Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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fytiinm Intelligencer. NEW TE RMS. BATES OF SUDSCBIFTIOS. . Ohe copy for one year, - - $ 2.50 i< ? ?i six months, - - 1-25 Ten copies for one year, - - 20.00 Twenty copies " *' - - 37.50 The clubs of ten and twenty will be sent to any address. Subscriptions will not be received for a less period than six months. BATES OF ADVEBTISIXO. AtJvertfsements will be inserted at the rate of One Dollar per square of one inch space for the first insertion aud Fifty Cents for each subsequent insertion. Liberal contracts made with those wishing to advertise by the three, six or twelve months. ? Obituary notices exceeding ten lines will be ennrged for at advertising rates. For announcing candidates, Five Dollars in each case, invariably in advance. From the Rural Carolinian. The Cause and Prevention of Knst in Cotton. AN ESSAY BEAD BEFORE THE PERIODICAL AND FARMERS' CLUB OF SOCIETY HILL. "While, in this latitude, the cotton plant is comparatively exempt from the ravages of the army and boll worm, it seems peculiarly liable to injury from rust, not due probably to cli? mate influences. I do not think I over-esti? mate the loss from this cause during the last season upon many of our farms, when I place it at one-third of the probable yield. With propriety, then, we come to the consideration of this insideous disease, its character, its cause, and, if possible, its remedies. WHAT 18 RUST EN COTTON? The first point of inquiry is, what is the dis? ease ? Is it an external affection of the stalk and leaf, or is it the presence of animal or veg? etable parasites, or is it simply a decay of the structure of the plant from defective or nox? ious matter in the soil 'I Each of these theories has been advanced By respectable authority. Mr. Ruffin ascribes the disease to minute animaculae. (See Puffin's Eeport.) Professor Harper, of Mississippi, (see "Cotton Planters' Manual,") says: "The nature of this rust is easily found out by the aid of a sufficiently powerful microscope, and is known to be nothing else but a parasitical fungus, growing upon the stock and branches of trie cotton plant." On the other hand, Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, a chemist of distinction, j who was employed by the Black Oak Agricul? tural Society to investigate this subject, says, "thaf. which attacks cotton shows no fungus growth," and expresses the opinion that it is due mainly to noxious substances in the soil, and especially to the proxide of iron. In this opinion Mr. Henry W. Ravenel, of Aiken, concurs, than whom no higher authority ex? ists in the South. In a recent communication, which I had the pleasure of receiving from him, he says: "I nave myself paid some at ? tention to this branch of botany, and at the time made frequent and close examination of the diseased plant, and could never in any in? stance find any indications of cryptogamic growth. I am satisfied that rust in cotton is not caused by any parasite such as affects wheat, ryo, oats and other cereals, but is only a diseased condition of the plant, affecting its structural organization, and probably caused by some deleterious agent in the soil." Which of these theories shall we accept ? In the absence of direct authority, the weight of probability is in favor of the fungus theory, if we are confined to any single one. It is well known that there is a numerous order of cryptogamic plants, affecting almost ever}' va? riety of vegetation, and there is no reason why the cotton plant should be exempt. But the probability is that the term "rust" has been employed in a vague sense to indicate several diseases of the cotton plant, so that each of these theories may be true to a limited extent. The disease certainly presents itself to us in at least two apparently distinct forms, designated red and black rust. The exact nature of the disease, however, is an interesting question of science, rather than one of practical value. It will be found, whichever theory we adopt, that in all cases over which the farmer can have any control, the exciting cause is to be found in the soil. The cognate disease which affects grain, and is known elsewhere under the term "Mildew," has been the subject of close investigation for years, and especially by the intelligent agri? cultural mind of Great Britain. This is known to be a fungus, which is always more or less present, (see Professor Johnston's article, Farmers' Encyclopedia, page 809,) but which only becomes destructive under circumstances favorable to its development?generally a fee? ble or diseased condition of the plant. This is the exact theory with regard to rust in the cot? ton plant. "This fungus," says Professor Har? per, "is produced by a diseased state of the plant, caused by a stagnation in its growth, and a consequent relaxation in circulation of the fluid or sap of the plant." And this dis? eased state of the plant he ascribes more gene? rally to a defective condition of the soil.. "Whether, then, the disease is external or inter? nal, the depredation of a parasite, or decay from defective circulation, it is to the soil that we are to look to for a remedy. OBSERVED FACTS IN THE CASE. ^ Having thus stated the theories of the disease, it will be instructive to examine the various facts which have fallen under our ob servatiorty both in the appearance of the dis? ease and the remedies which have been em? ployed, to see how far they may accord with one or the other of these theories; how far thev may be explained upon recognized prin? ciples, and how far they may throw further Kpht upon