prompt pay for the service rendered.
We know the State is poor, and in the
poverty of her pocket and the largeness
of her generosity, is offering to every boy
and girl within her limits the rudiments
of a common school education. The
bed rock upon which the stability of her
institutions is founded, is the intelligence
and patriotism of the masses. Every
child within the borders of the State has
a birth right to a common school educa?
tion, and every parent whq.neglects this
duty is guilty of a crime toward the
child, and if the State neglects this duty
by a parity of reasoning, as the common
mother of all, she is guilty of a crime
toward her children. In point of econ?
omy, it is cheaper to build school houses
and employ teachers, than it is to build
jails' and I take care of criminals. How
many members of the Legislature would
eerve if their pay warrants were made
payable .without interest one year from
date 7 And yet, that is exactly what is
expected of the teacher. And the con
?equence is that nearly all the best male
teachers of the County have been driven
out of the profession and forced to seek
more lucrative employment, and the best
female teachers remain in it only because
there is no other line of business open
to them. If the State cannot get the
money, let her make the teachers' claims
bear interest from date. But a still
better plan would be to authorize the
County Commissioners to borrow the
money. Let the teachers, trustees and
school patrons agitate the matter, and let
ns go before the next Legislature and
ask that Something be done for us..
WHAT THE BOY SHOULD STUDY.
Mb. Editor : I understand the teach?
er who asked the question in the Teach?
ers' Column of last week, "What shall
the boy study ?'?' to wish some teacher to
give his opinion whether the teacher or
the parent should say what the child
shall study. My opinion is, that the
parent should say what the child shall
study, but the teacher should say how it
shall be taught. Every child has a
stronger talent for some particular work
or profession than any other, and it takes
a certain course of study to fit him for
that work. Therefore, if the parent has
the-right to choose a profession for his
son, he should have the privilege of
choosing the course of study to fit him
for that work or profession. But, in case
the parents elect a course of study that
the boy is not prepared to study, to any
advantage, then it becomes the teacher's
duty to show him his error, and by the
consent of the parent the teacher should
elect the boy's course of study.
H. A. Johnson.
Habitual Constipation
. Any kidney and liver ills, depending on a
weak or inactive condition of the kidneys,
liver, or bowels, are successfully and per*
manently cured only by the use of the
gentle yet effective laxative and diuretic,
Syrup of Figs. Its advantages are evi?
dent ; it is easily taken, pleasing to the
taste, acceptable to the stomach, barm
less to the most delicate system, and
truly beneficial in effect. For sale by
Simpson, Reid & Co.
? Congressman Roger Q, Mills, of
Texas, already Dominates Grover Cleve?
land as. the Democratic .candidate for
President ia 1892.
b1 '?
NDEESON, S. C. TI
HOW TO BREAK tlPLA?i).
Major Faul F. Hammond;r Practical Expe?
rience Told,
Weekly,News and Gtiuritt.
Id estimating the expense of ab opera*
tion like this and many others on a planta?
tion, the most important elements of cost
are often overlooked. Take as an illus?
tration, the simple matter of cotton pick?
ing. It costs oO cents per cwt. 'to pick
cotton, and 50 Cento only. Is that true?
If you make 5,000 pounds of seed cotton
to the available picker, and get it all
picked about as fast as It opens, from
August to November, and: carry it to
market and Bell it for say 10 cents, the
price of good cotton, then if you paid 60
cents per cwt. for picking, that'and that
only is the cost. But suppose you make
9,000 pounds, and it has to be left in the
field until it becomes dirty, and picked
rapidly without separating the trash, and
as a sequence yon get 9 cents for it in the
market, even if yon have paid only 50
cents, is that the entire cost ?f picking ?
By no means. Y-oti must add to the 50
cents per cwtj your loss of 1 cent a pound
on the 8,000 pounds of tint which the
9,000 pounds of seed cotton would pro?
duce. Suppose that a factory had machi?
nery competent to manufacture, when
rnn at proper speed, five bales of cotton
a day, and it is pressed beyond that speed
and manufactures seven bales, but the
machinery breaks down and has tobe
repaired j is not the amount spent for
repairs a part of the Cost of* manufacture ?
Suppose that the oat-turn is ?n inferior
article and Bell3 for a cent less than a
standard article of the same class; onght
not that to be charged ?s cost to this
method ? : But for fear I should not use
terms with scientific accuracy, and to
prevent confusion, we will agree to define
cost i as all that is necessarily expended
or lost in production, or in the develop?
ment of a method of production. This is
an important matter as-will be shown a
little farther Gnj and one. largely over?
looked by farmers, to their detriment.
