Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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? HY E. B. MURRAY & CO. ANDERSON, S. C.. THURSDAY MORNING, MARCH 2. 1682. VOLUME XVII. -NO. 33. Hiberty Can Never l'crlsh In any Free nH(j<< eminent until the l?gislative Au BLhurlty Heroines More Corrupt than.tho' RH Executive. H The subjoined extract? from the report ??rroneressmnn Tillman's speech on the BffpSloomept bil!. "? published in ihe W^nqrc^ional Record, will give thc public Blaine jdea of its breadth, ils liberality, thoughtfulness nnd its fervicd patriot Hi It has likewise often been charged, and ^Btlievcd, that money has frequently and Kccessfully been used to carry elections BKr United States Senators io tho small Kegislatures of New York and Peuosyl ML.Ti-i Only a few months ago a most Bgj-^nu'ci^ ? scene was presented at Alba Hy "illustrating tbe truth of this remark. BR Again, when wo turn our eyes towards Bio email Legislatures of th? Weil what BU, Wc behold? Nevada, with hui 25 Kastors and 50 repr?sentatives ; while HBoloratlo has but 20 senators and 40 rep Kseutntives. Is it not both charged and ^Believed that a majority of each of these Betty Legislatures are bribed at every ffi'ection for United States Senator, hy BBi'hcr the railway, mining and other cor BSorations, or by the bonanza capitalists? Leading newspapers in many paru >f Be United States have, furthermore, H?ring the last few yet., a charged opeuly HmJ boldly that several members of the BKnall body at the other end of the Capi Hbl were either elected by corrupt practi HScs or are corruptly employed by tho ?Krporations and monopolies of tho coun Ky to legislate for their best interests Bfcatead of for the public good. I clo not ?Ky that tbeso charges are true, but I do Bay they exist, and that they are credited Mn many sections of the country. Nor do BTsay that tho Legislature of Now York Bud Pennsylvania, of Nevada and Colo Ufado, or of any other State or States, ure Biol ru pt. I simply remark that they ave B?srged with corruption-that it is be Keved by vast numbers of men ; and I Ian tend th at every lagislalivc assemby of free people ought to be above suspicion, hieb can beat be secured in this case nly by having thc body so largo that it ill cost a world ot money and trouble ) bribe the ronjority. The people of New York orJNevada or f any other State where the Legislature as been debauched or only suspected of ; are just as good on thc average as the copie of the remaining States, that have ugo Legislatures which cannot be ribed. It is the system of small Legis aurea that I condemn, not the people ho siifTer by it. They deserve commis ration ; and it is rv sad thing for tho law laking power of any freo government to e suspected of corruption even when in nocent of it, because such a suspicion is ??post demoralizing and injurious. From this dark picture of the injuries Sr rough t by the Legislature of the Fed Bgral Government and of several of the jflgtates being too small let us cast our at ?mention to New England, whero Vermont Bftlaasachusetts aud Connecticut each Mbave over two hundred and forty mern Hers of the lower house of their Legisla Buro' Bno- ^ew Hampphiro over throe HJhundred, actually more representative Hf the people than this House bas. Lit ?flo Rhode Island, which is not as large Hn territory as either of a half dozer ?Bounties in my own small State, bai |?flj[hirty-B?x senators and seventy-two rep Hesontatives. Rhode Island with foin ?iore Senators than New York, the great Hat State in the Union I NEW ENGLAND LEGISLATURES. B These New England States re?ucec ??heir several Legislatures somewhat, too niter the adoption of the Constitution o ?Bajlie United Stales, on account of thi Hatter dividing the power to make lawn Bput tnev never forgot Johe Adams's ad Hrico, that to keep the Legislatures fron ?torrup ti on it must be a little mass meet BD?* ^uV? tQ0 Massachusetts, Legisla Hure when it made laws for the L'tatc o MBIaine as well as for her present Territo Hy, contained over seven hundred mern Byers, a?d we have thc authority of Judg HWoodbury, former United States Seuato Bnnd Associate Justice of tbe Uniter HBtates Supreme Court, that the body wa Hiot unwieldly nor disorderly. Now, whoever heard of one of toes nonster New .England Legislatures bc ing bribed or intimidated for nnytbini sither to elect a Senator or graut a me tiopoly ? There must be some overpov wing influence, to make tho New Eng lander eudure the heavy lair, neceasar to pay these multitudinous Legislature Then why is it, what is it, that induces New Englander to cheerfully submit t this heavy pecuniary burden, when lb god of his idolatry ia said to be the A mighty dollar? It" is tho teaching < John Adams. Among all the great men who too >art in tho construction and organiz: lion of our splendid system of Nation.' sod Stato Governments, three nam< stand out in bold and perpetual relic These are John Adams, Thomas Jeffie iQn ard Alexander Hamilton. The! nreo men impressed themselves upo American polity in n way that no tin can efface as long as the Republic sha last, and of the turee I must say. in a Uneerlty, I think John Adams did mo ipr his country and tho cause of hump liberty by conceiving the idea of a litt niasfl meeting of representatives for Jeglo?Ulve assembly and choosing the by a myriad of small election cusirle called townships. Yes, sir, the pct township of New England as a legist tue, administrative and judicial sube! vision of tho State-a sort of sovereign of ita own-is the greatest contribute jo .ci vi I liberty that has ever been ma? by mortal man. Adams taught his pe pie to keep their political affaire in thc own hands and to distrust every publ officer clothed with legislative autboril or even with judicial or executive authc ?ty. Ho likewisolaught them there ls Bal ty as well as wisdom in a multitude councillors. He indelibly impress ?pon them the danger of a few influe bal and wealthy men or families corrui; 'y using the law-ranking power for pi *?te ends, aud that the beat way to pr vent it was to have a host of legislate chosen by small election districts. TIIE CITADEL OF OUIt LIBERTIES. In other words, John Adams instru ed the New England people to look up the township as tho citadel of their lib lies, while Thoniaa Jefferson advised t Southern people to regard the Sta only, no matter how organized, as I palladium of freedom. Hamilton, the other hand, told his peoplo to le on the one-man power, or at tho most rely on an aristocracy of a few voters, as I wisest course to have a good governme ?is political opinions Blill domini New York, Pennsylvania and tho Mid States generally. Especially do tl: pervade New York, where the one-m power is worshipped as much ns man\.rn t>. ' theory ia in New Englai or Slate tovcreignty at the South. To-day-Hamilton's spirit presides tho National Capital, Jefferson's at S;ate capitals, am} Acjam's nt the lo\ ?nf P halls, and of the threo men I do psiU?Qiicre uow and In this preset w a ?