this obscure subject. The first fact which we observe is that in unpropitious sea sens, such as the last, the disease prevails gen? erally, and affects soil of almost every descrip? tion. Here the exciting cause would seem to be in certain atmospheric conditions, and in conflict with the theorv of noxious matter as an exclusive one. Here the disease would seem to be beyond the control of the farmer ; but it is not entirely so. On my own farm, during the last season, amid the general preva? lence of the disease, a new ground and a pre? mium acre under high treatment, on opposite sides of the farm, were entirely exempt. This fact proves that under the most adverse atmos? pheric conditions, a high condition of the soil, natural or artificial, will mitigate, if not pre? vent, the disease. The second fact which we notice, is that certain soils arc extremely liable to the disease, while others, and especially new lands, are generally exempt. Here the exci? ting cause is evidently in the soil, and the cause is often apparent. Imperfect drainage and ex? cess of vegetable or mineral matter arc clearly unhealthy to the growth of plants, and, as might be anticipated, a removal of them will eorrect the evil. More thorough drainage and the application of lime or ashes has, with the observation of many of us, arrested the ten? dency to rust in certain lands. But sometimes the cause is not so evident. Lands will rust cotton in which we can discov? er no physical or chemical defect. They seem j moderately dry, and produce other crops in fair abundance. Here the defect may be from the presence of noxious matter in the soil, in j the form of peroxide of iron, as has been often J suggested, or it may arise from excessive mois-! ture below the surface. Often soils which \ seem dry upon the surface, and where the im- j mediate subsoil is op?n and porous, are yet j underlaid, at a short distance below, by an im- ! pervious subsoil, which, positively forbids the passage of water. This is generally indicated by the presence of craw-fish, and alwavs by a 1 boggy condition after ?. moderate fall of ra"in. 1 This condition cannot be otherwise than cold and unhealthy. The remedy, iu the first case, j as we are taught by agricultural chemistry, is ! in exposing the soil to atmospheric action, and in the other, underdrainage is the only effec? tive remedy. But as this is not generally prac? ticable, the best course is to give up such lands to more hardy crops. There is one class of lands extremely liable to rust, the cause of which is difficult to under? stand. The isinglass lands upon our rivers are among our dryest and most fertile soils. In the production of corn they stand unrivalled, and yet thev almost invariably produce rust in cotton. When new, thev are said not to rust, and it may be that their very generous nature has led to exhaustion in some essential ele? ment. It would be difficult to estimate the amount of potash, phosphoric acid, lime, etc., which these generous soils have, year after year, yielded to the tillage of the farmer. This view is sustained by the fact that high ma? nuring has been found an effective remedy. tue/ critical period. A third fact is that cotton usually rusts at about the same period of its growth?about the period of fruiting. I have never known a young plant to be aftected by the disease. It is at the time of fruitingthat the demands up? on the soil are largest. The ash of the cotton seed amounts to four per cent, of weight, and is one of the richest of all vegetable substan? ces in inorganic matter. It might be expected, then, that any defect of the soil would be ex? hibited at this critical period, and the vigor and strength of the plant being impaired, it would fall an easy victim to disease. It is a well attested fact that manuring, at this time, has often checked the development of rust. Again, it has been observed that cotton ma? nured with guano has taken rust, while that unmanured and adjacent has escaped. This fact is not singular when we reflect that the effect of guano, especially in small quantities, is soon exhausted, and the plant is then left upon very poor soils in worse condition than if no manure had been used. Again, it is said that the prolific varieties, which are now known under the general term of Dickson seed, were found more liable to rust than the ordinary varieties. Tho princi? ple upon which this depends will not be diffi? cult to discover when we examine into the ex? act function which the plant performs in pro? ducing fruit. Alone the plant can produce nothing. It can only work up into living forms the dead elements of the soil, and, if these elements are wanting, the very tendency to Iruitfulness is itself a Bource of failure. In the report of a commission appointed by the Government of Australia, to investigate the cause of mildew in wheat, it is stated as supported by facts that the more improved and productive varieties were peculiarly subject to the disease. This truth is sustained by analo? gies from animal life. Improved stock require improved pasturage ; and improved and pro? lific plants require a higher condition of the soil. the remedies indicated. The limits of our essay will not allow a fur? ther statement of facts. From what has been said, I think we may conclude that whatever may be the exact nature of the disease, its ex? citing cause varies with the varied condition of soil and season. It may be affirmed that what? ever is unhealthy to the plant, will generally cause it to develop rust. A general remedy is alone to be found in judicious manuring and cultivation. A special cause will often require the application of a