Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, March 18, 1919, Image 1
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SINGLE COPT, TIT* CENTS.
ESTABLISHED 1855 YORK, 8. O. TUESDAY. MARCH 18, 1919. ISTQ.2g
WHAT THE A. E. F. IS DOING
Doughboy Writes Humerous Account
of Dally Routine.
SAVING HUMOR MAKES LIFE EASIER
Getting Up for Reville What They i
Have for Breakfast Sleeping With 1
Cows, Pigs and Chickens Some
thing About the Cooties?Ana wnen i.
They Will Come Home. j
Correspondence of The Yorkville Enquirer. i
Coulmiers-le-Sec, France, February i
21.?In every letter that 1 receive from ]
the States 1 am asked the question, i
"What are you doing: over there?" The
following is an account of one of my 1
average days as one acting soldier of <
the A. E. F. in France. ]
Just at present 1 am sitting on a '
rude bench before the tire in my hum- j
ble billet No. 4. Coulmiers-le-Sec, 1
France, after having finished my day's 3
programme. This consists of rising to 1
the tone of that unfeeling bugle call, 1
re-echoed by my nearest neighbor, the 3
big French rooster, who sleeps in the ?
room adjoining mine, and who persists 3
in annoying me by conversing with '
his neighbor, friend pig, who sleeps in
the room adjoining his, all night long.
Next comes the scramble to wrap
my spirals around my very un- 1
willing legs, grab my cap, coat, and i
overcoat and run out to be present at s
that very formal formation known to 1
all, and loved by none, reville, which t
has for its purpose the correction of 1
tardiness and the maintenance of a I
perfect membership. If late or absent ?
at this formation, you are then admit- f
ted without ceremony, to the Society i
for the Relief and Protection of Over- 3
wnrirofi Cnoks. or known to some as 1
the Saturday and Sunday K. P.'s club,
which holds its meetings in the company
mess shacks under the supervision
of the kind, generous and obliging
mess sergeant, who automatically
becomes president of the meeting and
who sees that ample recreation is furnished
in the form of bathing, undressing
and caring for our best
friend, our very subsistence, one on
whom we can always depend in time
of hunger, the backbone of the U. S.
army, Private "Spuds," member of the
staff of General Life, known to every
soldier in the A. E- F., of whom special
mention was made while serving
in the United States; who participated
in every engagement with the "doughboys"
against the Boches, special mention
having been made in the battle
of Chateau Thierry, Saint Mlhiel, and
the Argonne, and upon one occasion <
decorated for bravery when deserted
by all his culinary comrades except <
Private Prunes and Corporal Corned c
Willy, he faced alone one whole com- '
pany mess line, enduring the humiliate
fhg attack made against the benevo- 1
lent mess sergeant and bore him to c
safety amid the hissing sounds and 8
scorching looks of the furious, bloodthirsty
doughboys. 1
After this all-important formation is 1
over, I then launch into a luxurious J
shave, which is required every morn- 8
ing, because since the war is consider- t
ed over, no more camouflage is neces- 1
sary on the face. Our captain does ^
not allow any distinction made and I
when one hair falls under the keen (
blade of the grim reaper Gillette, ev- 1
ery one must follow. A change of '
camouflage has often been attempted 1
in the hurry of the morning's cleaning 1
up, but the captain, being an experi- 1
enced soldier, always convinces the <
well-meaning private that face powder 1
won't cover up the night's growth. '
"Since the "lavatory" in my billet
1. ?1 tar- hnvfi tO fall '
wont run nut nuivi, ??v .v
back on the soldier's ingenuity and '
heat our own water by placing a small J
pint cup (which was originally occu- '
pied by "corned willy") over the fire.
(In time of war I used my canteen cup <
but more sanitary conditions prevail '
& now.) <
When this operation is over I then <
go to what is called breakfast. This *
repast consists almost unfailingly of (
tender (?) portions of that valuable. '
but wronged domestic animal known <
in the states as the cow, sliced and <
"diced" and subjected to a process '
happily known to no one but army '
cooks, so that when it emerge# uvui
the kitchen's oven we have a delicious, '
squared, rubberized sample of the uni- '
versal army dish known as "slum." '
Side by side we find staring us in the ?
face the aforementioned ever-faithful 1
"spuds." i
N'ext in the row we find a boiler of '<
"mush," which was made of yellow l
corn meai and incapable of being tasted.
Until recently no wiy was known '
by which corn meal could be shipped 1
over, but some one (I think it was a '
German sympathizer) has finally discovered
the deadly process. i
Next sits the boilers which are said
to contain coffee. It isn't really coffee
you know, but you've got to hand it to :
the fellow who discovered how to
color water so skilfully.
Next is the bread, which was baked '
when the great preparedness movement
was first started in the States
expecting war. It is baked in round
balls so that in case the artillery should '
run short of shells these could be used
with equal effectiveness. The compa- 1
ny lines up in single file, encircling :
* **-- oovpral !
the interior 01 i,n? mcu
times and woe be unto the fellow who '
comes in late and tries to slip in ahead 1
-4 of somebody. Now the cooks and their 1
humble assistants, the K. P.'s, line up
behind their respective pans and pots, i
and thus the many pleasant surprises,
the planning of which caused the mess
sergeant so many headaches, is spoon
ed out to the famished line as it files
past. And the table on which we eat
is the same one which God gave us to
walk on.