>ou?h Carolinian, to ?ny 1 beli Mn Acjama did rr.ore for civil Hbertj , v.ci uruw oreath upon ?is ?mil io?, plauso ;] and if you S pardon n'ef f?r" ??du ging in tho spirit of prophecy ? ?cor!1,^whe-n T r?<?n& snail como to write the epic of tim ,1? elmo and fall of the GrT?t American hLTi'C' 1 have t0 ?cord SatS? last and mr^tdeepcratc struggle for Hb ?halVVrn,8,U,J,U\^CUrred'? lh? town ! plauso I X N0W En?Ia?d- ?Ap ? I call upon the Englander on this 1 floor to g.ve us a New House of Rcpre nation the blessings of a national town ship legislature ? hare often thought the gi ratest misfortune or the American people has been that John Adams was abseut acting as minister to Roland ot ne tune when he ought to haVbee"n helpingJo frame the Constitution of the United blab*. If he had participated in the construction of that instrument, I cannot help but believe, at least hope that he would have impressed ULOII the' i'ederat Constitution something more of a permanent and numerous legislative assembly chosen by Hinall districts than it nas now. What an absurdity to say that a small body of representatives can net best while }t takes a large body of the people to do best; that the people's agents eau do better in small uurabers while the peoplo themselves can do best only in large numbers. Such a proposition questions 1 he ability of the people to govern them selves, because it assumes that the country can be best governed by tho wisdom of its representatives in Congres acting per sc, and not by tho wiadom of the people Montesquiue, the great French political philospher, as some call him, says that nvfiry law making body of more than ono hundred men degenerates into a mob, a sort of bear garden ; and this I suppose id the reason why so many States of the Union have limited their House of Rep resentatives to one hundred members. Now, this Frenchman, who picked up in England what little knowledge of free institutions he possessed, might have found a convincing argument agaiust his theory in the Rritish Commons. That body does sometimes seemingly act like a pandemonium toa superficial observer, by crowing like cocks, braying like asses, shuffling feet, coughing, otc., but it is all in good humor, nine times out of ten simply to silence a bore. The Roman Senate. Cicero tells us, used to do the same thing for the same purpose. A man must either talk sense or fun to be listened to with attention long in any deliberativo assembly. Occasionally a few members, say half a dozen of thc Commons or of thia House, forget the froprieties, but to reduce the size of the louse on that account would be to con demn the representatives of the people for being what their constituents desire them to be. If they are not what the people wish, they can ensily be changed when a new election occur, There is always more or less tumult among a large body of freemen, whether they be educated gentlemen or ?Iliterata rustics. It is a comitant of freedom that scorns to speak with bated breath or tread with tender feet in any presence. Eter nal violence as well ns eternnl vigilance is an attendant on liberty. Even on!) two freemen will now and then hsvt fierce discord, especially when making expounding, or executing laws for others In proportion to numbers and relative ages of the members of the two houses about ns many disgraceful scenes, as the] are sometimes called, have occurred ii the Se?alo of the United States as in tin House. When some one tried tn persunde Lon Faimoreton to enact tyrannical "laws t< restrain dram drinking in England, lu replied : "I would rather have Englam free than sober." UNIVERSAL 6UFFRAOE LEADS TO UNI VERSAL DAMNATION. Representation was thoroughly rc formed in England io 1832-a half cen tury ago ; and it has been reapportions on several occasions since, extending th suffrage every time, until now it ma fairly bo said Eugland has a hetter rep resentation than we have. It is true sb has not universal suffrage, and God forbi she ever should have, because univei sal suffrage leads to universal dan: nation wherever and whenever it ma be tried, [laughter,] but she has generous, liberal suffrage, sufficient^ t express the real will of the people. Yei sir, I do not mince words. Universe suffrage lends to universal demoralize lion. I have had that demonstrated to mt sir, by several years of close obaervatio and bitter experience near home. [ Laughter.] And, Mr. Speaker, I se some gentlemen before mc from Massi chusetts and Rhode Island who hav been disfranchising white men, and think they must have thc same opinion as I do about universal suffrage, ia fee all my friends of the Republican party for I am glad to say wc are on the eve ( the era of good feeling, if we have nt actually entered upon it-I say that believe that all my friends admit thf there is a great deal of truth in my rt marks, by the course they havo pursue in respect to suffrage in this distric They gave certain colored people th right to vote ; in other words, universi suffrage, and to get rid of it aud its ho rors they had to disfranchise a consider! ble number of white voters, too. An now, sir, I should like to know from an gentleman on the Republican side, < any other side, who is disposed to diann thc proposition that universal suflraj lends to universal damnation, to expiai why they have deprived both white ai black of suffrage herc, if they do n agree with me. True, you have got r of the affliction here, but it is still a fe tering ulcer on the body politic from tl Potomac to tho Rio Grande. [Laug ter.] "THY PEOPLE SHALL HE MY PEOPLE Mr. Speaker, I rejoice from the cent of my heart that a botter day appen dawning upon this country than has bei witnessed 6ince the war. I sincerely b lieve, as I have stated, thnt the war w brought on very largely, if not entirol by the small representation of the peop in their Federal Government, and th nothing will serve so much to reste cordial relations as enlarged represen! tion upon this floor. My countrymen from the Worin a from tho South, let us be friends. \ were so once, why not again i True, < have had a bi'.ter quarrel, and even bloody war, but why should that lons keep us apart f The best of families w fall out sometimes, and when t brothers disagree, the one that forgii and forgets first is tho better of the tv Wo must