special remedy. There is a disposition among" the purely practical farmers of the country i;o ascribe the disease to some general cause, such, for exam? ple, as the presence of the poke weed, and to seek for a remedy applicable to nil cases. In this view common salt is sometimes recom? mended as a panacea. The value of salt, both as a remedy for mildew in grain, constitutes one of the most vexed questions in the litera? ture of English agriculture, and its value in this country seems equally uncertain. Some remarkable facts have been stated to me by several of our best farmers, attesting its value as a preventive of rust. But it is difficult to account for its action in this respect. Its base constitutes one of the least important elements which enter into plants, and its value as a septic agent must be inferior to both lime and ashes. Its effect in destroying insect-life is well known, and in England it has been found equally destructive to fungus growth. It is to this that Professor Johnston ascribes its value both as a preventive and n remedy for mildew. Whether it acts in this way upon the disease in our cotton plant, would depend upon wheth? er it were of the same character. I propose during the present season to make some care? ful experiments to test the value of salt as a preventive of rust. EDWARD E. EVANS. -<a> Necessity for a Mixed Husbandry.? A correspondent of the Agricultural Bureau, for Stewart County, Georgia, suggesting inter? rogatories tending to show the number of mules and horses, the quantity of bacon, corn and flour introduced into each county, and the per centagc on total consumption, says: "Under a system of mixed husbandry in this county, mules, horses, corn and wheat, can, without doubt, be profitably raised; and would not such an exhibition of facts as the above interrogatories would elicit tend to expose the errors of the present system of planting, and lend important aid in enlightening the South? ern mind, so as to hasten the inauguration of a wiser system of mixed husbandry ? Nothing but a startling exhibition of the sternest facts and figures will perhaps ever avail to convince the planting mind of the business folly?the suicidal policy?of yielding to cotton an agri? cultural monopoly in the South. Cotton plant? ing is a habit with our people. This, added to the large aggregate income which it yields, though fictitious in the main, binds the South to cotton production with fetters strong as steel. An imposing array of aggregated statis? tical facts may break them. "Another fact fundamental to the agricultu? ral interests of this section of the South is the increasing scarcity of labor. Ever since the date of manumission, labor has been steadily diminishing. In consequence, thousands of acres of good arable land in this country have been yielded to sage and brush. As a further consequence the planter is exerting himself to the utmost, with his diminished facilities, to bring up his income to the standard of previ? ous years, when labor was more abundant. This results in favor of cotton. The scarcity of labor also leads to unhealthy competition in the labor market, with its concomitant evils. One of the most obvious is that unscrupulous men supplant the better class by offering terms to the laborer with which they are unable to comply, and perhaps never intend to ; whereas the honorable planters, incapable of practicing upon the credulity of the laborer, by making deceptive promises, compete in the market un? der serious disadvantages. The result is that the best men fad to obtain labor, inferior men deceive the frecdmen, and he becomes suspi? cious of the employers as a class, is demoral? ized as a laborer, often retires in disgust from regular field labor, and seeks a livelihood in the execution of chance jobs. In this there is much matter for grave reflection." Stick to thf. Farm.?Arc pale faces, white hands, decayed teeth and bad health, more gen I teel than robust frames, a good appetite, sound I sleep and independent circumstances? "We think not, and for the same reason we judge that farming is not beneath any pursuit what? ever, in all that makes a man virtuous, useful and happv ; and it is surely to be regretted that nearly all our young men should prefer a mer? cantile life or a profession, to the tilling of the ground at their own quiet homes. Not only is it to be lamented on account of the welfare of the young men themselves, but also in the pros? perity of the country, for it is a truth that can not be contradicted, that the best interests of the country arc intimately connected with the prosperous and enlightened condition of its ag? riculture, i From the Charleston Republican. How to Promote Immigration. The following letter contains some sound, practical hints on the subject of immigration, and although written by one gentleman, an old resident in the State, to another, for his per? sonal consideration merely, it will be found worthy of perusal by all interested in the pros? perity and welfare of the State : Dear Sir : At your request I proceed to write out in very brief and condensed form, the ideas suggested to you upon the subject of em? igration, the substance of which I have already published some months back in the Columbia Phcenix. Ymt, then, we must prepare for tbe recep? tion of the emigrants. I think there should be formed Emigrant Aid Associations, say, in Charleston and Columbia, with co-operative branches in every town and village in the State. If I were to elaborate this idea as fully as it deserves, the miuutire would occupy too much space. I would merely suggest that the parent associations shall be the common