A PLOUGHMAN'S TASK. -
An average ploughman, with a good
plough and a pair of brink, stout males,
will break two aod a half acres per day,
not on a hard or sticky clay, but on any
clay or sand loam in fair order. How
do you find that out ? will be asked. By
actual test in the field, by .experience
often repeated) is the answer. But it
may be reached in another way. A
team not overloaded should walk, in the
winter, from twenty-one to twenty-two
miles, in the midsummer a little less, say
twenty miles, a day. A furrow six
inches deep ?jVd twelve inches wide is
not too beavy eraft, and with the furrow
slice twelve inches wide the mules are
required to walk a little less than twenty
one miles to break two and a half acres,
If you give that much to the average
negro ploughman as a task, he will do it
in Beven hours. I have known it done
in five hours and a half, but that is bad
on the team, and the furrow slice is apt
to be not quite six inches deep and rather
more than twelve inches wide. In short,
the ploughing will be bad. The' hire of
such a team, when it"can be hired; would
be $2 a day, including plough and hand,
and hence the cost ox breaking is 80 cents
an acre. To break land ten inches deep
with a six inch furrow is harder work,
though you move less land. In the
former instance your furrow contains 72
cubic inches, and in the latter only 60
cubic inches. But when you go down
bolow six inches the ground becomes
much harder from the weight of the
superincumbent mass, from the pressure
of the plough in former ploughings, and
from the fact that the earth has never
been moved before. Every practical
planter knows that it requires more than
twice the power to lift land from the
depth of eight to ten inches than from
four to six inches. Besides, the plough?
ing would of necessity be bad. . The width
of the furrow must come within a certain
ratio to the depth. ' Some makers claim
that to do good ploughing the width
must be 50 per cent greater than the
depth. It is doubtful if there has yet
been made any plough that running ten
inches deeep would bring up half the
subsoil, unless the furrow was at least as
wide as deep. The land would be only
pushed aside, and the ploughing conse?
quently very poor, and the draft so much
heavier that, if the team were kept stead?
ily at it, it would be more completely
broken down than the land would, be
broken up. Passing over these difficul?
ties, however, let it oe admitted that the
team will break one acre and a quarter
per day at an expense of $1.60 per acre.
Why, that is very little; there is only a
difference of 80 cents; less than a bushel
and a half of corn will pay for it, or two
bushels of oats, or 30 pounds of seed cot?
ton. If that is all, we need not hesitate
to break the land ten inches; theexpense
will be recovered twice over in the
greater eaBe of summer cultivation. *
THE MULE'S TASK.
But is it all? No! nor a half, nor a
fourth. Keep in mind from the begin?
ning one fact?a mule can always culti?
vate more land in the summer in cotton,
corn, or any ploughed crop, than he can
prepare well in the winter. With mod*
eratoly good preparation he can cultivate
on dry land sixty acres in mixed crops
of corn, cotton, potatoes, &c, and in the
time which is coming, hastening, I hope,
with improved laborsaving implements,
he can do much better than that. But if
the mule can prepare only sixty acres of
land to the depth of six inches, which is
considered good preparation, why he can
prepare only thirty acres to the depth of
ten inches. The stock upon our farms
is limited and must remain so through?
out the season. You cannot double it or
materially increase it by hiring for such,
heavy work as breaking land ten inches
deep. You could not increase it with
any surety 30 per cent by offering $3, or
even $4 a day for double teams. In fact
the only sure reliance would be in pur?
chase, and the time Li not yet come
when you can convince our planters that
it will pay to buy stock in' January at
full prices, to Bell in March for half
money, or to feed throughout the sum?
mer, in order to break your land ten
inches deep. No! if that is undertaken
the acreage cultivated must be reduced.
The cost would not be 80 cents an acre
for 30 acres, or $24, but it would be the
entire product of 30 acres, less the cost of
planting, cultivating and gathering, the
interest on the capital invested in those
30 acres, which would be idle, and less
the increased product-of the 30 acres,
which had been ploughed to the depth
of ten inches, unless you could lease the
30 acres left out, which would hardly be
possible where land is as it* is here
already superabundant. The numbers
at the top of this page admonish me
that this chapter is already long, and I
cannot stop to calculate what the costs
or the loss might be in cases of this sort.
I There would, of course, be a great differ?
ence with different crops and soils, and it
must not be forgotten that the expense
of deep ploughing would produce, small
results in most instances, without the
additional expense of liberal manuring.
IS DEEP PLOUGHING TOO EXPENSIVE?
Looking at the costs of deep breaking
in this way, and unquestionably it is the
only proper way, it seems to be a too
expensive operation for general and
indiscriminate UBe. It will do for the
the market gardener, and for fancy plan?
ters, like the late Mr. Mechi, who take up
the vocation of planting in their old age as
an amusement on which to spend a
portion of the money which they have
accumulated in other pursuits. Yet deep
breaking ia not to be wholly discarded be
by any means. The cotton and corn plan?
ter may safely make it a rule to break one
fourth of his land deeply every year, by
IUESDAY MORNIN(
| which he will get around his entire plan?
tation every four years'.. .That .is usually
about the extent to which his home?
made manures will reach, and as has
been said, under the limitations already
pointed out, deep breaking is likely to
pay as far as manures containing a large
amount of vegetable matter can do freely
applied. In fact it becomes a necessity,
under our hot snmmer sun, for summer
crops where stich applications are made.
Otherwise these manures had better be
applied months before hand to some
preceding crop. Sometimes marvelous
and unexpected results are obtained, in
illustration of which J am able to give
one instance at least from my own exper?
ience. I began planting something more
than a quarter of a century ago, an enthu?
siast in favor of drainage, deep ploughing
and manuring.