When this is over we then go back
to our billets and prepare for the inevitable
inspection. First, we fold up
our bed ticks, which are filled with :
feathers (the kind that grows in wheat :
fields), fold up our blankets neatly,
very neatly, and arrange our mess kits,
knife, fork, spoon and cup, on the
blankets in exactly the way prescribed
by Hoyle. Then we sweep the room,
' shine or oil our shoes to that state of
cleanliness with which dirt or dust has
no acquaintance, and then the rifle.
This is the most serious moment of
the day. The rifle is said to be the
soldier's best friend and every soldier
I ^
loves and cares for his rifle as a mother
would her child, for very good reasons
of his own and the captain's. So
he starts at the muzzle and gives his
piece a thorough cleaning, (so he
thinks, until shown better by the captain
when he inspects) all the way
down to the butt plate, both inside and
out. Finally he gives his clothes one
last brush, puts on his belt and with
one last sigh, which is a prayer in itself,
he grabs his rifle and rushes out
to fall in line.
"Right dress," and ae looks down the
line of eyes until he can see the captain
on the other end. Front is given
and you stand at attention like a statue
els the inspecting officer comes down
the line. And when he gives the man
lext to you er to understand that his
jcrewheads haven't been cleaned in a
week and that he is carrying somehing
that looks like a lunch in the
trigger guard, then you can see all
'in/'o o* Hiftv r>nt? and nana and
'spuds" that need peeling, staring you
n the face, but when he comes In
front of you, takes your rifle, and gives
rou the once over, you feel that every
nutton you have on your blouse is unnuttoned,
that youi face Is dirty, and
rou imagine you can 3ee rust getting
ill over the officers' hands as he turns
rour rifle over and over looking at it
arefully. But if lie hands your rifle
ack to you without saying a word,
rnsses on to the next hopeful, you feel
hat after all officers are just men and
lave hearts like other mortals. Then
t's squads east and west until noon or
tomo nice manoeuvre which the kindlearted
major has figured out for pasime
for the boys. In this case we
nerely form a skirmish line with five
races interval and imagine that you
ire attacking some piece of woods or a
'arm house and run half bent about
.'5 yards and fall like a log wherever
rou happen to be whren your squad
eader yells down. Whether it be in a
natch of thorn bushes or on a pile of
ocks you duck. You keep this up for
hree or four hours, and then you go
;o dinner. Oh, its great fun, but it's
ough on your clothes
Now, unlike breakfast, you have tne
jrivilege of ordering whatever you like
or dinner, but of course, you never get
t. You get whatever the cooks have
irepared, which generally is some
orm of beef, "spuds," prunes, soup,
:offee and bread. Of course this isn't
he rule, because occasionally we get a
ihange, such as army beans, jam, syrlp,
etc., but it is so far between visits
hat it can hardly be remembered.
At 1.20 we fall in again and do some
nore close order drill and bayonet
>ractlce. Everybody has to pat their
ninds on this and if you don't "snap
nto it," you are put into the awkvard
squad, or "humpback squad," or
'the lame ducks," or the "third Army
>f Occupation," whichever term you
:hoose to use, until you can "snap into
t."
Then we have about an hour of athetics,
which consists at baseball, soc:or
and Rugby football and races of
lifferent kindj.
At 3.30 we come in and get ready
'or retreat When you get ready for
etreat you must imagine that you are
;oing to pay your respects to the king
md primp accordingly. First you have
^*11 + Viic? offantiAnntA nnH rlinc
u auxapc an i.iitoa*?vvk*v..v??v w.
ng Francaise mud oft your "hobs,"
vhich when collected, would make a
rood sized brick. Then an application of
>il or shoe dubbing improves the apjearance.
Then if you've been skirnishing
you brush all the mud oft,
ake your rifle and side arms and go
>ut to pay your respects to "Old Glo y."
When this formation is over you
:hen go for supper, where you find the
emains of old "Brindle," staring you
n the face again.
Honestly, since being in France I
iiave slept with so many cows and
lelped to eat so many cows that when
[ go back home I'll be ashamed to look
:he old family cow in the face.
Of course no army meal would be
:omplete without old "spuds", coffee
ind bread. Then the day's work is
aver- We go to our billet, build up
>ur fire of French wood, which requires
is much pains to make it burn as it
ioes for us to obtain it, on account of
jcarcity; light our incandescent can >!??.
/(raw ctramo tr? see who sits On
iICO| U1 U? wvkVKow ?? .
jur good pine "morris" chair and who
sits on the floor, light our cigarettes;
then our congenial group, representing
the states of New York, Pennsylvania,
Alabama, North Carolina and
South Carolina, decide who has heard
the latest line of "dope" on when we
ire going home. Finally when one
fellow holds that we are going next
month, and another believes that we
ire going to the Rhine, we become disgusted
and change the subject.
You've all heard of the "cootie," with
which every American "doughboy" is
or has been acquainted, and which
C3uy Empey made famous.
Well, last night we were sitting
around the fire talking about the times
while the war was going on that we
had slept in dugouts, on the side of the
road or in the woods, when one fellow
asked another if he had had any
"cooties" about his person. My North
Carolina friend said that he did not
have any "cooties," but that since be
ing in the army he haa eaten so many
potatoes that he had found potato
hugs crawling around on him.