become friends some time, n why not now? We have had ono ct war, while England and France a many other nations have bad several, : now they aro ono people, and all trace discord has long passed away. In < family difficulty you got the better or ?nd thcreforo can nfford to be magna mous ; so let.ns pay unto each other Ruth unto Naomi, "Thy people shall my people, thy God roy God. ' With this end in view let us try briug thc North, the South, tho Easts ' Jhe West nearer together. J ferven wEiictu H caa DC done ia DO better way ; tbao by enlarging represen tat ioo here J and increasing it in the Senate by admit- ' ting an hundred, or even two hundred, new States into the Union. At the same ; time let us keep up a strong and mimer- , ous body of local legislators in the States ! to protect their reserved rights. Thia ie ; tho way to maka us truly "oue and indi- ; ( visible ' and cause every American to . exclaim with pride, "Ii pluribu* un i / : Etto perjxtua." [Groat applause.J PERIODIC FEVERS. Etiology and Pathology of Intenuttteot and Remittent Ferera. j Second Annual Itrpnrt State Hoard of Jfralth. , So much has already been written on , this subject, that we are all moro or less I familiar with the various opinions and ! theories that have had their rise and fall : within the last two or three hundred I years, respecting tho origin and causo of i this particular class of diseases, and the ; writer considers it a matter of no little j importance what views we, as sanitari j ans, take in this very- interesting aud j important subject, one involving unmis I takably the lives of the inhabitants of many sections of our own and other lands. In approaching thia apparently ex hausted field, it is not his intention to introduce anything new or original, but I to assert bia convictions, after years of study and careful observation ; believing, that as a miner ?B able to exhume from the caverns of the earth a gem worthy to adorn an imperial brow, BO the humblest of us can sometimes contribute n little to tho advancement of science. Nature's simplest laws appear myste rious until we can -comprehend them; and the mystery which clouds the origin of these diseases, and the failure hitherto of every research, and of every attempt to explain it satisfactorily, must surely bc owing to our misguided inquiries. The idea of a specific poison, supposed to be generated by the decomposition of animal and vegetable matter, was ad vanced first by Lancisci, and has beeu generally embraced since; but the exis tence of such a poison appears to mc to be entirely imaginary-hypothetical-a creation of o?r own fancy, and very nat urally so, too, considering thc different viewB taken of it by authors, and the Proteus-like appearance it assumes in their hands. Thus, one describes it ns "being entire ly disarmed by passing over eight hun dred yards of water;" another, that "it can safely perform the voyage from Hol land to Scotland," a distance of not Ices than four hundred miles; nnd another, "that it cannot ascend to the second story of a house, yet it can seize its victim on n mountain side, four hundred feet high." A mysterious nature, indeed, suited tc any circumstances, and governed by noue "Stygian-like, it ascends from the bowell of tho earth, and angel-like, descend? with the dews from heaven." Periodic fevers cannot prevail withou being called into existence by some agent and as the writer is an unbeliever in tin existence of this specific poison, he woult suggest for consideration another agent which is not new, however, but which h believes to be all-sufficient to produc these diseases. This agent, I have lon] been convinced, :3 tho cbange of temper ature which takes place between midda and midnight, however slight the chang may bc. Let me mention the circuir stances of thc epidemic in my own cour ly in 1873. Now, in the upper and middle portio of this State, and most of the Gulf State the country is generally broken and ut dulaling, abounding in numerous wate courics, many of which afford a larg area of swamp or bottom land, compose of vegetable mould, alluvial Boil, etc and so thickly covered with trash and i uudergrowtb of vegetation that the ra; cf the Bun seldom reach thc carib's au face. Near these ponds and marshes a the principal localities where our summ diseases, and the so-called "malariou fevers, in their severest forma, general make their appearance. In 1873 we had a fearful epidemic, ai the chief sufferers were those living < or near the streams above cited. On o of these streams was a large mill por which had been erected more than for years, and tho neighborhood had alwa been considered healthy, but in the com of time the poud and creek for sevei miles above became filled with sand a mud, rendering the land on either si too wet for cultivation ; consequent the atmosphere was ceutinually salural with moisture, and many cases of int mittent and remittent fever followed. Inhabitants living near other sirca shared the same fate. On ono sm stream there were, within the distance five or six miles, one hundred and fi cases of intermittent and remittent lev but on or near another stream two mi distant from the latter, and running p allel with it, larger than either of th referred to, and having as much or m marsh and vegetable matter to decornp -the swamp for miles abounding in luvial soil, etc.-there were for ten twelve miles but few case? of fever dyseutery. This state of facta we ol find to exist in many Bections of Southern States, one neighborhood ? fering severely from intermittents, w another close by Buffers but little. It is the opinion of the writer that mystery might probably be explainer, extending our investigation? into tl localities with our thermometer and grometer, testing the degree of mois in the atmosphero, uo doubt finding dryest, although having tho same de of temperature, to present the least n ber of cases. Ana again, wa oft/.Ti when a number of persons are ruoi less exposed in one of these locali some will have an attack of remit others intermittent, and some escape tirely. Why is this? Why does every one occupying and sleeping ii . same building, or living in the Barn i cality during one of these fever eph ice. have au attack of fovcr? The writer will attempt to answri i question in a way that occurs to hi , be tho easiest and most natural. W i continually exposed to injurious^ inf ; ces which have a tendency to inte! i and destroy, and were it not for our ? er of restricting them, lifo would ir be abort in its duration, and const 1 harassed by disease. This capabili > resistance residing in the system, rai ? in degree in different individuals, T. : i