THE* SCHOOL OF EXPERIENCE
The first year deep ploughing was ap?
plied mainly to the corn land, with
results which were at least encouraging.
.The same season I planted 920 acres in
cotton and made 825 bales averaging in
weight 4l0 pounds. This Was very far
short of satisfactory. The land was a
sandy loam, ploughed for marly years to
the depth of six inches, and kept in good
heart by repeated rests and the applica?
tion of moderate quantities of manure
whenever planted. Tho next year I
threw out 345 acres of the thinned land,
and broke the remaining 575 to the depth
of ele.ven inches, and applied about 50
per cent more manure than had been
customary, though this was by no means
high manuring. The subsoil was yellow
and gray sand, and as the fields were
covered all over with it to the depth of
four or five inches, their appearance
during the winter was by no means prom?
ising, and the neighboring planters
declared they were ruined and conld not
recover for .many years. But,; notwith?
standing a'storm in September which
destroyed not less than 50 bales, the
yield was 475 bales of the same weight
as the preceding year. Four hundred
and seventy-five bales on 575 acres
against 825 bales on 920 acres?that was
indeed a wonderful difference; But
although I continued to break the land
deep for twelve years wherever cotton
was to be planted, and even up to the
present time never fail in any season to
break a portion of it, if only one or two
small fields, to the depth of ten inches, I
have never in twenty-five years been able
to get a repetition ?f those results, or
anything approaching thereto. I am
satisfied that I have lost the money which
I made that year four times over in my
effort to duplicate the results of that
experiment. There Was obe remarkable
feature. Not only did the yield of the
manured lands increase from 500 and 600
to 1,200 and 1,300 pounds of seed cotton,
but certain test acres which were planted
without manure yielded over 1,000
pounds, which was nearly double their
natural capacity. What Was the explan?
ation of these somewhat remarkable
results ? There is but one solution at all
satisfactory. The plough run to one
depth for a number of years had cause to
form at that point a hard strata of earth;
known to planters as hard pan. Into
tbiB, as into a reservior, bad leached the
soluble parts of the manure which had
not "been consumed by the plants. It is
true that the amount of manure applied
each year was small, but the aggregate of
many years was large, and when-brought
to the surface by the deeper ploughing
afforded a mine of wealth for the succeed?
ing crop. That this is the lesson taught
by that experiment has been confirmed
by much subsequent experience.
HOW DEEP PLOWING WASTE8 MANURE.
- it has long been known that the
mineral salts, like potash and phosphate
of lime, sink below the ordinary level of
the plough, and more recently Sir J. B.
Lawes has found at Rothamsted consid?
erable quantities of nitrogen in the water
from his tile drains. Wherever their
land has been ploughed for a series of
years and manured, no matter how stingi?
ly, these accumulations will be found not
wholly but largely in the subsoil, and it
is a safe practice to go there in search of
them. Not so, however, when no manure
has been need and the soil has been rob?
bed and exhausted by repeated croppiDgB
without manure.
It is true that there are soils, rich and
deep soils, which always respond to the
plough and seems to be practically ex
hauBtless. Such are our inland black
swamps when reclaimed by thorough
drainage. On such soils, with which the
writer has had much to do, it is only ne?
cessary to go deeper, and bring up from
the depths below two or three inches of
soil which has never seen light before to
restore for a time almost their original
productiveness, provided always that the
drainage in good. Bnt there is no creative
power in deep ploughing though there
may be something near akin to it in
thorough tilth. It cannot benefit ex?
hausted land, except that in some instan?
ces the drainage is improved by breaking
the underlying hand pan, and the land is
thus prepared for manure, which is
always the indisponible adjunct to deep
ploughing on all ordinary soils. It
must not be expected that the riches
which have leached into the subsoil and
are brought back to the surface by the
plough will prove permanent Take the
instance just given. The succeeding year
the land was again deeply broken and
manured and planted in corn, and the
yield was nearly thirty bushels, which
was 50 per cent more than it had ever
made before. But the third year it was
again broken in the same way and plant?
ed in corn without manure, and the yield,
notwithstanding a good season for coro,
scarcely reached ten bushels, while the
growth exhibited every Bigu of poverty.
It will be seen that this tallies with the
results on the two acre patch, which soon
became exhausted after producing
nearly 2,500 pounds of seed cotton per
acre.
WHERE DEEP PLOUGHING IS A NECES?
SITY.
Fresupossing good drainage?where
land is scarce, and the purchase price or
the rent Is high, as in populous countries
or the neighborhood of large cities; when
it is necessary that the quality of the crop
should be the best, as in truck farming ;
where the giOBR income liom an acre is
large, from ?200 to $2,000 for a single
crop, of which two .or more are grown in
a siDgle year, as in truck farming; or
where there is reason to suppose tbat the
subsoil holds large quantities of plant
food which needs only to be brought to
surface to be made of immediate use; in
all such caseB as these, and a few more
perhaps, deep ploughing is sometimes a
necessity, especially where large quanti?
ties of manure are used, and can generally
be done with profit.. But in field culture,
on large areas, where land is cheap and
plentiful, and with such crops as our
staples, cotton and corn, from which the
gross income, per acre, is often less than
ten and rarely more than thirty dollars;
in all such cases as these enough, it is
hoped, has been written to show that the
operation is laborious, expensive, and
cannot be indiscriminately used with
Bafety.