At 9.30 "taps" sounds and everybody
takes his overcoat and blouse, makes a
pillow of them, removes ms snun, nco
his socks to something substantial so
that the rats can't carry them off,
climbs up the ladder to his bunk, and
lays his weary bones down to rest, satisfied
at the "end of a perfect day,"
and dozes off into the soldiers sleep,
his last thought being a hope that it
will be pouring down rain in the morning,
so that the day won't be repeated.
Priv. F. E. Gaulden,
Co. I, 321st Inf., A. P. O 791, Am. Ex.
Forces, France
Chester, March 10: Dr. S. Glenn
Love, who recently returned from over
seas, after several months' service as
surgeon, first with the British army
and later with the American forces,
and who saw a great deal of interesting
and at times hazardous service,
left this evening for New York, where
he has accepted a position as surgeon
at the hospital, of which Dr. J. P.
Moorehead is in charge. Dr. Love was
for some time attached to the unit of
which Dr. Moorehead was the head;
and since Dr. Love's return to Chester,
he has been very anxious for him to
come to New York and accept the post
as his -assistant. Dr. Love was one of
Chester's most popular physicians and
his departure Is greatly regretted
FREE SPEECH IN GERMANY
I ?
! Dr. Llebknecbt and Rosa Luxemburg
Were>Murdered.
> NEITHER HAD A SHOW FOR LIFE
Story of Attempted Escape Was All a
Lie Leaders of the Sparacan Group
Were Simply Killed by Those in
I Charge of the Government.
Literary Digest.
"Shot while attempting to escape arrest,"
said the official German report
of the death of Dr. Karl Liebknecht.
"Clubbed to death without provocation
by German soldiers at the command of
German officers," says an English correspondent
in Berlin, writing in the
London Daily Telegraph of February
1. The correspondent, it appears, is
not anxious to spread the truth for any
motives mat mignt oe cauea rtaaical,"
but because the circumstances of
the death of Liebknecht and of Rosa
Luxemburg have "a very grave bearing
on the wider question of the true
conditions in Germany, and the relative
power of the old military regime,
and the present government a condition
wh.ch may he very different Irom
that presented to the outside world."
Both Dr. Liebkr.echt and Rosa Luxemburg,
according to this authority,
were pounded to death with rifle-butts,
at the command of German officers, in
a way that suggests the all-powerful
German militarism of the first year of
the war in Belgium. The report -was
given out, it will be recalled, that
Rosa Luxemburg was taken from an
automobile by a mob and lynched.
There was no mob, according to the
Telegraph's correspondent; there were
only typical German soldiers, under
the command of typical German officers.
Writing from Berlin, he tells the
story of his discovery:
When in my message describing the
scene at Liebknecht's grave I tried to
give you a hint of. some deeper horror
which was accountable for the extreme
nervous tension among the mourners,
and which had a very close connection
with the deaths of Liebknecht and
Rosa Luxemburg, I had only the thinnest
thread, hardly amounting to evidence,
on which to found my suspicion
that behind the tragedies of these two
deaths there was being deliberately
hidden a truth which must ultimately
come out, and would prove the facts
to be of such a horrible character as
scarcely to be believable- But a short
hour aeo I chanced on one who has
given me what in all solemnity he assures
me Is the story of what actually
took place. In themselves, as I have
said, the facts are deadful and revolting,
but apart from the matter of the
fate of the two victims immediately
concerned, the whole awful story has a
very grave bearing on the wider cpuestion
of the true condition of Germany,
and the relative power of the various'
parties of the old military regime and
the present government?a condition
which may be very different from the
picture presented to the outside world,
if one only knew what may possibly be
going on beneath the froth .of general
elections.
My informant claims to have been
an' eye-witness of the incidents which
he describes. He was staying, he says,
at the Eden hotel, where the horrible
affair took place, and he returned
there on the night of the tragedy at
10.30 to find an armed sentry guarding
the door. This sentry told him
that Llebknecht had been arrested and
that it was intended to beat him to
death. In the immediate neighborhood
of the hotel nobody was to be seen.
Thus the story circulated in the official
report about the "infuriated crowds"
was false, and the crowd existed only
in the imagination of the military authorities
who spread the report. When
he entered the hotel he found a group
of eight military officers and half a
dozen civilians. There was an air of
expectancy about them, and in about
fifteen minutes Rosa Luxemburg appeared,
accompanied by the Krimlnal
Wachtmeister (chief of the criminal
police). A few minutes later Liebknecht
came down stairs, after having
been questioned by the military. He
was guarded by armed soldiers.
Just when Liebknecht was passing
the narrator of this affair, an officer
of the Guards Cavalry suddenly sprang
toward him, shouting, "Is that fellow
still alive?" The officer then joined
the military escort, which left the hotel
with both prisoners. In about flf
teen minutes he returned and said that
Liebknecht had been beaten to death
with the butt-end of rifles. The blows
were struck from behind, and at the
second blow Liebknecht collapsed.
Again the story circulated about Liebknecht's
attempt to escape appears to
have been invented by the authorities
concerned and to be a downright lie.