tends to explain why some aro ei . and others arc attacked when ex t under similar circumstances. ? For instance, wo often see that a i i wound, or tho mere prick of a ni . will in one Individual cause greal I and constitutional Irritation, in ar I ?rncopo, in a third convulsion or tel I and in a fourth, scarcely any perce t consequences at all. f The writer also believes that tbei r natural or constitutional predispc , to disease in some individual* whol . dependent of accidental causes oi ) casual debility. Now, let us ex s into the circumstances and palhol I conditions of the system thus rei ,'s) peculiarly susceptible to this c II of temperature, or external influer r I The inhabitants living near streams, swamps or mambos, are subject to a higher degree of heat during the day and a lower degree during the night than those living on more elevated or dryer situations. There are several reasons for the dif ference in degrees of .cmpcraturo in the two localities. Water, alluvial soil, etc., being poor conductors of beat, reflect the rays of the sun, thu? causing a higher degree of temperature through the day, and an sonu ns tho heat of the sun is withdrawn, theso soils being colder, chill the surrounding atmosphere, causing a greater reduction of temperature at night; but in localities whero the face of the country is more elevated or undula ting, ibo air is dryer, and more or less in circulation, keeping the temperatura more uniform and lower during tho day, and tho soils, being generally argillace ous, and good conductors of heat, absorb a considerable portion of it, which, by radiation nfter night fall, favors a higher degree of temperature near swamps and water courses durinrr the day, for any length of time, tho skin becomes unduly stimulated and from sympathetic relation existing between it and tho liver, the latter becomes unduly stimulated also, thus predisposing the liver to be easily and injuriously affected by external influ ence, particularly a slight or sudden re duction of temperature. Thissympathet ic relat ion between the functions of the skin, liver, stomach and lungs, is univer sally admitted, but the exact relation, h iwever, still remains a questiou of dis pute. Watson's Practice, pago 48, says, [and I believe most writers corroborate this statement) : "It appears that a high, '. ut not ex Irenic, atmospheric temperature has a stimulating effect upon the organic func tions of the body." Thus it is essy to understand why tho diseases resulting From such exposure, under like circum stanccs, should be derangement of tho liepatic functions, spleen, stomach and bowels, with n copious discharge of viti ated and acrid bile, and often innamma :ion of tho liver itself. Tho liver and ungs are the great decarbonizing organs if the body, the nctivity of one acting inversely to the activity of tho other, renee there is more demand on the lung? ind less on the liver in cold weather, and .'ice vcrta in the heat of summer. "In the lungs carbon undergoes slow combustion, accompanied by a disengage lient of heat for keeping up the animal emperature, and in thrown eli" as car ionic acid. In the liver it unites with ?ydrogeii and small portions of oxyger ind nitrogen, and forms bile." Tho atmosphere, on account of iii .arity, contains less oxygen, in the sann rolume, in summer than in winter, bene? herc will be more labor thrown on tin liver. "For tho performance of this, ir iccordance with the geucral law of secre ;ions, increased activity of the circulatioi .brough tho portal system will be re juired. Of this activity, all the radicle if the large veins that unite to form th rena porta?, must, more or less, partake. From the enlarged spleen, produce by or often seen in, intermittents of lon (landing, wc have reason to infer that i dight congestions, tue splenetic vein i the one chiefly involved, and "wbatevt zorges the splenic vein, must also gorg its tributary-the inferior mesenter which carries the blood fro a 'he rectui und descending colon." . On account of the congestion of tl mucous membrane inflammation is casi! lighted up from exposure, or a slight ri duction of temperature, and we have case of dysentery. The skin, by its two-fold action, resp ratory and secretory, moderates tho ter rierature of the body, and assists tl iver in accomplishing its increased 1 bor. Now, from an exhausted conduit of the skin, and a stimulated coriditie of the liver, from a continued high ter peraturo, let us Fee wha*. will bo the effe of a reduction of temperature, partie larly when accompanied by moisture, during rest and sleep. Having been exposed to this high tei perature during the day, we generally to sleep, having very little or no covcri to protect us from the humid nnd ct night air. The skin, from its receut i tivity during thc day, ia rendered pee liarly sensitive to this slight reduction temperature, and more especially wh accompanied with humidity; theres1 is, the pores of the skin nre closed, t surface becomes more or less cool, I blood recedes from the circumference a Ands its wny to some of the internal gan?, and as the liver has been rendel the most susceptible, u great portion it will be invited to that organ, prod ing temporary congestion. If the excitement and reaction hi been ?light no ill result may follow, the tonicity of the system will bc gained by rest and sleep. The liv however, may not bo sufficiently resto to expel the congesting fluid eulin aud parts of it will rcmniu in a state partial congestion. This, according the degree to which it exists, may orri not interfere perceptibly with tho fu tiona of the organ. But if the expos bo sufficiently great, aud often repeat the patient may have au attack of at bilious fever. Every exposure increi the hepatic derangement and weal the tonicity of thc organ, until nt 1 during one of these periodic detcrm tions ot blood to the part abovo Stained, it gives way, and thc circula uid "recetflng from thc surface, coll in tho liver, spleen and portal vessels abnormal quantities, and wc have phenomenon of a chill. Thc blood soon acts as an irritant, reaction ti place, tonicity returns with excitem and we havo fever." If the conges bo not sufficiently intense to exciti flammation, the fever after a while p: off, and the patient has nn intermit Hut if inflammation has beeu excite the irritation caused by the conget continue, the fever only abates aft period of excitement, and the palien a remittent; and owing lo tho syr tbetic relation existing between the and other organs of the body, the s ach, spleen, and large and small i lines, we understand how easily ai them may be involved in course o disease, tho various degrees