WHAT'S THE U8E OF PLOUGHING ?
For what do farmers plough ? This is.
a very simple question, but it ia doubtful
if it would be answered right by one in
ten, even of farmers themselves. Pri?
marily'the plough is used to make a seed
bed. Without tbat planting would be a
very tedious and a very slovenly opera?
tion, and it would be next to impossible
to get a stand bo essential to successful
planting.' Whatever other purposes may
be held in view to deepen the soil, break
hard pan, turn under vegetable matter,
stir and mix and bring new particles
together so tbat new and valuable
3, DECEMBER 13, Ii
chemical changes may go on always,
universally, for all crops, in all times, tbe
one purpose common to all who plough
the soil. Ja to make a loose, friable, we
had almosi said Comfortable, seed bed.
But deep ploughing is & matter of very
recent origin. Jetbro Tull used to spade
largely, and probably went deeper than
his contemporaries, but his main idea
was thorough tilth by frequent workings,
constantly stirring and remising the soil.
Our forefathers did not plough deep;'
they could not, for tbey had no proper
implements, from the day of Egypt's
supremacy, when she was the granary of
the world, 8,000 years before the Chris?
tian era, down to nearly tbegclose of the
eighteenth century, the plough was nearly
the same; there bad been little improve?
ment, Homer, it is true, speaks, of
ploughs covered with iron, and the
i Romans, certainly, and Tubal Cain him?
self, possibly used that metal to point
them; but as no other implement in the
service of man has met with snch mar?
vellous improvement within B?ty years
as the turn plough, so none of such vast
importance hau remained so nearly
stationary in its imperfections from the
beginning of time until late in the eigh?
teenth, century, It ie claimed that our
own Thom?s Jefferson was the first to
apply scientific principles to the lines of
the mould-board so as to largely' econo?
mize power in tbe draught and start
improvement in the proper channel; and
vast as were tbe services that great man
rendered to the world, in this it might be
truly said they were all eclipsed. Ia
agriculture the world moves slowly al?
ways.
SOMETIMES DEEP PLOUGHING IS VALUA?
BLE.
Facts of absolute reliance can only be
established by years' and years of careful
observatipn, and this along might teach
us that we have yet much to learn about
deep breaking. Bat while it has been
the intention of the' atfthor to enter
his earnest protest against the indiscrimi?
nate practice of ploughing deep, at great
expense, on all lands and for all crops, it
is by no means bis wish to depreciate its
value where the proper conditions exist;
Sometimes, Indeed not infrequently, the
most valuable* almost rriarvell?us, results
follow deep and thorough breaking. The
editors of agriculture papers Usually have
a very superficial knowledge of practical
planting, but they catch up a few general
terms and using the ideas which they
contain as their stock in trade,- ride them
as bobbieB to the serious detriment of
their more simple-minded readers. Fol?
lowing in their wake, more ignorant if
possible, is a class of office-Beekers,
dstly styled "hay seed" politicians, who
love to preside at agricultural conven?
tions, and deliver orations, especially
about election times, but who are more to
be dreaded even than the editors.' Deep
ploughing has been one of their hobbies;
and they have ridden it with whip and
spur, doing no little barm so far as their
influence reaches. It is against the
exaggerations of these gentry that the
writer takes his stand, and it is in the
effort to counteract these malign influen?
ces that he may have given to this chap?
ter the appearance of opposition to deep
ploughing. To correct any possible
misapprehension I will close this chapter
with a brief Bummary of tbe merits and
disadvantages of deep ploughing.
1. Wet lands should never be plonghed
deep.
2. Lands with a stiff subsoil should
never be turned deep, and whether it will
pay to subsoil can only be determined by
actual test in the field.
3. New grounds need never be plough?
ed deep; the expense will rarely be
recovered and sometimes positive injury
will follow.
4. Thin soils with poor subsoils should
not be ploughed deep unless manure is
used li berally. .
5. Old land, which hss been planted
?for years with manure, will generally be
greatly benefited by deep breaking, and
the same may be said of naturally rich and
and deep soils where the surface has
been worn by repeated croppings.
6. Land should not be ploughed deep
for fall sown small grain. But a feed bed
should be made thoroughly fine to the
depth of three or four inches,
7. Sod lands should not be ploughed
more than six inches for corn, but if corn
is continued on the same land tbe plough
should go deeper and deeper if a fair
supply of manure is given.
8. The farther South tbe deeper the
land should be ploughed for summer
crops. Among other advantages it makes
the after culture much easier.
9. All root crops require deep breaking
and good manuring.
10. Cotton (short staple, at least,) rare?
ly suffers from deep breaking, though
frequently there is do perceptible benefit
and labor is thrown away. .
11. As a rule always make afield test on
a smaU area, and remember that no fact
in agriculture can be established by less
than three successive experiments on the
same land.
12. Bemember if you attempt to break
all your land deep, or even half of it, un?
less you can increase your mule force
during the season of preparation, the area
you can plant will fall within such nar?
row limits that little profit can be ex?
pected.