According to a statement made by one
of the sentries, Liebknecht was deliberately
murdered by the soldiers, who
were encouraged to this deed by their
officers.
Regarding the fate of Rosa Luxemburg,
the correspondent sends a report
even more at variance with the official
German announcement- He writes:
The next step taken was to compel
all civilians to leave the hall of the
hotel while the military and hotel employes
were assembled alone. These
employes afterward declared, quite independently
of each other, that Rosa
Luxemburg had also been beaten down
at the entrance to the hotel by soldiers
and officers. There was no sign of an
enraged crowd. My informant states
that the official declaration of the
Guards Cavalry Schutzen division was
one complete untruth from beginning
to end. A major who was present in
the hotel could easily have investigated
the affair, but caused a false statement
to be issued instead of the truth. Later
on the manager of the hotel was
ordered to assemble all the employes
and to read this false report aloud to
thpm. in this way the employes were
intimidated by that militarism which
is by some supposed to have been
thrust out of Germany.
The soldiers declared that they had
thrown the body of Rosa Luxemburg
into the canal. On the day following
these terrible events all the officers
i who knew about them had disappeared
from the hotel. The whole affair has
now been placed in the hands of an
impartial committee, which is working
' In conjunction with the members of
the Independent Socialist committee.
My informant is of opinion that while
Llebknecht's body was being carried
away in a car some revolver-shots
probably blank cartridges were fired
toward the car in order to give some
sort of reality to the story of Llebknecht's
flight The struggle of the
military officers for the maintenance
of their old position is getting constantly
fiercer, and is assuming the
shape of a movement for removing
the soldiers' councils and upholding
the old system of subordination. The
old spirit of militarism has, in fact,
{revived, and in a form which supplies
la reason for caution.
The attitude of the officers is intelligible
enough. The majority of them are
professional soldiers, and since the
breakdown of military force have lacked
occupation, and, in some cases,
even the wherewithal to live. To them
the revival of militarism means the
possibility of gaining a living again:
and since many of the returned sol-j
diers are unable to find employment^
in trade or industry, they are only too
willing to Join the amy and again become
professionals. Recruiting for the
army which is to be used against the
Poles has provided a welcome opportunity
to these men. It is obvious that
these soldiers are willing to submit to'
the reinstitution of the old discipline
and the dissolution of the Berlin SiCij 1
herheits-Wehr (Safety force) wild
drive numbers of others into tho newly,'
recruited army, under rules which the
revolution was meant to removeToday
dissatisfaction at the present
state of affairs found vent in a fight at '
at the Lichterfelde station between a
company of a volunteer regiment destined
for the eastern front and a number
of former members of that force
who had been dismissed for some unknown
reason, and tried to induce their
erstwhile ctfmrades to lay down their
arms. The latter refused, and a fight
resulted in which both sides used machine
guns. The opposing camps then
took up positions in me
and at the moment negotiations are
being carried on, with what result I
cannot say.
ABOUT COTTON. !
Has Figured Throughout the History
of Civilization.
Few things take one "around the
world and back again," more thorough- ,
ly or more incontinently transport one
to the remotest bounds of history than
cotton. It Is Indeed, like its feathery
self, a regular will-o'-the-wisp. The
historian cannot hold it. Its story is
full of surmises and surprises. Its
entry into the life of a people is never
dated. All that can be said is that it
first finds mention in such and such a
year, but that the cotton fabric, how
ever woven and however fashioned,
may have been in use many years before
that time. -<J
"That the fifth century B. C. cotton
fabrics were unknown or quite unrnmmnn
in EuroDe may be inferred
from Herodotus' mention of the cotton
clothing of the Indians." So one historian,
reaching out for something definite,
begins his story, and straightway,
bridging whole centuries in a few
words, he raises the curtain again when
the cotton industry is "flourishing in
Spain" in the middle of the thirteenth
century. Then comes the collapse of
the Spanish power before the Moors
in the fourteenth century, and behold
the Spanish craft transferred to the
Netherlands. Here the historian,
eager to trace the cotton industry to
its present great world center, the
northwest of England, is reduced to
surmises once again. It is surmised
that cotton manufacture was cirried
from the Netherlands to England by
refugees during the Spanish persecution
of the second half of the sixteenth
century.
But there is no absolute proof of this
Workers in cotton may have been
amongst the Flemish weavers who fled
to England about that time, and some
of them are even said to have settled
in and about Manchester, but, again,
proof is lacking.
At last, however, the historian comes
to his "first certain mention," and this
occurs in a petition to the Earl of Salisbury,
about the year 1610, asking for
the continuance of a grant for reforming
frauds committed in the manufacture
of "bombazine cotton such as
groweth in the land of Persia being
no kind of wool." Then, finally, in
another petition, dated some ten years
later, the trade is traced to where it
belongs so specially today, and thence
onward the historian has no more difficulties.
"About twenty years past,"
this petition declares, "divers people
in this kingdom, but chiefly in the
county of Lancaster, have found out
the trade of making of other fustians,
made of a kind of bombast or down,
being-a fruit of the earth growing upon
little shrubs or bushes, brought into
this kingdom by the Turkey merchants,
from Smyrna, Cyprus, Area,
and Sydon, but commonly called cotton
wool." Today, three hundred years
later, "this fruit of the earth growing
upon little shrubs and bushes" ranks
after grain, as the most Important of
the world's crops, and wherever one
goes in the great cotton belt, the world
round, one finds the cotton field, from
Dixie to China and from China to the
banks of the Nile.