heads from which practical ideas, or the work to be done by the minor associations shall be directed, but it is all-important that there should be means provided for the reception and care of these strangers when they come among us. The town and village associations should be prepar? ed, with general information, as to lands for sale, their character, location, price, &c, and also as to employment to be given to such as would come to labor upon farms, or as mechan? ics, or otherwise. These minor societies should be required to make reports at stated periods. What I mean to do is to make such preparation for the comfort of these strangers as will re? lieve them from the cares and distress natural to one of small means, or of no means, andj of such, I suppose, emigrants mostly arc, coming into a strange country, and to embark upon what will be a new life. Their first impres? sions are what will go back to their friends in Fatherland, and upon them will depend great? ly the growth of tni9 emigrant seed-planting, which I propose to show will grow ana produce as rapidly and profitably as seed planted in the earth. The organization being complete in city and country, the next thing to be done is to raise funds to carry out the design. This may be done by requiring members to pay a small ad? mission fee, or what would, I think, be better, by taking up voluntary subscriptions of small amounts. But what is of greatest importance is to create general interest in the subject; old prejudices and new jealousies must be removed, the people must learn that general prosperity in the country depends upon individual suc? cess in business, whatever it may be, that labor is the true fountain of wealth, that idle respec? tability is found in the road to poverty, except in those cases where labor has creaied means for its possession. How the public mind is to be educated to the point suggested, I cannot now determine. I think, however, it is a ques? tion of time, but the work must go on, we can? not afford to wait. Supposing the organization perfect, and com? mittees appointed to raise subscriptions, do vou not suppose the sum of forty thousand dol? lars may be raised for the purpose of buying a ship? I think a les3 sum would answer, but that amount would buy a ship and fit her out for a voyage, say to Germany. She is put up in the harbor of Charleston for freight. Who will not ship by her as soon as any other ship, if she be equally staunch, well-found and offi? cered, and takes freight at customary rates ? Well, the freight out, and such light return freight as she may bring for ballast, will pay the expenses of the round voyage. What I propose, is to offer a free passage for such re? spectable laboring people, men, women and children, as may be willing to come and live among us. All I would require of a passenger would be that they come well recommended by their town authority, as being honest and in? dustrious. To all such I would say, come free. Suppose the ship bring 200 passengers, and she makes three voyages in a year, you have six hundred emigrants landed the first year ; the second year six hundred, and the third year, if these people are at all successful, their friends at home will not wait for the free passage, but come themselves. What if the ship is worn out in five or six years, will not the general prosperity in the country be more than equal to the outlay of money in the cause? And will not individual success more than repay all the original subscriptions laid out in this busi? ness? It is estimated that the value of each emi? grant is, to the State in which he settles, at Feast 500 dollars ; that is, that the productive capital of the State is increased 500 for each emigrant. Suppose then one ship makes three voyages a year, and continues five years, and we add nothing for the influences of the emi? grants upon their friends, who shall come by other means, the result would be a gross in? crease of the taxable value of the property of the State?one million five hundred thousand dollars. The Germans of this State are among its most respectable citizens ; they arc respectable in numbers, they are thrifty, many of them rich, they arc bound to each other by tics of country, almost as strong as the ties of kindred among the American people. They will embark in any enterprise that is punctual, promising speedy results. We may, I think, calculate upon their taking interest in this scheme, for in it, I propose but one idea, that is, emigra? tion. To mix commerce, direct trade, steamship lines, and to attempt to carry all these together in order to bring about emigration, is to my mind, grasping at too much. We have some experience in direct trade schemes for the last twenty-five years, every one of which have been equally magnificent with the last, and every one of which have proved but bubbles, burstcd before they were fairly formed. Com? merce has its natural laws, which cannot be forced but may be stimulated. Direct trade with Europe may be safely entered upon, and its necessity will declare itself whenever the wants of the people require it. It may be pro? moted by no other so certain means as increa? sed productive population. The capital accu? mulated in the country, the direct result of profitable labor, whenever it becomes sullicicnt, will produce the result now looked to. The course of trade, as at present directed, is not likely to be materially changed until causes other than those at present existing shall require it. The Southern Pacific Railroad, whenever it shall be completed (and that result can only be brought about upon the demands of the ne? cessities of the