Not Much of a Man
At the moment when we are most
deeply convinced of our own importance,
it may be that the spectator who should
be admiring us is animated by quite a
different feeling. It was a Western engi?
neer who told the following story of him?
self:
One day our train stopped at a small
station in Indiana, and I observed two
green looking coutrymen in "homespun"
cnrioBly inspecting the locomotive, and oc?
casionally giving vent to expressions of
astonishment. FnalJy one of them ap?
proached, and said, "Stranger, are this
ere a injine?"
"Certainly. Did you ever see one be?
fore?"
. "No, never see one o' tbe critters afore.
Me and Bill here corned down t' the sta?
tion purpoee to see one. That's the biler,
aint it?"
"Yes, that is the boiler."
"What you call that place you're in ?"
"This we call a cab."
"An' this big wheel?What's this fur ?"
"That's the driving wheel."
"That big thing on top I s'pose is the
cbimley?"
"Precisely."
"Be you tbe engineer what runs the
machine?"
"I am," I replied, with self complacen
cency.
He eyed me closely for a moment, then,
turning to his companion, said, "Bill, it
don't take much of a man to be an engin?
eer, do it?"
Plies! Piles! Itching: Files.
Symptons?Moisture: intense itching
and stinging; most all night; worse by
scratching. If allowed to continue tumors
form, which often bleed and ulcerate, be?
coming very sore. Swayne's Ointment
stops the itching and bleeding, heals ul
ceration, and in most cases removes tbe
tumors. At druggists, or by mail, for 50
cents. Dr. Swayne & Son, Philadelphia.
? Among the students at Princeton
College is one 72 years old. He is study?
ing for the ministry, and expects to
graduate this term.
Eczema, Itchy, Scaly, Skin Tortures.
The simple application of "Swayne's
Ointment," without any internal medi?
cine, will cure any case of Tetter, Salt
Rheum, Ringworm, Piles, Itch, Sores,
Pimples, Eczema, all Scaly, Itchy Skin
Eruption, no matter how obstiDate or long
standing. It is potent, effective, and coats
but a trifle. 15
888.
MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE.
Report of the Farmers' Association Com?
mittee,
To (he Famers' Association of South Car'
olina.
Your committee appointed to visit and
report upon the Mississippi Agricultural
and Mechanical College, have performed
that duty to the best of their ability with
the limited time at their command. We
have only to regret the inability of the
members of the Board of Agriculture,
who were invited to join us, to help in
this investigation and report.
THE PLANT CONSISTS OF
One brick dormitory, capacity 250 stu?
dents.m.$ 00,000
Academic building equipped lor 300 stu?
dents, vrith recitation rooms, assembly
hall, etc.M. 20,000
Labratory.? 8,500
President's residence. 8,000
Six professors' residences $2,000 each. 12,000
Di nf ng hall, Boclety rooms, etc........ 8,000
Hospital.?...?..... 2,000
Four small residences for officers. 1,950
Two servant houses.?. COO
Totrtl cost it buildings....8101,050
Equipment of college buildings (originYrf).-~$ 19,165
The farm was a worn out cotton planf Ion
of 1,762 acres, mostly abandoned frills
and deserted lowlands, which cost.8 18,088
Cost farm buildings (original.).... 10,835
Cost farm equipments (original.). 6,882
Total cost.$ 35,755
These buildings and equipment include
barns for the accommodation of several
hundred head of stock, rooms for the
storage of grain, hay, ensilage, etc., for
creamery, steam engines, mowers and
other farm implements.
A portion of the farm- is devoted to
the experimental station work; the re?
mainder to.the production of beef, milk,
butter, corn, hay, fruits and other vege?
tables. It has been operated more for
educational purposes than for profit,
but has been self sustaining for the
past-fouf years,- The statement for the
present year* shows $1,000 to its credit,
with over $1,500 worth of beef cattle on
hand. It should be stated herd that the
trusteed require its products to be-fur
nished to the College for less than the
market price. There are on hand, in
addition to the beef cattle, about 130
milk cows and 100 calves. The different
breeds serve as object lessons to the boys
in the 'study of stock breeding, in addi?
tion to fdrnishing beef and milk for the
college and cream for the creamery.
The feeding done by the students in ex?
perimenting to test the value of various
foods for the production of beef and milk,
as well as to test the capacities of different
breeds, is at once profitable and iustruc
tive to them, while it shorts forcibly the
advantage of the college being' situated
on the farm.
MANAGEMENT.
There is a president, sixteen professors
and assistants and 280 students. Many
were kept away by the yellow fever quar?
antine. The college is under military
government and tactics are tanghtyby a
United States officer. There are five
classes, one preparatory and four colle?
giate. Agriculture is taught from the
beginning, and we were much surprised
to find that the boys of the preparatory
class understood better what they had
gone over in that study than others, and
were more interested in it. About one
third of the Btudent in attendance belong
to this class. No foreign or dead lan?
guage is taught, but special pains is taken
to thoroughly teach English and compo?
sition.
The laboratory is well equipped and
affords ample facilities for the study of |
chemistry.
The course in mathematics is. as thor?
ough and extensive as in colleges gener?
ally. ?
All the sciences which underlie agri?
culture are taught specially, and are
practically illustrated in the laboratory
and on the farm.