Meanwhile, the "divers people in the
coty of Lancaster" have grown Into a
great host, gathered into towns and
villages, covering a whole countryside,
and sending forth "Manchester goods"
the utmost bounds of the world, inc
history of the Lancashire cotton trade,
from which the modern cotton trade
everywhere springs, is of < ourse one of
the great romances of industry. The
story of Lewis Paul and John Wyatt
and of James Hargreaves and Samuel
Crompton, of Thomas Highs, Ark*
1 * * 1 Tr n\r
\\ ri^ni, ana junn tvu^ cm i) uuc u?v>?
to the very beginnings of modern industrial
England, whilst in and out,
back and forth, runs the strange
spinner out into the hills and dales,
and, later on, the steam engine bringing
him back again into the towns;
and now, today, the establishment of
great central power stations throughout
the land, holding out possibilities
of the cotton operatives taking to the
i country once again. Christian Science
Monitor.
5BF The man or the nation that is
slow starting to fight is often slower
quitting.
PROBLEMS OF CONFERENCE
Tangled Conditions In Europe tyust
Be Untangled
JOINT CONTROL NOT A SUCCESS
Instructive Lesson in Contemporary
History, Dealing With the Rehabilitation
of Various Decadent Nations.
The question of international con- j
- ... I
troi is just now very mucn to tne iore,
through the proposals laid before the
Peace Conference to establish Joint
control, In the form of mandatories, of
certain enemy territories. The Allied
nations, moreover, are evidently not to
be daunted by the failure In the past
to make of international control a
success, but are resolved to put to
the test its efficacy as a feature of
New World organization and government,
by applying it to the former
German colonies in Africa and the
Pacific, and more particularly to European
and Asiatic Turkey.
- International control of the Hellespont
and Bosphorus and the confining
of the Turkish state to the center of
Asia Minor is so significant that at
the present stage it Is impossible to
gauge properly its importance. The
Eastern problem in modern times has
been primarily that of the fate of
Turkey. On the occasion of every
near eastern crisis, the question was
reiterated, Shall that country be preserved
Intact, or shall it be dismembered?
. To that never-ending query,
the delegates to the Peace Conference
Beem about to give a definitive answer
Setting aside at last the selfish national
policies of the countries interested
in preserving or destroying the
Integrity of Turkey, they have decided
upon its disintegration, and the
first step in that disintegration will
probably consist in proclaiming Constantinople
and the Dardanelles as
neutral territory under a form of International
stewardship.
Defects of Control
The actual workings of International
control in the past have generally
been disappointing In their results. It
was only at the end of the Napoleonic
wars that emperors, kings, and
statesmen began to think and talk of
International organization Instead of
war and offensive alliances, as a practical
method of constructing and protecting
international society. But,
mingled with their hopes and theories
we/e disconcerting intrigues of every
kind to defeat whatever political good
there might be In their intentions, and
it Is not a little surprising that the
foster father of the new and practical
system of regulating the affairs of
Europe should have been that unstable
autocrat, the Czar Alexander of
Russia. Integatlonal control from the
first, however, was' 'doomed fo^faYtureV
It had, In fact, no foundation upon
which to work. The parties of the
"European system" never troubled to
consider the fundamental question of
the constitution of international society.
Reform truly begins at home,
and the affairs of any nation within
Itself were never made the concern of
any of the signatories to international
control In the past. The "state of
affairs between nation and nation" as
Canning expressed it, must first be
harmonized and correlated If peoples
are to act in concert for promoting or
controlling the external needs of nations,
and are determined that there
shall be no return to
, . . the good old rule,
The simple plan,
That they should take who have the
power
And they should keep who can.
The Congo Fiasco
To take concrete eases from our own
time. One of the. peculiar outcomes of
the partition of Africa was the formation
of the so called International African
Association. It was the work of
Leopold II of Belgium, a man who was
greatly interested in the exploration
of the continent following the discoveries
of travelers and missionaries like
Livingstone. In 1876 he called a conference
of the powers. As a result of
its deliberations, the association was
formed. It was to have its seat in Brussels.
Frenchmen, Portuguese, Dutchmen,
Germans and Belgians joined in
the good work. Appropriation quickly
followed upon discovery. The African
Association appeared to have been lost
sight of, except that it probably
exerted a restraining influence in preventing
the contestants from going to
war. What the nations actually did
was to form a series of treaties among
themselves without consulting the natives,
and to define the boundaries of
their claims. Thus Africa became an
annex of Europe, most of the treaties
by which this annexation was effected
being made between 1884 and 1890.
King's Personal Property
H. M. Stanley was nominally an
emissary of the international association,
and as such he made hundreds
of treaties with native chiefs and
founded many stations in the Congo
basin. But his -expenses were largely
borne by King Leopold II, and as the
results proved, the Congo Free State
became an adjunct of the personal
property of the King before it was
made the property of the Belgian
state, and thus in almost every sense
it belied its name.