people of almost the world at large), a current of trade will set in from the East, from China and Japan, and the isles of the sea, across our continent and to Europe ; and as Port Royal and Charleston oiler safe harbors upon the Atlantic, at the end of the straightcst line across the continent, wc may venture to calculate that one of these port's will finally become the great entrepot for di? rect trade to Europe and to the China seas. But none of these things may be expected un? til in the natural course labor has produced capital, and the population of the country re? quires them. We can no more change the current of im? migration to this country by ordinary means, than the course of trade can be diverted from its established channels in the same way. If wc would create a new current of emigration, wc must use extraordinary means; and in my opinion free passage will do it, and I believe the scheme is practicable. ? The schoolmarm who gave the following definition of eating at a tea party, the other evening, it is unnecessary to say expired soon after. ''To eat," says she, "is to introduce nu? tritious pabulum into the denticular orifice, be? low the nasal protuberance, which being masti? cated, peregrinates the musculomcmbranous, symmetrical, cylindrical cavitiesof the Pharynx aud cesophegus, and is finally domiciliated* in the receptacle for digestible particles." The Second Volume of the "War Between the States,'*' by Alexander H. Stephens. The advance sheets of the second volume of Mr. Stephens's important work have been read by the editor of the Augusta Constitutionalist. The following extracts from that paper show the scope of this remarkable contribution to the history of the war: The initial colloquy is taken Up with a dis? tinction as to our form of government. The federative principle is held to be a discovery in political science. We are a confederated na? tion?a nation of nations, in which the power of sovereignty is divisible, but not the sover? eignty itself. The narativc then proceeds to the causes of conflict arising from misinterpre? tation of the governmental principle enunciated. The passage of personal liberty bills by several of the Northern States, preventative of the rendition of fugitives from service, is shown to have been violative of the Federal compact; since, without ample pledges on the part of the North, there never would have been any Union. The agitation arising from this breach of con? tract, had as it was, hecame intensified by the declaration of Salmon P. Chase that the North? ern States would never repeal their acts.? Hence the secession of the South was princi? pally brought about by the perfidy of the North, and her declared determination to continue in perfidy. Mr. Stephens completely exonerates the South from inauguration of the war. The first gun at Sumter was not the overt act; since the aggressor in war is not the first who uses force, but the first who renders force necessary. It is clearly shown, too, that the South exhaus? ted every known means of preventing strife, but was met at every turn by the matchless du? plicity and dishonesty of William H. Seward. The history of the formation of the Confede? rate government is elaborately drawn. Jeffer? son Davis was looked upon by all as an emi? nently conservative man. Toombs was to have been chosen President, but failed through a singular misapprehension on the part of repre? sentatives of other States, who had understood that he refused to have his name put forward. There was some misunderstanding likewise con? cerning Howell Cobb being the choice of Georgia. By accidental complications Missis? sippi had the first choice, and chose Jefferson Davis, leaving Georgia the second, which re? sulted in the Vice Presidency of Mr. Stephens. The Montgomery constitution is a monument of the wisdom, iorecast and statesmanship of its framers and an everlasting refutation of the the charges brought against the South of dis? loyalty to the federative principle. Coercion was unconstitutional and only defended on the plea of necessity?the plea of the tyrant in all ages of the world. A convention of the States called by Congress would have prevented war and restored the Union ; or, in case the South refused to go into such a convention, the North would have had a better cause for battle. It is a misnomer to call the war a "rebellion" or a "civil war." It was a "war between the States." One of the most remarkable and vigorous por? tions of Mr. Stephens's book is his statement of the treatment of prisoners of war by both belligerents. The cruelty and torture charged upon the South is fixed upon Stanton and the Washington authorities, and upon them and their policy will forever rest the blood and the suffering of the brave on either side. The responsibility for the failure to advance after the battle of Manassas is referred to Pres? ident Davis. Mr. Stephens affirms that there never was any personal feud between him and Mr. Davis, though they differed widely on many questions of public policy. Mr. Davis is alluded to throughout in the kindest manner, and warmly defended against the aspersions of his enemies at home and abroad. Mr. Stephens believed that diplomacy could honorably stop the war in 1863. He proposed a mission to Washington for that purpose, when the milita? ry status was most favorable to both parties.? Mr. Davis did not concur until too late, until, in fact, the military status had rendered such a course impossible. Lee's invasion of the North was a great blunder politically and in a milita? ry sense, but chargeable, in the main, to the Richmond Cabinet. Gettysburg and Vieksburg turned