of m nancy depending on the modificatie tho cause. When I was a student of medicii Charleston thirty years ago, the cit advii-.ed and instructed, that if should go into the country and slec| one night on thc rice plantations, oi part ot that low flat country, they v most certainly contract what was t country fever, but if they would t and not sleep, the danger was gi le: ened. That theory I believed correct then, and I believe it to bi rect now, and that tho first impre or commencement of this class of d generally takes placo while we are a Why do intermittents and remi appear more frequently near \ courses, and on low, flat, sandy toil as we often see, on the leeward side stream, and but seldom on the wind It is tho generally received opini writers on "malaria" that miasma ried by thc wind from one side < stream to the other : now may^ it ; thc humid atmosphere that is i from one shore to thc other inst "malaria"? We oflen ?ec in health reports of cities aud large towns that the largest number of eases of intermittent and remittent fever appear in the suburbs of such towns or cities. This fact may be accounted for in this way: In the centre or business portion?, of towns and cities tho nt root? and sidewalks aro generally paved with stone or bricks ; this stone or brick being ! exposed to thc rays of the sun during the day, absorbs a considerable amount of heat, which, by radiation after night fall, prevents, to a degree, the lowering of tho temperature. On the other hand, tho streets and side walks in the suburbs aro not, as a general rule, paved, and the soil, being a poor conductor of heat, absorbs but little during the day, and therefore will have but little to give to thc atmosphere after night. lu such localities wo infer that the temperature will bo lower at mid night, with an almosphcro moro highly charged with humidity thru in the centre or pived port'ons of such towns. And again, wc have seen it stated that thoso Bleeping in the first story of a building may have remittent fever, thoso in tho second intermittent, while those in th" third or fourth escape altogether. "Ma laria" is too heavy to ascend unaided, but remains near tho surface, uulcss car ried up by the wind or moisture. Now, it appears to mc that this samo moisture, which is supposed to he thc vehicle by which this "malaria" is conveyed up into thc atmosphere, is sufficient by reducing the temperature withiu itself, to t'o what is attributed to malarial poison. We all ogreo that the nearer the earth'?! surface, the greater thc humidity, and as we as cend, tho purer and dryer the atmosphere becomes. In a recant city health report of St Louis, tho city chemist, among various other facts relating to public health,said "he had cxaminedthc condition of brick walls in buildingb standing in dry and damp situations." First, taking brick: in dry weather from an old and strom building, placed on high ground, wei sewered and exposed to sunshine-a fact brick next above the foundation con taincd one ouuee of water ; four fee higher, half an ounce; and just undei thc level of the roof, one-twelfth of ai ounce. And in examining a building differently situated, notoriously dani| and unwholesome, on high but mad< ground, a face brick in tho fourth rov from tho foundation contained eighteci ounces of wntcr. Theso facts should b well considered by sanitarians wheu in vestigating tho causes of this class o diseases. A temperature that would b perfectly harmless to vegetation when th air and plant aro both dry, will produc a frost after a rain, and when the air i moist. Of this fact every farmer ca testify. The diffeienco in respect to night ten perature between pinces uenr and tho? remote from streams of water or swamp is further shown by what takes place o the occurrence of the late frosts of sprin and tho early frosts of fall. Near tl streams they aro always more severe tho at a distance, so that plants in thc form* situations aro often killed, while in tl latter they escnpo unhurt. The humr system is similarly affected. It does appear conclusive to mc th this humid atmosphere, surtouuding ti sleeping occupant* of lower stories nt all damp situations, is sufficient with itself to produce Ihe dinpnR?s in questio without being a mere vehicle forconve ing "malaria." Wo can also understand how indiscr lion in diet, and the depressing passior fear, grief, &c, aid in producing this d ease. 'Congestion of the portal systc is Hablo to occur when the alimenta canal is distended with food. The c pressing and perturbing passions, as fe grief and anxiety, cause the blood recede from the surface, as is shown tUf? nshy paleness- which they alwi produce." Over-indulgence in rich food couta ing much fatty matter likewise preii poses to theo fevers. Indulgenco in ri animal d.et in warm weather, when th is so little need for tho consumption carbon for keeping up thc temperature the body, will have the effect of throwi more labor on the liver. It will bc sti ulated, and ns n conseriueuce rendel more susceptible to the influence of 1 diurnal changea of temperature. A v elable diet, on tho other hand, couta comparatively little carbon, while ii rich in protein, tho proximate elemcn all the tissues. In tho warm seasoi will obviously bc more conducive health than the other. If this theory be correct, what, ?hu be our preventive means or measure lessen our chances of, or to escape tl fevers? To avoid tho exposure to heal of thc sun by day, and the chill and humid atmosphere at night, : other extremes of temperature. 'J idea seems lo have been taught as back as the days of l'liny, and we ct show from history where it had L acted on in many instances with g benefit. It is staled that Bonaparte, wheu p ing through Ihoae pestiferous swamp Italy, to protect his troops from lc had fires built before each tent, wi was lo dry the atmosphere, and instr ed every man to dress in flannel un clothing at sundown, and to tako same ott'at sunrise. If a stranger goes into a neighbor! where fevers aro prevnlont, and what means he must take to escape i will almost invariably be told by c one to avoid tho hot sun by day, and cool, damp air at night ; not to ex himself alter sunset nor before tho has risen high enough to dispel the lineas of the morning air; or, if he to exposo himself at tho dangerous h to see to it that he is properly proti by additional clothing, and have made up in his bed-chamber on rcti The writer confidently believe) that one might live in any locality in ni the Southern Stales with impunit; using tho above precaution.