Special attention is given to horticul?
ture, bookkeeping and farm manage?
ment.
The hospittal is well equipped with
trained nurse and physician.
The. mess hall furnishes excellent
board, drawn mainly from the farm, at
about $8 per month; this varies with the
cost of the raw material and is charged
to the students at actual cost.
The robustness of the students is as
much to be attributed to the fine quality
of the bread, butter and beef as to the
exercise given them in physical labor.
Labor is required from all students and
is directed to all branches of agricultural
work, such as draining, cultivation, milk?
ing the care of stock, horticulture, etc.
It is,claimed to be equally important as
illustrative of farm operations to keep
the boys in sympathy with farm life as to
furnish the means by which they are
enabled to materially reduce their ex?
penses.
From the best information at our dis?
posal we do not think it interferes at all
with the course of studies. The statistics
prove that those students who earn most
by their labor also stand highest in their
classes.
The location here of the experimental
station, with the,$15,000 given by Con?
gress, furnishes not only object lessons to
all the students, but remunerative and
practical work to many of the most skill?
ful, and to the seniors who have just
completed the sciences invoked a great
deal in this line is given that is of value.
We were impressed with the care and
intelligence displayed by the .students in
this work. The director has oversight
and control of station work, but assigns
station work to the heads of various de?
partments of the college, who control its
details and the appointment of assistants
in their respective departments. The
lines of station work mapped out are
such as are demanded for the immediate
benefit of the average farmer, and the
solution of agricultural problems of
greatest present importance, as the feed?
ing of forty seven lots of cows, three in
each lot, to determine the best ration
for butter; the feeding for forty-seven
lots of steers, three in each lot to determine
the best rations for beef, and like experi?
ments with hogs; dairy work to test the
best methods of making butter; experi?
ments with corn, cotton and horticulture
are planned, and experiments with a view
to find some species of grass for winter
pasture. The students perform most of j
the work necessary, except ploughing, and
are assisted thereby to reduce there ex?
penses, while they become as much inter?
ested in the experiments and results as
the director himself.
The analysis of fertilizers for the State
is done also in the college laboratory,
and by the professor of chemistry and
his assistants. The students do not per?
form the actual work in this line, but
tbey may observe and be instructed in
its methods and principles. Any farmer
may send here a sample of fertilizer and
have it analyzed without cost. The
fertilizer companies pay a laboratory
fee.
ATTENDANCE AND EXPENSE.
The average attendance during the
eight years of its existence is 315, which
is one-third larger than the attendance at
any other male college in the State.
Notwithstanding hundreds of boys were
turned away for lack of accommodation,
over 1,600 boys have attended since its
inauguration. Of these about 80 per
cent, are sons of farmers, two thirds of
whom are sons of farmers of small
means, many of whom could not have
attended but for the opportunities fur?
nished of reducing their expenses by
labor a-t the college, for which they are
paid 8 cents maximum per hour.
The actual expense of a student attend?
ing this college is about $125. The
earnings of the students on an average
reduces this amount to about $100, whilst
many further reduce it to $65 or less.
The large number of students attend* I
VOLUM]
irjg tbia college has ia do way lessened
that of tbe other colleges. On the con
; trary the State University and denomi?
national college at Clinton have both bad
a larger attendance since its existence,
whilst the high schools all through tbe
State are more largely attended, which
would go to indicate that its influence
has been to awaken the educational inter?
ests throughout the State, and has
actually been the cause of the partial
education of hundreds of boys who would
not-haver otherwise received any at all.
MERIT OF' TBE TRAINING.
Desiring to compare the relative merits
of the training given here with that of
other institutioDS, we were allowed to
attend the class exercises, and were
favorably impressed with both tbe
thorough manner of the professors and
with tbe proficiency of the students. We
were invited to give theses to members
of the sen ior class, with thirty-six hours
to prepare essays upon them. (It is fair
to the yotmg gentlemen to state that they
had only been out of tbe junior class
eight weeks.) These essays were pro
duced in good English, read in good
style, and some of them were so able as to
greatly astonish us, when we remembered
that these boys, four years before, had
entered this institution without more
preparation than to read and write, and
to cypher through fractions. Those who
have graduated here and have gone to
medical colleges and elsewhere, have
competed with those who went from other
colleges for tbe honors, while the position
attained by the graduates speaks equally
well. One has obtained a professorship
at a salary of $2,250; four professorships
at salaries of $1,200; two at salaries of
$1,000 ;'four assistant professorships at
salaries of ?800, and so on, while many
are superintending creameries, stock
farms, etc., at good salaries.
The following table gives tbe occupa?
tion of the students who have gone into
business: -
a a
Farming.~.
Merchants.
Students.,
Medicine.......
Railroading....
Mechanics.
Lawyers.
Editors.
Ministers.
Teachers.
Idle_.
Office-holders.
Total.
lOOj lOOl 100| 100
* "1 year'' means students who spent 1 year at
the collego; "2 years,'-' those who spent 2 years at
tie college, etc.
Per cent, of farmers for 1 year with other occu?
pations 12.
Per cent, of farmers for 2 years with other occu?
pations 9.
Per cent, of farmers for 3 years with other occu?
pations 9.