the tide in favor of the North. But the vital blow struck at Southern success was in the mistaken policy of finance and conscription, the latter especially. The people's spirits were broken by it, and it was as unconstitutional as unnecessary. The people were willing to fight for liberty, but were not willing tobe compelled to do so. If compulsion had been necessary, the war ought to nave been abandoned; for no people are worthy of liberty, or capable of pre? serving it, who have to be driven into battle. Even in the early part of 1805 Mr. Stephens had hopes, in case the policy of the adminis? tration changed. It did not change, and so conscription, impressment, the suspension of habeas corpus, and prodigal waste of lives and property were the causes of Southern despair and defeat. Much light is thrown upon the Hampton Roads Conference. There seems to be little doubt that a scheme was concocted to terminate the war by a diversion of the question to another channel and a joint movement of both armies against the French in Mexico. To have been successful the preliminaries to a military convention demanded the utmost se? crecy. Mr. Stephens proposed that Mr. Davis should meet Mr. Lincoln. He refused and suggested three commissioners. Mr. Stephens advised that three able men should be appoint? ed' whose absence would not be detected or ob? served. Mr. Davis, however, insisted upon ap? pointing just the very trio whose absence from llichmond would have been remarked at once. In consequence, the matter became a common public rumor, and the whole business was thus defeated from the start. Nobody was more dis? appointed at this result than Mr. Davis, who subsequently seemed to lose his good judgment, but never his ardent devotion to liberty. Mr. Stephens descants upon the future destiny of the United States. lie holds that the South is powerless at this time to shape or control events. The judiciary department, though sad? ly brow-beaten, may still he a bulwark ot liber? ty. So far, however, the cause lost at Appomat tox was not the Federal principle, but the maintenance of that principle by arms. The point reached by the Centralists is an attempt by duress to induce certain States, as sovereign States, to conform to their action under the semblance of voluntary consent. The battle is still to be fought, in the forum of reason, on the validity or inv" iv of their acts. To the last Mr. Stephens lingers wistfully over his be? loved South and her cause. He declares that we are not a "conquered people;" at all events, that assumption has never been formally avow? ed at Washington. He conjures his countrymen to avoid accepting responsibility for the acts of tyrants. It should never be said that the South is the author of her own degradation. Some day or other the uprising Northern masses may rally to the cry that the "Cause of the South is the cause of us all." But if there be no reac? tion and no rallying the condition of the South will soon be that of the North. The loss of Southern liberty will only antedate by a few years the destruction of Northern freedom. The judgment of posterity will not in any event brand us as "rebels and traitors," but rather as self-sacrificing patriots, and our he? roes and martyrs will take their places in his? tory by the side of Washington, Hampdcn and Sydney. Centralism and empire may come, but the South will be acquitted of crime, for even centralism and empire will be her justifi? cation in the hist struggle for constitutional lib? erty. ? Every family should provide a barrel or box for receiving chicken bones, fish bones and bits of beef bones which accumulate in the kitchen. A hundred pounds may be saved in a few weeks. Such bones are more valuable for grass land, and for burying around all kinds of fruit trees and grape vines, than Peruvian guano, which is worth from three to five cents per pound. ? The young ladies do not look half so well without hoops as they do with them. We like them without hoops, however, because we can get closer. That's the only reason. Wit Made to Oedeb.?There is no repu? tation more difficult to sustain than that of a professional humorist. Of all things in the world, genuine wit and humor are the most thoroughly unpremeditated and spontaneous. To be really witty, a man must be funny be? cause he can't help it?he must give vent to his humor just when the spirit moves him ; any attempt on his part to force the spirit any effort to be funny, is fatal to wit. This is the reason why nearly all humorists lose their reputation as soon as they take to being funny as a profession. Our Southern satirist, Bill Arp, wrote his best things before he attained the zenith of his reputation, but as soon as his wit began to pay, and he took to writing, not for thcfun of it, but for a stipula? ted price per letter, he committed spiritual suicide. That 8100 a letter placed him under a moral obligation to be funny?to give back value received?one hundred dollars worth of fun every week ! Now, a moral obligation is the most solemn and crushing sense of respon? sibility under which the human conscience can be placed, and as wit is the most light and volatile off-spring of the human brain, there is no wonder that it should be crushed under the load of so weighty a responsibility. It is impossible to conceive of two more incongru? ous and incompatible requirements, than placing a man under a moral obligation to be funny. Mark Twain will probably be another illus? tration of the incompatibility of wit and moral obligation. He has undertaken to be periodi? cally funny in the Galaxy, and so far, has ful? filled all expectations, but even his humorous faculties cannot long sustain this periodical drain upon them. The mere fact of seeing such a sentence as thi3?"Mark Twain, the great humorist, writes for the Galaxy every month," on the outside page of the cover of the period? ical by which he is employed, would be enough to kill the wit of any man, by impressing him with an awful sense of the great things that are expected of him. The efforts of a humor^ ist, to be long successful, must necessarily be of a desultory character, prompted as occasion offers, and the spirit moves him. Prentice, we believe, is almost the only professional wit who did not turn out a complete failure, and even he often made failures. Few people can be even sometimes witty?nobody in the world can be so always.? Washington Gazette. -?s?