Owing in part to Portuguese oppo
sitlon to the appropriation, of the
Congo by Leopold, a general conference
was held in Berlin, attended by
the representatives of all the states of
Europe, also the United States.
Though the existence of the Congo
Free State as an independent power
was recognized, it was evidently the
understanding of the powers that it
was to be not only a neutral but an
international state. Trading was to be
open to all nations on equal terms, the
rivers were to be equally free, and
only such dues were to be levied as
would be required to provide for the
necessities of commerce. No trade
monopolies were to be granted.
But in the results, tne iYssoui anuu |
of powers might just as well have
never bothered itself with the issuing
of such decrees. The new state became
practically Belgian, because the King
was the only one to show much practical
interest in the undertaking. By
1885 he had assumed the position of
Its sovereign, and was soon running it
as though he wore its business heac
and the chairman of its shareholders
He even went so far as to declare
that the connection of the Congo Free
State and Belgium should be personal
he being the ruler of both. Finally, ir
1908 due largely to the abuses which
prevailed, this international state was
converted outright Into a Belgian colony,
subject, however, not to the personal
rule of the King, but to Parliament.
All these later changes In the
status of the state were either acquiesced
in or recognized by the powers.
The reason is not far to seek.
The Association made decrees, but it
provided no machinery for the enforcement
of them. The decrees,
therefore, remained unfulfilled, and
the state, quickly ceasing to be interMAHAMOI
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the natives shamefully exploited and
the country practically closed to other
nations.
The Case of Egypt
Egypt is another case of international
control in this instance a dual
control which, assumed by the force
of circumstances and those circumstances
threatening European bankruptcy,
failed to work well. The then
Sir Alfred Milner, after studying the
condition the country had been reduced
to by the extravagances and
misrule of Ismail Pasha, declared that
it had no parallel in the financial history
of any country. Owing to the
extraordinary increase of the Egyptian
debt, In spite of loans raised
mainly in France and England, the
governments of these two countries
intervened in the interest of the investors
and succeed in imposing
their control over a large part of the
financial administration. This dual
control lasted from 1879 to 1883. Certain
elements of the population struggled
against it, apd the bitter hatred
inspired by this intervention of the
"foreigners" flared up in a native
movement that had as its war cry,
"Egypt for the Egyptians," and as its
sequel the unsuccessful revolt under
Arabi Pasha The control could only
be perpetuated by the suppression of
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would have been to leave the country
a prey to anarchy. To remain, however,
waa certainly to offend other
European powers, who would look upon
the act as another piece of British
aggression. France had declined the
offer to cooperate with Great Britain
and had withdrawn. Great Britain,
therefore, decided to remain In the
capacity of "adviser." The unhappy
dual control came to an end, and
Great Britain, left alone, began that
process of reconstruction and reform
which has been proceeding ever since.
International control has had a further
unfortunate illustration In the
case of the island of Crete, which in
1897 rose in insurrection against the
rule of Turkey. Greece was easily
defeated, and was forced to cede certain
parts of Thessaly to Turkey and
lb' giv^up the' project or \he"anneSca*tion
of Crete. After long negotiation
among the powers, the island was
made autonomous under the suzerainty
of the Sultan, and the direct
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Greece. The high commissioner, or
chief executive, was appointed by the
King of Greece with the assent of the
four protecting powers, Great Britain,
France, Russia arid Italy. Questions
concerning the foreign relations of
Crete were determined by the representatives
of these powers. In 1913,
following the successful campaign of
Bulgaria against Turkey, Crete was
ceded to the great powers and a little
later it was incorporated in the kingdom
of Greece. The Crete question
thus happily left the troubled stage
of International politics.
The Albanian Dispute
International control in the case of
little Albania practically sprang up on
the day when both Austria-Hungary
ana naiy enaeavorea iu mieriere m
the proposals of the Balkan powers to
divide the country among themselves.
Serbia, to mention only one instance,
wanted her "little window" of Durazzo
on the Adriatic. But the dual Monarchy
and Italy had important political
and economic interests at stake,
and opposed, the plan vigorously. The
rest of the great powers thereupon Intervened
and erected a portion of Albania
Into an autonomous principality
under their protection. By a series
of arrangements during 1912 and 1913,
the territory which formerly passed
under the generic name of Albania
was distributed to Montenegro, Serbia,
and Greece. By this arrangement,
Serbia received Monastir and Greece
Janinp., whilst to Albania was guaranteed
Scutari, Alessio, Durazzo and
Avlona. Both republican and monarchical
forms of government were
set up. But an International commls
slon of control was formed at Valona,
consisting of six members, one each
from- Austria, Italy, Russia, Great
Britain, France, and Germany. The
powers Invited Prince Frederick William
of WIed to assume the crown of
the principality. He accepted and
fled, and the war put an end to the
existence of the international commission
to control and Incidentally, to
the autocratic governments of three
of the participants.
Airplane Regulation. President Wilson,
in submitting to the house tonight
recommendations of the national
advisory committee for aeronautics
for legislation placing the licensing
and regulation of aerial navigation in
charge of the department of commerce,
declared "he fully approved the suggested
legislation." Secretary Baker,
Daniels and Redfleld also have indorsed
the proposal.
The legislation would give the department
of commerce authority to issue
licenses for civilian operation of
air craft and provide an appropriation
of $25,000 for the necessary expenses.