-, with tiou of dressing in flannel underdo at sundown and taking them off at rise. Is not the partial exemption c negro from these diseases another of the non-existence of this me poison ? That the negro is less liai attacks of these fevers than tho man, when equally exposed, is a fa< all concede, yet I have never seen i ??factory explanation of this fron writer on "malaria." Now, in a? ance with tho theory advanced ii naper, the writer believes that the p exemption of the negro can be easi plained. His skin is black, and Iii diates Ihe absorbed heat so rapidly the organic functions of tho body stimulated to the degree that thc mau is ; consequently, he ts not si tibio to the slight changes of ten ture, and therefore requires more fr? and more severe exposure to nffec Another interesting fact con: with these diseases io that they are; ed by a heavy frost. In accordant the theory hero entertained, the believes that the reason why this is, thut fires are now made up nigl morning, and winter clothing is p All these co operating prevent t lorna 1 congestion from which thc i takes its origin. A frost not ; enough to make the inhabitant)* thu? net j OD tlie defensive never arrest? tho disease. I All writers on this subject, as well as the j residents of theso districts where it pro ' vails, ngrce on this point. P. A. WlLUlTK, M. D., ! Member of Executive Committee of Stete Hoard of Health of South Carolina. DOOMED TO DEATH. The <]>-ecuvllle Incendiaries IleriiHftl u New Trial. Greenville Daily Keira. The following telegram was received by Mr. M. P. Ansel, City Attorney, yes terday : "COLUMBIA, Feb. 21, 1882. "State Vd. Dodson ct ni. Judgment below allirmed. "A. M. UOOZEU, Clerk." This means that the Supreme Court has confirmed tho judgment uf the Court here iu refusing thc Opera House incen diaries a new trial, and thc terse telcgrnm is virtually thc announcement of thc death sentence against thu four men - Hurtou, Dodson, Hates and Adams. Nothing now remains to be dono except to have tho prisoners rc sentenced. This will probably bo done at the approaching term of Court in March, and thc execu tion, it is thought, will take placo some limo in May. There is now no hope for the condemned men except tho very slight ouc of executive clemency. Mr. Ansel, soon nfter receiving the tel egram, notified Mr. J. T. Nix, who vis ited thc jail. After some conversation with other clients, he went to the door of the cell where Dodson is confined, tho first on the right upon entering tho cor ridor on the second floor, and called him. Dodson hung back in the renr, however, nnd Mr. Nix crossed to the opposite side and called Burton, Pleas Adams and Rich Hales, who came quickly to the door, walking freely despite theil shackled feet. In a few words Mr. Nix informed them that thc decision of thc Supreme Court Wits against them, am! that they had i>jly a commutation o sentence to hope for. Of this lie offeree little hope. Ihe tuen received tho now: quietly, but seriously, and showed plain ly by their faces that they were verj downcast and cowed. Hurtou said : "I'm glad you caine down to tell me sir. I'll meet it manfully, fori certainly nm innocent." Adams remarked : "They may hauj mc, but I know I didn't do it." Hates enid: "God in Heaven know I've got to die for another man's crime. Dodson had como to his door and li; tened to the conversation, which was nu dible across thc hall, and when Mr. Ni asked him if ho had heard what ho ha naiii. ho clasped his two hand) togcthe and looked up despairingly, saying noll , lng, and being nppnrcntly speechless. A representative of the Daily Nen went to tho jail soon afterwards, an called Hurtou to thc door of his eel There were several other prisoners coi fined with the incendiario-*, but all gai way as Burton, Adams and Hates caa forward and plnced themselves, as tin invariably have done, with Burton to tl left, all three leaning against tho hea\ iron bars and resting their hands < them. Hurtou - was the beat dresse although all th na were in their shi sleeved, his shirt being a clean ono wi smooth linen besom and gold, or imit tion gold, studs. The others wore ort: nary coarse cotton shirts. All three them look healthy except tho jail pall which is perceptible in thc blackest fa after long confinement away from t sun light. "Burton," said the representative the Daily Newt, "I came to see if v had anything you wanted to say. a Nix has told you of tho Supremo Com decision ?" "Yes, sir," answered Burton promptl "I only wnnt to say this : I'm hero in t hands of the people charged with a cri of which I'm not guilty. I'll just hf to take it as il comes. That's all I c do." "Did you ihink you would have a n trial ?" "Yes, sir, 'cause I know if any ir deserved il I did. If I die, I'll die nothing. I know that. Why, tl could take up any man and kill him name way they've, got mo hero. I j feel ns I always did-that if I had to it's God's will, if He'll lei mo die nothing. I'vo always told thc truth fi the first of it. I know it's a debt wc nil got to pay, and if I've got to dit thc hands of man for nothing, it's j (?od'ri will." In responso to questions about health, he said il was tolerably good, o that his eyes had failed since iie ? been in jail, and ho had "hcadach good deal." When Adams wts questioned he sm in a mechanical way, evidently being at all in a laughing mood, and answer "Well, sir, I'm in here innocent, war; put in for something I ain't guilt] Of course 1 thought I'd get a new t I didn't have any right lo think anytl oise," muttering something addilh about tho "way ho hud been done." "Do you have much hope of the ( ernor's commuting your sentence?" asked. "I don't kuow," waa thc reply. "1 wauts to do anything like justice he w Rich Bates, when asked if ho wi: to say anything, said ho didn't know ho did. "I don't see auy use," he i "what I have said hasn't done no ? They all know I'm in hero and i cent." In reply to a question Bates sni was thc only ouc of thc threo who c read and write, Burton, however, I able to read tho Bible. All said were trying to bo prepared to die ; had Been no preachers recently. Dodson was then called for, and to tho door of his cell where a crow other prisoner*- were standing a walking with a disjointed swagger, he wore trying to appear defiant, bu not control of his muscles, lie spo a husky, gasping voice that beliei bravado of his words, and was ovid very nervous and considerably frigh already. When asked if he had Mr. Nix, he replied that that genii had told him tuc decision of tho Suj Court. "Well, what do you think o "I think (with a gasp) if they hat they can't do nothing but liane mc. "Can you read and write, Dodsoi "Oh yes. I can read and write." "Have you any hope now?" "Well, sir, you know they sny there's lifo there's