-i The New Law for Enforcing the Con? stitutional Amendments.?The law just passed by Congress, entitled "An Act to enforce the rights of citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of this Union, and for other purposes," is practically a law to carry into effect the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of the Constitution. At the first blush this Act will seem to carry the power of Congress to an extraordinary ex? tent, and it will undoubtedly clash with our old-fashioned, hereditary ideas, especially on the subject of the enjoyment of the right of suffrage, and the exclusive control of the State over that matter. But the powers exercised by Congress during the war and the reconstruction of the Union, almost without question, have so accustomed the people to novelties in legislation, that we doubt whether any serious issues can be raised upon the main provisions of this Act. These three amendments of the Constitution, and the law just passed to enforce them, with other laws enacted not by Congress only, but by some of our State Legislatures, not except? ing that of New York, "demonstrate that the government of this country is undergoing a change by the absorption of an amount of au? thority into the legislative department which never was contemplated and would never have been tolerated by our revolutionary fathers, nor even by the statesmen of both "parties who played their parts in the later era of Adams and Jackson.?Neva York Sun. Bully for Chris .'?The bystanders around and about the Columbia Hotel, Thursday after? noon, were excessively amused at a little inci? dent that there happened, in which the Hon. Niles G. Parker, State Treasurer, and Christo? pher Havnesworth, the well known and highly respected barber who keeps a shop there, were the parties. Chris, it seems, was resting him? self from his shampooing labors, leaning against one of the pillars in the front of the Columbia Hotel, enjoying his otium cum dignitate, when up furiously drove Mr. Niles G., with his spauk ingracking roan and his golden mounted buggy, and with a snap of the finger to attract his attention, accosted Christopher with a "Heigh, boy! hold this horse here!" Doubtless some idea about a certain $00,000 must have crossed the mind of the dignified barber, for, with an air expressive of the most utter contempt, he retorted: "I would thank you, sir, to under? stand that I am no boy, to come to your snap or whistle. I, sir, am a respectable man; known and recognized to be such by the best people of this place; and furthermore, sir, I nave the honor to call myself an lionest man, and have the satisfaction of knowing that other people so consider me." Uttering these expres? sions with all the force of an angry man, Chris coolly turned upon his heel, and went into his shop to tend a customer. The Hon. State Treasurer seemed dumb-founded at first at the row he had raised, but after reflecting upon the matter, very nobly determined to do the proper thing, and apologize to the gentleman. But Chris was not so soon in a placable mood, and expressed his desire that Mr. Parker would keep his apologies till they were wanted. Some folks say Chris said something about his not having anything to do with a thief, but we think Chris too polite to use such a term to the Treasurer of our noble Palmetto State.?Co? lumbia Guardian. ? A sarcastic editor says, "as a colored Sen? ator, Revels has no superior." ? Men of genius arc often dull and inert in society; as the blazing meteor, when it descends to the earth, is only a stone. ? Wc love to see people in a lively humor, provided they are not always in ardent spirits. ? We arc told to have hope and trust; but what can a poor fellow do when he can no long? er get any trust? ? The* style of hats worn by the ladies this spring was worn in the time "of Queen Eliza? beth. Some of them look like miniature flower gardens, and ought to be fitted up with lattice work. ? A fool, says the Arab proverb, may be known by six things: "Anger without cause, speech without profit, charge without motive, inquiry without object, putting trust in a stran? ger, and not knowing his friends from his foes." ? Isabel?"But, grandma, dear, she's not a bit pretty, looks very stupid, and hasn't a shil? ling. What can he be going to marry her for ?" Grandma?"Well, my dear, you'll think it one of my old-fashioned notions?but perhaps it is for love." ? The heart is the workshop in which are forged secret slanders, and ail evil speaking. The mouth is only the outer shop or salesroom, where all the goods that are made within are sold. The tongue is the salesman. ? A Parisian merchant alarmed at the pre? valence of the disease known among scientists as kleptomania, devised an ingenious method for insuring himself against loss by absconding cashiers. He enclosed the safe and cashier s desk in a large iron