A letter from C. D. Walcott,
chairman of the executive committee,
said the legislation should be passed
at the present session. Mr. Walcott
pointed out the absence of any federal
authority for establishing rules and
regulations governing civilian operation,
said if the war department sold
its surplus machines many amateurs
would attempt flying with many accidents
resulting. Operation of "unlicensed
and irresponsible aircraft,"
he added, would cause probably
craft," he added, would cause probably
complications from smugling from
Mexico and Canada.
I FOUGHT LIKE DEMONS
' Not One Nan of the Famous 369th
; Ever Taken Alive
LOVED TO GUT RATHER THAN SHOOT
i Sent to Hold Abandoned Trenches,
With but Little Chance for Their
Lives They Came Back Safe Were
' Sure from the First That They
Would Go Into Germany.
Literary Digest
Like most good officers, CoL William
Haywood, of the famous 309th negro
regiment, thoroughly believes In his
men and Is eager to testify to their
soldierly qualities. In the course of his
first public address since his recent
return from France, he told a vivid
story of real fighting by his "boys,"
who never wanted any weapon but
"something with a good cutting edge
on it." Declaring his opinion that a bit
of strategy brought Into play by General
Gouraud In July 15, 1918, turned
the tide of the war, the colonel said,
as reported In the New Tork papers:
We were at one end of the line held
by General Gouraud and were a part
of his army. At the other end of the
line was that famous fighting Irish
outfit, the 165th (69th, New York),and
other units of the great Rainbow division.
The first thing I knew all there was
between the German army and Paris
on a stretch of front a little more than
four miles long was my regiment of
negroes. But It was fair enough at
that; all there was between us and
Berlin was the German army. They
trio/l nrottw hard to i.-ot hv. but thflV
never did. No German ever got into a
trench with my regiment who did not
stay there or go back with the brand
of my boys on him.
In 191 days of battle we never had
one of our men captured alive. "When
those Germans would come Into our
trenches after what our boys called a
million-dollar artillery preparation, the
thing just got down to a regular heman,
street-corner flght. They fought
with knives, bayonets, and the butts of
guns. All those boys of mine ever
wanted to flght with was something
with a good cutting edge on It
On July 14 the Germans, reenforced
by prisoners released by Russia, were
at their maximum strength. The Allies
were at the lowest ebb they had reached
during the war. That night we captured
some German prisoners In a raid
and they told us that at a certain time
the Germans were to launch a great
attack that was to last for five hours
and twenty-flve minutes.
. General Gouraud started a counterattack
on a great scale five minutes
before the German attack was to start.
- As wc afterward learned from prisoners,
this attack greatly upset the
Germans and hampered their own attack
disastrously.
General Gouraud, knowing the hour
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took what was probably the longest
chance that a general ever took. Before
the attack began he ordered his
whole army to abandon the first
trenches on a front of fifty kilometers.
These trenches had cost thousands of
lives ?nd men had tolled months and
months to gain those positions. If
Gouraud's plan failed he was ruined.
When the troops were withdrawn,
only sixteen of the 1,600 men In my regiment
remained In the front-line
trenches. Those sixteen, all volunteers,
who fully expected to lose their lives,
took refuge in shell-holes, specially
constructed dugouts, armed with signal-rockets,
mustard-gas shells, and a
few machine guns of an old type, which
could be started and then abandoned,
as they would keep on firing without
manipulation until vthelr ammunitionbelts
were exhausted or they got Jammed.
When the handful of men in the
trenches saw the German Infantry
coming, after a terrific artillery shower
had rained down on the first-line
trenches, they set off the signal-rockets
to notify us, set off the mustardgas
shells In the dugouts, started the
machine guns going, and then ran for
it, with the German barrage In front
of them and the advancing German
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inrantry ueiunu mcu. w Jt
most of them got back.
When the Germans poured Into our
trenches they failed to find a single
man alive. Those Germans who went
into the dugouts stayed there, because
they were filled with the deadliest gas.
Behind the easily taken trenches the
French had massed the most incon- J
ceivable amount of artillery. Of course,
they had to a mathematical exactness
the range of the trenches they had
abandoned. Immediately they poured
a terrible fire down into those trenches,
and you can imagine the result.
My boys afterward found enough
Mauser rifles to equip the whole regiment.
The Mausers looked like the
old Springflelds, and my boys liked
them. So they threw away their own
rifles. When the Mauser ammunition
we had captured gave out, of course
they were in a bad way.
The most wonderful thing I saw
over there was the great faith of the
American soldier in himself. Last
April a lot of my boys were discovered
buying German marks from Moroccans,
who had taken them from
the bodies of dead Germans. A mark
was no good in France, of course, but
here they were buying them up eagerly,
at about a fifth of their normal value.
"What are you buying those things
for?" one of my officers asked them.
"You can't use them here."
"Boss," said one of them, "we're go
lng into weriiituiy.
A few months later I saw these same
lads spending the marks in German
shop on the Rhine, the while talking
Harlem German, marked with a Yiddish
accent, with the shop-proprietors.