hope, and when gone of course there's no hopes." ihe prisouer looked around on the in a nervous way ns if he thought I said a good thing and wanted encoi ment. "Havo you anything you want to Dodson "pulled himself togethei visible effort, hitching tip his she and shaking himself, and liftir drooping head, "i'm sorter like tl when the calf run over him, you sir," ho replied. Then he looked t as if expecting applause or laughtt the crowd. "You will keep n stiff upper lip i "I've had one fur twenty-four i : and will keep it lill i die. ''You didn't have one when yo fessed, did you?" naked the Daily New? representative. "Yes; I had one then, too." "Then ?hat made you confess?" Dodson h 'dad his interlocutor in the eyes for a moment, and then his lids dropped, and he stammered slowly: "The Court Houso is the placo for that. Not a place like this here. Time will brine forth everything"-this laut in a still lower tone. "I havn't Rot a word to say," he added. "My doctrine's but short, samo as myself is" (another look around on the Impassive faces of hit> fel lows for approval.) "Then you still say you aro innocent ?" "Ye*, sir. I've a right to say so ;" here his eyes dropped again. "You don't know anything about tho burning then ?" "Cf course you kno v if I'm innocent I don't know anything about the burn ing." While saying this Dodson's eves wandered, there was a very perceptible increase in his nervousness, and ho glanced several times over tho reporter's shoulders to the opposite door where Burton and the other two stood listening attentively. As the reporter turned away Dodson waved his two hands awk wardly and walked back, forgetting bis swagger. Rich Hates called thc Daily New? rep resentativo over to him, and said ho would try and get bis lawyer to hnvo his sentence commuted, and would Uko to have tho business men to sign his peti tion. "They all know me, ho said. ' I've worked in all of their stores, and I would bc glad if they would sign my petition for me.'" Burton said: "I want to try and do that myself. I was raised right here. I waH brr.d and hom on Buncombe street, and they all know me." Pleas. Adams said nothing, and when looked at enquiringly returned thcglanco with a look in which there was littlo hope, and an expression of subdued anxiety. Tho news of the decision was received in tho community with much satisfaction, and public opinion evidently generally approves it. Sheriff Gilrcuth has ordered sets of improved shackles, which will bo put on thc condemned men, rendering their ex trication almost an absolute impossi bility. A Terrible Coll'slon. On Sunday morning a west bouud freight train on the Air-Lino Railroad left a placo called Flowery Branch, uud bad guim but n quarter of a mile when a freight train coming from au opposite di rection suddenly carno in sight, both trains were running quite rapidly and it soon became evident that a collision was inevitable. There was a Irestlo between them and the two trains came together with a terrific shock nearly in tho middle of it. The fireman of the west bound train sprang from his eugine just beforo tho collision, nud received injuries from which he died yesterday morning. Roth engines were thrown from the trestle, and fifteen cars were thrown off. Tho en gines wero both badly demolished, one of them falling into the strenm below, and tho other in tte gully not many feet away from it. Thc fire from ono of the en gines was knocked out, igniting the 1res fe and live of the cars which wero load* ed with bacon, cotton and general mer chandise, wero almost entirely consumed. Tho bridge was badly bro ken and bumed, and tho wreckage was scattered in every direction, the cars and locomotives hoing strewn about over the gully, on tho side of the embankment and under thc demolished bririgo. Tbs fireman on the east bound train lind bis arm broken in two pinces, and both tho engineers were severely bruised. As soon as tho accident occurred, t'ne conduc tor of the west bouud train disappeared and lins not been seen since. It is alleged ho was under the influence of liquor at tho time of the accident. It is also stated that the engineer on the West bound train is a green band, this being bis first trip. This train left Flowery Branch two minutes ahead of time nod it is to Iii ?a fuct thc collision is ascribed. It is stated that tho engineer on this train was com pellcd to take sole charge of the train ia consequence of the condition of tho cou ductor, and that bo thought thal he was exactly on time, not liai vug discovered bis error until it was too late. Had thc West bound train remained at Flowery Branch two minutes longer, it would have given the East bound ono time lo pass it at this point without danger. The total loss including thc cars destroyed, thc ? merchandise consumed ana the wreckage ' is estimated at $100,000. At present the j bridge is impassable, and passengers have to be transferred by means of wagons. A large force of men is at work day and night clearing the wreck and reparing the bridge, it is though that the broken trestle will be ina condition to admit of thc passage of trains by to-morrow. DAIIK SWINK PBBPERRBD.-Forty odd years ago, when I first began to ex ecuto orders given mo by tho Southern planters, they required, with rare excep tions, white swine. I told them the dark colored would provo tho most hardy and thrifty for their hot climate, tho same a? | negroes over white men. But I could at ! first persuado only a few to adopt rn? opinion and take Berkshire, Essex url Neapolitan, in preference to SuffcIV, Princo Albert, Yorkshire, Irish Gra?' i and i'/hester County-those last five being the popular white pigs of that day. But my Southern friends soon found that all of these fivo were subject to scurf, mange and oilier disagreeable cutaneous dui cases, which the black or dark spotted pigs escaped entirely, and nlways wore a healthy, clean, glossy hide. Tho plan ters then began to change thoir orders, and in tho course of a few years would hardly accept white pigs from the North, of even the finest breeds, as a gift. Io most other parts of the United States a deep pr?judice prevailed agianst black and dark spotted swine, and few would breed them. Pork packers were especia'. ly opposed to them, because, they said, the ?kin was dark, and yet this would generally scrape to white when they came to press it. However, time went on, and as breeders gradually found out, North, East, and Weat, tho same objections to white ?twine which had taken place at the South, tney bega" rapidly to chango the color of their stock, and now few white hogs are found in the Chicago, or other great markets of the West, the general run being on tho Berkshire, tho Poland China and Esses. Indeed, so much more favorably are dark colored swine now considered there, that they have been gradually breeding out tho white spots of the first two sorts above, and now they are almost entirely black or very dark brown, like the Essex and Ne apolitan. All those swine aro very thrif ty, and mature early. The Berkshire and Poland China aro especially hardy can endure any extreme of .l? mate, from the coldest to the hottest. The Berkshire is famous for its larger proportion of tender, lean, juicy meat, and is consequently greatly preferred for smoked hams, shoulders and bacon. The three other sorts cut up choice, clear, fat pork, which is most desirable to salt and barrel.