cage, into which he insisted that his casliier should be locked each day until his cash account was verified at night. He waited long for a competent man who was wil? ling to accept the situation subject to the disa? greeable and somewhat degrading conditions. At length an applicant appeared. The follow? ing conversation ensued: "You must enter the cage at 0 a. in., and you will be liberated at 4 p. m., after your account has been verified." "Agreed." "You must not leave it during the day under any pretence. I keep the key in my pricket." "All right; I am used to confine? ment." "Where have you been?" "In the penitentiary during these last fifteen years." The young man was not engaged, and the situ? ation is still open. THE POLICY-HOLDERS* LIFE AND TONTINE ASSURANCE COMPANY OF THE SOUTH, 29 Broad Street, Charleston, S. C, HAVING deposited 550,000 with the Comp? troller General for the protection of its policy-holders, will issue the usual forms of Life and Endowment Policies. It is the most liberal Company io the Assured in the World. The Charter guarantees to the assured the cash surrender value of his policy after one annual pre? mium has been paid, except in case of fraud. It is the only purely mutual Company in ih$ South. It has no Stockholders. All surplus profits must be divided emong the policy-holders, li thoroughly conservative. Its investments are confined by charter to the most solid securities, and it is under management of men of well established ability and integrity. Persons desiring any information will please communicate with any of the officers. WM. MCBURNEY, President. E. P. ALEXANDER, Vice Pres. and Act. GEO. E. BOGGS, Sec. and Gen. Agent. JOHN T. DARBY, M. D., Med. Adviser. JAMES A. HOYT, Local Agent for Andeison, and Dr. THOS. A. EVINS, Medical Examiner. April 21, 1870 43 GEORGE W. CARPENTER'S Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsa pariila. GEORGE W. CARPENTER'S Compound Fluid Extract of Buchu THESE celebrated preparations, originally in? troduced by George W. Carpenter, under the pat? ronage of the medical faculry, have been so long extensively used by Physicians and others, that they are generally known for their intrinsic value, and can be relied on as being most valuable rem? edies in all eases where Sarsaparilla or Bucha are applicab:e, and cannot be too highly recommend? ed. They are prepared in a highly concentrated form, so as to render the dose small and conven? ient. Orders by mail or otherwise will receive prompt attention. GEORGE W. CARPENTER, HENSZEY & CO., Wholesale Chemical Warehouse, No. 737 Market street, Philadelphia. For sale by Walters & Baker and W. H. Nardin & Co., Anderson, S. C. Dowie & Moise, Whole? sale Agents, Charleston, S. C. Oct21,1860 17 A. B. MULLIGAN. COTTON FACTOR AND General Commisson Merchant, ACCOMMODATION WHARF, CHARLESTON, S. O. Liberal Advances made on Cotton. BSf I will, when placed in funds, purchase and torward all kinds of Merchandize, Machine ry. Agricultural Implements, Manures, Seeds, &c. Sept 23, 17(39 13 ly Greenville & Columbia Railroad. GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE, 1 Columbia, January 15, 1870. / ON and after WEDNESDAY, January 19, the followiug Schedule will be run daily, Sunday ex? cepted, connecting with Night Train on South Carolina Road, up and down, and with Nigh Train on Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Road going North: L've Columbia 7.00 a m " Alston 8.40 a m " Ncwb'ry 10.10 a m Arr. Abbeville 3.00 p m " Anderson 4.20 p m " Gr'nville 5.00 p m L've Greenville 5.45 a m " Anderson (1.25 a m " Abbeville 8.00 a m " Newb'ry 12.35 p m " Alston 2.10 p m Arr. Columbia 3.45 p in The Tra'n will return from Belton to Anderson on Monday and Friday mornings. JAMES O. MEREDITH, Gen. Sup't. Jan 20, 1870 30 II. BISCUOFF. c. WULBKBJf. j. H. im E PER. JOHN McFALL, WITH HENRY BISCH0FF & CO., WHOLESALE GROCERS, A.n'D DEALERS IX WINES, LIQUORS, Cigars, Tobacco, ?&c, NO. 197 EAST BAY, Nov 25, 1869 22 Schedule Blue Ridge Railroad. ON and after this date the following schedule will be observed by the Passenger Trains over this Road : UP. DOWN. L've Anderson, 4.20 p m ?? Pendleton,5.20 " " Perryville, 6.10 " Arr. Walhalla, 7.00 ?? L've Walhalla, 3.30 a uf " Perry?ille, 4.10 " " Pendleton, 5.10 " Arr. Andeison, 6.10 * In cases of detention on the G. and C. R. R., the train on this Road will wait one hour for the train from Belton, except on Saturdays, when it will wait until the arrival of the Belton train. W. H. D. GAILLARD, Sup't, March 10, 1870 87 Tutt's Vegetable Liver Pills ! For Liver Complaint, Billiousness, &c. Tutt's Sarsaparilla and Queen's Delight, For purifying the blood. Tutt's Expectorant, For Cough's, Cold's, Consumption, &c, &c* Tutt's Improved Hair Dye, The best in the world, Are for saleln Anderson by Walters A Baker, Druggists, and Druggists and Merchants generally throughout the United States. July 29 1809 5_ JAMES H. THORN WELL, Attorney at ILa-vr, ANDERSON C. H., S. C. ggy Office in the residence immediately oppo site Dr. Caters, on Main street. Feb 3, 1870 32 8m Flour, Bacon, Corn, &c AFINE lot of Flour, Bacon, Corn, &c, on band, and for sale cheap by M. LESSER, Agent. March 24, 1870 39 You had better Believe It. ALL persons owing me money had better come forward and pay up, or they will certainly be sued. M. LESSER, Agent. March 24, 1370 89 Groceries. SUGAR, Coffee, Tea. Syrups, and all kinds Groceries can be had, at reduced prices for cash, bv going to M. LESSER, Agent. March 24, 1870 89 The Spcndulix 2 HAVING purchased my Goods for cash, 1 want it strictly understood that I must have cash lor them. M. LESSER, Agent. Maroh 24, 1870 39