Per cent of farmers for 4 years with other occu?
pations 22.
Of the whole number of students
56.6 per cent, are farming and going to
farm.
This table was compiled in the spring
of 1887, from replies to a circular sent
to all students who bad been in atten?
dance at tbe college prior to that time, a
period of seven sessions.
INFLUENCE UPON AGRICULTURE OF
THE STATE,
It was onr desire to ascertain, if possi?
ble, what, if any, influence the college
was exercising od tbe agriculture of tbe
State in addition to the educational
influence upon tbe industrial classes.
We were reliably informed, since the
college established its creamery, it has
influenced the erection of twenty others,
some of which are very succesful and
have completed successfully with
Elgin and other Western and Northern
creameries, which has moved this indus?
try several hundred miles South.
Silos have been erected all over the
State, and farmers are now improving
their cattle, who before did not believe
that Mississippi butter could be sold at
all in competition with the Northern
product. The numerous letters to tbe
officers of tbe college, which we had the
privilege of inspecting, on all kind of
farm topics, with tbe large number of
visitors who came to the college to get
information on stock breeding, horticul?
ture, draining and kindred subjects, indi?
cate that tbe people of tbe State largely
look to the college for guidancein agri?
cultural matters. iP3*
We learned of one community whose
agricultural matters had been so changed
and improved by the influence of two
boys returning to it from tbe college that
the section has been named after them.
Time to canvass and investigate would
doubtles discover many more. Thereare
many other evidences of the good
influences of the college, which' would
render this report too long.
OPPOSITION ENCOUNTERED.
We fiud the Legislature of Mississippi,
at its last session, cut off ?8,000 of the
usual annual appropriation to the college,
which caused it to lose some of its ablest
professors. We have been at some pains
to ascertain the cause and the extent of
the opposition, if any, to the college. It
seems that the Legislature, some years
ago, reduced the taxes below what was
necessary to run the government, which
left a deficiency. It also erected a new
asylum and added a wing to the old one
and erected an industrial college for
girls, which necessarily demanded an
increase of taxes. This raised a cry for
retrenchment, It was claimed by some
that the farm was Dot yielding as much
as it should to tbe support of tbe college,
and this reduction would not materially
injure it. A notion prevailed with some
that the college farm could not only
furnish educational labor at high rates
to the students, but could largely support
the college. This ignorance as to the
necessities of an agricultural college and
the difference between farming to educate
and farming for profit caused some to
advocate this reduction. These were
joined by a small party in the State who
are opposed to all appropriations for
higher education, and claim that no
educational tax should be laid
save for common schools. There
There seems to be no opposition to the '
college itself, except from this latter
class, who are equally opposed to the
other colleges as to this. We learn from
the people we meet and an editor who
exchanges with tbe papers of tbe State
that there are but five papers out of j
more than 100 in the State which approve
the reduction, and that a large number
are warm advocates of the college Dis?
cussion of tbe subject has caused
a reacsion in favor of the col?
lege among those who favored tbe
reduction, and tbe college seems to be
securely fixed in tbe hearts of tbe people.
Tbe places of the distinguished professors
who have left have been filled by young
men of ability and enthusiasm, who are
in full sympathy with agricultural edu
cation and the college. These, headed
by General Lee, with his extraordinary
executive abilities, bis implicit faith in
the usefulness and success of tbe institu?
tion, his profound sympathy with the
industrial classes, will, we have uo'doubt,
conduct the college into still greater use?
fulness in the future.
IN CONCLUSION.
In submitting this report we would
express our appreciation of the kindness
and courtesy of the President and officers
of the college and for tbe unrestricted
freedom allowed us to look into any
detail, even the minutest. We submit
nothing in this report which can not be
verified absolutely to the satisfaction of
any one who will take the pains to inves?
tigate.
Individually, we baved favored the
establishment of a separate agricultural
S XXIV.- --NO. 23.
?~ : :
college (and one of us since 1880). Ou
visit to Mississippi bas strengthened this
conviction, by showing to-us, beyond*
reason for doubt, that such a collegs.l
properly managed, would not in any wa
injure, and should not, any existin
literary institution. On the coqtrar
will stimulate and improve them, whi
it will open the door for higher scien?ficj
education to thousands of our farmer
boys of the best people of the Slate, whoj
will otherwise receive no education what*;
ever. That it will eventually improve
the agriculture of the State and lift the
vocation to a higher plane we are pro*
foundly convinced. >
Respectfully submitted.
D. K. Noeeis,
j. E. Tindall,
Committee;
All Sorts of Paragraphs.v
? It it as easy for the strongim
to be strong as it is for the weak to be
weak.
? Seven hundred and fifty tons of old I
borae shoes were Fold at St. Louis recent-1
ly for shipment East. %
? The Farmers Alliance in fourteen'
States is estimated as aggregating eome-h
thing near 350,000 members.
? The big Granada wheat farm of Da,4
kota comprises 40,000 acres, of which:
13,000 are under cultivation.
?Gen. Harrison will be fifty fiveyears^
six months and fourteen days old on the
day of his inauguration.
? England uses about 160,000,0$!
postal cards a year, and the United
States not far from 339,000,000 annually
? The export of bananas from the
island of Jamaico to the United States
last year amounted to nearly! 200,000;
bunches.