-^. Il, Allen in New York TrUnme. News and Gossip, - Tho price of stoves promises to go up. - There are 1,210 convicts in the Georgia penitentiary. - If you trust before you try you may repent before you die. - The new Garfield postage stamp will be issued in a few days. - Tho new county of Ilcrkly has a very largo negro majority. - Niagara Vails is iiying to get the conieinplnt-d World's Fair. - Louisville la shortly to make au ef fort to found nu art gallery. - Gen. Hancock has purchased a large tract of land in Minnesota. - Key Weat, Florida, bas 12,000 in habitants nm) only two chimneys. - The Hessian Hy is reported as play ing havoc in thc wheat fields of Edgcfield County. - Mr. J. C. Cary, of Seneca, is a "bear." He made #4,000 last week by tho drop in futures. - It is said that cars will bo running on the Colun.bia Street Railway in lea? than' twelve months. - In Florida there are 17,638 white people over ten yenrs of age who cannot write their own names. - Two negroes died in Kershaw Coun ty recently from ealing collards that hod not been thoroughly cooked. - It is said that not only General Hancock but Gennrnl McClellan iain Jhe hands of his friends for 1884. - U. 8. Engineers are now actively at work cleaning out-the Watcree River, lifting obstructions with a steam hoister. - An exchange n?y? the difference bo tween a hupgry'mnn and a glutton ;?, "Ono longs to ent and the other eats too long." - It is hard to tell which will bring the more pleasant expression Into a wo man's face-to tell her that her baby is heavy or her bread light. - Three families of German immi grants ai rived in Greevillo last week. They consisted of fifteen persons, all of whom have settled in the city. - Tho Albany Express is afraid that a good many people go to church simply for the purposo of keeping up a bowing ncqunintnnco with tho Almighty. - A Western debating society is nerving ilt-olf up to wrestle with the question : ''When a woman and a mouse meet, which in tho most frightened?" - J. J. Clyburn convicted nt Camden of murder and who appealed for a new trial, which was refused, has been sen tenced to bc hanged on the 17th of March. - The dove, recollect, did not turn to Noah with the olive branch tjttl tho sec? ond time of her going forth ; v.'?y then should you depend on the failure ol tho first attempt? - James Gilbert, a South Carolina negio seven feet high, who has been rep resenting a wild Dahomey giant in a New York museum, is in jail in thatcity for drugging and outraging a white girl. - Two Mormon missionaries have been about Black's Station, on tho Air Line Railroad, where ihey left tracts and p.v ?ers with such persons as they could trust, 'hey were very quiet and secret in their movements. - A New York lady who wnn travel ing in Ohio gave a baby her gold watch to play with, and the baby gulped it down and cried for more. What they can't swallow in that State must be over a foot in width.- Detroit Free Pr?t?. - A petition from the Utah Legisla ture asking for an investigation of tho affairs of tho Territory and one from a million Baptists against polygamy were received in tho United States House of Representative? on Saturday and re ferred. - About eight o'clock on the night of the Otb inst, some one attempted to assas sinate Mrs. George A. Beck, at Williston, Barnwell County. She was busy in ber kitchen and sumo unknown person, very near the houso, fired at her through a crack and tho charge passed near her person. - A fire in Haverhill, Mass., on Fri day night burned out one hundred and two shoe manufacturers and more than two hundred other firms. It is feared that several prominent business men lost, their lives. Loss over $2,000,000. parti ally insured. 2,500 people are out of employment. - The latest marvel of science is in stantaneous photography. By the aid of this process it is possiblo to obtain a pic ture of yourself and girl in the act ol be ing thrown over a stone wall by a runa way horse. This picture can bo placed on the mnntlepiece in a maroon velvet frame ax a warning to young men to never let go the reins with both hands. - Bob Ingersoll does not mean that it shall bc said, after bis death, that he turned from infidelity on his dying bed. His Secretary, who writes short hand, is instructed to take down accurately what ever he may say on that occasion. "There will then be no opportunity," ho says, "for any one to pul into my mouth utter ances contradicting tho expressions of my entire life." - Some of our exchanges say that upon tho r jjournment of the Legislature the campaign of 1882 has opened. We hope not. Give us a rest. The Indians of the West never go upon the war path un til tho Spring grass upon tho prairie? will apport their ponies, and the people cannot endure a canvass of candidates until the crop of Spring turnips is ma tured.-Barnwell People. - If all that is said against the China men is true, they are indeed a filthy race. A paragraph un the rounds contains tho following Information : "An habitue of an opium den in Vi.-ginia City, Nevada, discovered that the pillow he waa using waa tho dead body of a man covered by a quilt. The Coroner found it to be a Chinese body that had been dead for two or three days. The keeper of the place said he came in off the railroad, sick." - The bridge on the extension of the Erie Railroad, on the top of tho Alle Shany Mountains, across a ravino 300 feet eep. which is now in progress, fill be I Ibe tallest bridge in ihe world. Tho length of the bridge will be over 2.000 feet, to be covered with twenty-t J piers, ? will be 110 feet wide at the base, taper ! inc gradually up toa width of twelve feet i at the tcp. Tho Kentucky River bridge on the Cincinnati Raliway is the nearest in height to the above. It is 276 feet I high. No patent required to catch tho rheu matism. A cold and inattention to it, and vou have it-Ihe rheumatism, we cure oura with St. Jacobs OW.-Chicago h