Beeves as Swimmers. A vessel carrying
pedigree cattle to America was
torpedoed and sunk. Several of the
animals swam ashore, a distance of
several miles. The majority of those
on board were Shorthorns, but for
every one Shorthorn that reached safety
there were three Aberdeen Angus
The Herefords won the race easily.
On reaching land they bellowed encouraging
remarks to the Aberdeen and
were so full of magnanimity that they
actually licked the distressed Scot survivors
on escaping from a water
grave. As a contemporary puts 1
that great swim for life and subee
quent tenderness Is an epic In cattle
romance. The Farm Bulletin, Australia.
NEW VICTORY LOAN.
Campaign Begins April 21 and Closes
Mav 10.
The Victory Liberty loan campaign
will open Monday, April 21, and close
three weeks later Saturday, May 10.
Secretary of the Treasury Glass has
announced the dates, together with
the fact that short-term notes maturing
in not over five years would be
Issued instead of longer term bonds.
The amount to be offered was not disclosed,
but It has been generally understood
that the loan would be for a
minimum of 26,000,000,000, with the
treasury reserving the right to accept
all over-subscriptions.
Mr. Glass said the interest rate on
the notes and the amounts to be exempted
from taxation would not be ~
determined until a week or two before
the campaign, as they would be
based upon financial conditions at that
time. It was intimated, however, that
the notes might bear interest in excess
of 41 per cent., the interest rate
on tha third and fourth loans.
'These note^" the secretary said,
"will be, as were the Liberty loan
bonds, the direct promise to pay of
the United States and will be Issued
both In registered and coupon form.
The coupon notes will be la final form
and will have attached the interest
coupons coveting the entire life of the
notes. I am hopeful that the notes
in final engraved form will be ready
for delivery by the opening of the
campaign, on April 1.
"I am led to adopt the plan of issuing
short-term notes rather than longterm
bonds largely because of the fact
that I believe a short-term issue will
maintain a price at about par after *
the campaign is concluded far more
readily than would a longer-term Issue.
"I take this opportunity to repeat
what I have already stated, that it is
the intention of the treasury department
to carry on the same kind of Intensive.
campaign for distribution as
heretofore. It would be a most- unfortunate
occurrence if the people of
the United States failed to take these
notes, thus placing the burden of subscriptions
on the banks.
"The business of the country looks
to the banking system for credit
wherewith to carry on Its operations,
and If Its credit is absorbed to a large
extent by the purchase of government
securities, there will be many Hm'taMons
placed.opon the supply of credit
for business purposes. "I
therefore ask the American people
again to give their support to
their goVertiftenT" Tn^rdef~*tKat kills
great loan may be made an overwhelming
success."
Francis P. Garvan, Alien Property
Custodian, will be one of the largest
single buyers of the Victory loan. He
holds approximately $10,400,000 in
cash, according to a statement of his
office to-day, and this amount will be
available for investment in the loan.
The total resources of the Custodian,
excluding some $200,000,000 uninventoried
property, comprise $607,333,391.62.
SQUARE DEAL FOR THE PRE8S.
Massachusetts Association Proteete
Against Imposition.
The Massachusetts Press Association.
Ernest H. Pierce, president, at
its annual meeting in Boston last week,
went on recot-d as opposed to giving
free space to government war committees
and agencies, adopting the following
resolutions:
Whereas, The members of the Massachusetts
Press association believe
the methods pursued by the Liberty
loan war saving stamps and other government
war committees and agencies,
including the federal Income tax authorities,
are and have been contrary
to recognized principles of business,
lacking in efficiency, from the standpoint
of the nation's interests and unfair
to the publishers of newspapers
of the state and nation; and
Wfiereas, Advertising space is a
commodity upon which the publishers
depend for their livelihood; and
Whereas, The various government
tha p-nlne nrices
ogeiitics cxi t |wj?.s .... .
for printing, supplies and other commodities
entering Into the conduct of
their departments, as well as employing
assistants at standard salaries;
Resolved, That the Massachusetts
Press Association hereby expresses its
belief that the space occupied by the
publicity desired by these agencies,
should be paid for at regular advertising
rates, and that such action
would be conducive to the elimination
of the inconsistencies, duplications and
economic waste that have characterized
publicity campaigns In the past;
and be it further
Resolved, That the Massachusetts
Press Association does not consider
either manuscript or stereotype-plate
form, referring to these subjects, as
consistent with Its position on the
question of the desirability of paid
advertising for government and associated
campaigns.
Local news reports of the progress
of campaigns or efforts locally to
further them are not construed as
coming within the scope of the preceding
resolution.
The mercantile fleet in German
harbors, disposition of which will be
decided at an early date at. the food
and shipping conference at Brusseds,
consists of, according to German figures,
723 steamers of 1,986,700 gross
tons and 136 sailing vessels of 52,600
tons. The sailing craft and some of
the smaller steamers will be left,
however, by the entente to Germany
for coastal service. The steamer figures
include steamers finished during
the war, but not the unfinished steamers
which the Germans continue to insist
can not.be demanded under the
armistice. The fate of the German
-v iM tmtMi nA^o la nnt a Han.
aitreuiici a in ucunai yvt v? ?u MV?
lutely known, although many of them
probably have been seized. The German
Information regarding the action
of the neutral governments Is inoomplete.
The total tonage that may be
surrendered to the entente is approximately
2,250,000 gross.