? Upwards of 1,000 children are,
reported to have died from measles'
in Santiago, n Chili, in less than/two
months.
? The farmers in the Georgia - legwljM
ture number 133, the lawyers 73 with a
sprinkling of doctors, preachers, mer-^
chants and men of other callings.
? When a man dies, people generali?
inquire what property he has left behind^
bim. The angels will ask, what good |
deeds has he sent before him? . 'I
? Conscience like any other facultyJ
should be carefully cultivated, especially!
as the light of nature is so imperfect 'anal
public opinion is so much debauched^
?j. T. Blackwell, the big tobtfcco mr'
of Durham, N. C, has failed-Tld
$400,000. The aggregated failures ml
Durham that day were over one million ?
dollars.
? We should be careful how
create enemies; it being one of the^fiar^l
dest things in the Christian religion to I
behave ourselves as we ought towards!
them. I
?A father who enters the parlor whenv
his daughter is entertaining: her. best;
young man there in the twilight should:
certainly be liable to arrest for contempt;;
of court.
? The annual report of the-Third' As?
sistant Postmaster-General^of the United;.
States shows that the total, cost of the.
Postal Service for the last fiscal year was;
$58,126,004.
? Mrs. Kate Loep, a Germanj?ojBjn?
living in New York, gave bj#h-folriplet8#
all boys, about ten days ago. She named: ]
one of -them in honor of President-elect^
Harrison.
? It is difficult sometimes to loosen a;
rusty screw. If you cannot withdrA^
such a one, beat an iron rod to a wMttg
beat and bold it for two or three minutes;
against the screw head, after which the I
screw will come out with facility.
? Tone up the system and improve thej
appetite by taking Ayer's Sarsaparilla;
It will make you feel like a new person,*!
Thousands have fouud health, and
from suffering, by the use of this great!
blood purifier, when all other means;
failed.
? Gen. McCook. ofFortLeavenworth, I
Kan., has-planned a great work, for]
improving the course of the Missouri')
Biver at that point so as to reclaim:
thousands of acres of valuable bottom"'
land. Military convicts will be employed*
in the work. . ;?'?'?
? For forty years,' Ayer's .Cherry Pecri
toral has been demonstrated to be the
most reliable remedy in-use, for colds;-;
coughs and lung diseases. Slight colds -
should not be neglected. The -Pectora^
will prevent their becoming chronic.
? From Waterloo, la., comes the news,,
that for the fifth time the "Jones Couffty.
Calf Case" is to be taken, to the Supreme
Court. This case was begun in 1877 and"
the calves involved were valued at $45iv
Already the litigation over the matter has;
cost plaintiffs and defendants $20,000_ajid2j
the end is not yet.
? The Vermont legislature has refused
women the right to vote in municipal'
elections, and consequently, a numbertrH
women have seat in a,petition declaring J
that "taxation without representation is
tyranny," and asking the removal of all
taxes from property owned by women.
What will the Legislature do with their;
petition ?
? The practice of having night-ligliS
in children's bedroomJs pronohnced;yi^nJ
injurious by a well known physiciabij
Instead of allowing the optic nerves the|
perfect rest afforded by - darkness, then
light keeps them in perpetual stimulation^
with the result of caubing the brain anu\j
the rest of the nervous system to suffer.?-;
New York Telegram.
? The News and- Courier published a
census of the South Carolina Colony in
Washington and the long list js a surprise ?
to those who stay at home.
Senators and Congressmen there are
on the list and their average pay is
$1,300 a year. Add the Senators
Congressmen we have 174 South Carolin
ians who are growing fat on Government
pap to the tune of $283,576 a year.
? An aged New Englander thought
get rid of a disliked admirer of his daug
ter's in a unique manner. He made
bet with the young man on the result of}
the Presidential election, and the girPsx
band was the stake. Should the admirer^
lose he was to cease paying attention-^
the girl and leave town, whereas should;,
he win, the oV gentleman was to consents
to the marriage. The prospective fatheip
in-law lost, but insists-that the wedding'-,
must not take place until after the 4th'w|
March.
'm
A Man
Who has practiced medicine for forlyi
years, ought to know salt from sugar-j^
read what he says:
Toledo, O., Jan. 40,1887T^'
Messrs. F. J. Cheney & Co.?Gentle^
men :?I have been in the genml prac%
tice of medicine for most forty ytS!3,!and?
would say that in all my practice and^
experience, I have never Been a preparft-tf
tion that I could prescribe with as muchS
confidence of success as I can Hall's Ca?|'
tarrh Cure manufactured by yon. Havet
prescribed it a great many times and its^
effect is wonderful, and would say inf;
conclusion that I have yet to find t> caseV
of Catarrh that it would not cure, if they-;
would take it according to directions,%|f
Yours Truly,
L. L. GOBSUCH, M. D.,"-r5f||
Office, 215 Summit.StA^
We will give $100 for any case oH?N
tarrh that can not be cured with HalUl
Catarrh Cure. Taken internally. ' I
F. J. CHENEY & CO., Props., Toiev!
do.O. ? ,4]
B?- Sold by Druggists, 75c, {