ISSUED SEMI-WEEKL^
l. x. orist's sons, pnbiuhew. j % ^smUg Jlems gaper: Jfor the JJromotion o( the political, Social. Jgricnltural and Commercial Interests of the jpeople. {TEg'8raoL^opT,8nra c?iraANc"
establi8hed1855. ~ ~ YORKVILLE, 8. C? FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1906. NX). 93.
SWT# CMOS.W
T
How the Spirit of Libert;
Unconquera
By REV. ROBER'
From the Yorkvllle Enquirer of 1876.
INSTALLMENT LII.
Incidents of the Battle of Eutaw
Spring.
The day on which was fought the
battle of Eutaw Spring was Intensely
hot Both armies suffered for the want
of water. Many of the Americans
were almost naked and entirely barefooted.
The water of Eutaw Spring
was reddened with the blon* of the
wounded, who crept there to quench
their thirst There Is a tradition that
for some time after the battle the volume
of the water which bursts from
this fountain was considerably diminished.
This decrease in the amount of
water was attributed to the blood
which was mingled with the water.
How much credence is to be given
to this tradition we will not undertake
to say. AH that we aver Is that we
have seen Individuals who declared
that for some time after the battle
the Eutaw "went nearly dry."
Both parties claimed a victory at
Eutaw. The American general reJ
-V thn nnn.
UTIVCU A VUIC VI uiauno asvraas M*v vvm
gress of the United States for the
"most signal victory" which he had
gained. A British standard was also
presented to General Greene, as "an
honorable testimony of his merits."
In addition to this General Greene
was presented with a "golden medal
emblematical of the battle and victory."
General Greene was instructed to
present the thanks of congress to his
aids-de-camps. Hynre, Pierce, Pendleton
and Shubrlck. Pierce who bore
General Greene's dispatches giving an
account of the victory to congress,
was presented with a sword.
On one side of the "golden" medal
presented to General Greene is the
nrofllp of a man?designed for the
general himself, no doubt Around the
profile are the words: "Nathaniell
Greene egregio duel comltla Americana"?"The
American Congress to the
distinguished leader, Nathaniel i
Greene." On the other side of the
medal is the Goddess of Victory gracefully
gliding down upon the earth. In i
her right hand is a wreath with which <
to crown the victor; in her left hand i
a quiver. Gently she descends and
places her left foot upon a broken i
shield. The head of the goddess Is 1
encircled with the words, ''Salua Re- <
gionum AustraliurrO?'The Safety of
the Southern region.'* Underneath her I
feet are the words. "Hostlbus ad Butaw
Debellatta VIII Se?L MDCC. J
LXXXI"?The enemy conquered at
Eutaw on the 8th of Sept, 1781.
The congress or tne united siaies
passed ? vote of thanks to the several i
d^v^slons of troops which composed the i
army of General Cireene, i
From all this we would be led to i
believe the Amertoans had In reality i
gained moat signal vietory." The i
* British on the other hand olatm a victory
and rest their olalm upon two
facts. They were able to hold the
briok house and palisade garden during
the whole of the contest and In
the end force the Americans to abandon
the confltot. The truth Is neither
party gained at the time a signal victory.
The ranks of both armies were
fearfully thinned. In no battle during
the whole Revolutionary war did the
Amerloans lose so many officers. Cbl
oneis y> mmns-wn, nunaiv aim acudereon
were wounded and Col. Richard
Campbell was killed. Of the six colonel*
only two?'Williams and Lee?
were unhurt. The whole number of
American officers killed was seventytwo:
the number of wounded thlrtyulne.
This In Itself was a severe blow
upon the American army.
The troops on both sides fought
bravely. The British admit that the
bayonet which heretofore had been so
much dreaded by the Americans, had
lost all Its power to produce terror In
them and had become In their hands a
most deadly weapon. With this weapon
In the hands of the Virginians and
Marylanders. General Greene drove the
British regulars from the battlefield.
Evidently the Americans were eml
nently successful until the hungry and
thirsty soldiers entered the British
camp. Here they began to plunder and
were soon Incapacitated for anything.
An amusing scene took place in
front of the brick house. So great
was the rush of the British to enter
the brick house and so closely were
they pursued by the Americans that
the more advanced of the latter reached
the door before the hindmost of the
former. The British were In haste to
enter the house and the Americans
were In haste to reach the place before
the door could be shut. Lieutenant
Manlng and a few daring followers,
reached the door almost as soon as
Major Sheridan and his men. One of
Manning's men actually made his way
partly into the house. Sheridan began
to push him out and Manning at the
same time push him In. Finally Sheridan
succeeded. The door was imme
dlately closed and barred. Many of
the British were left out.
Among those was a brother of the
somewhat remarkable Colonel Isaac
Barre. The brother of this Irish colonel
held a captain's commission. Lieutenant
Manning finding that he could
not force the house turned his attention
to the unfortunate British who
were too late to enter. So soon as
Captain Barre found that he could
neither enter the brick house nor escape.
he began with a glibness of tongue
for which the Irish are noted and
with a solemnity in harmony with his
circumstances to recite his titles. "I
am" said he, "Sir Henry Barre, deputy
adjutant general of the British army;
captain of the 52nd regiment, secretaof
the commandant at Charleston?"
"And my prisoner," interrupted Manning.
"You are the very man I have
been looking for. Come with me and
I will take good care of you."
It soon became necessary for Manning
and his followers to retire from
this dangerous position. In order
to effect this, he so arranged his own
men and the prisoners that both were
alike exposed to the fire from the
brick house.
HI HI
HE REMUTHHi
y Was Kept Alive py an
kble People.
r LATHAN, r>. I>.
The British loss was fearful. Colonel
Stewart was wounded and Majorlbanks
was thrown Into a fever, of
which he died In a few days. Numbers
of the Irish Buffs deserted and
Joined the Americans shortly after the
battle.
The loyalists In the British army
fought better at Eut&w springs than
the regulars. The loyalists regarded it
as victory or death. The aspect of
things had become wholly changed before
the battle. The Impression had
become general that the British could
not subjugate the colonies and the result
was that numbers of individuals
who heretofore had been neutral or
even Tories, now readily joined General
Greene.
There were several individuals who
won for themselves the title of Revolutionary
soldiers by being at Eutaw
on the 8th of September, 1781. Before
this they had been tender hearted loyalists
or plundering Tories. Their Infamy
Is forgotten by the world and
never was known by their descend- *
ants. Among the British who deserted
shortly after the battle of Eutaw
Spring was a man by the name of
Keenan. After the war, James Keenan i
settled in York county on the waters i
of Dutchman creek. His grave is some
three miles northwest of Ebenezer on 1
the plantation of John Barron, Sr.
1
INSTALLMENT LIII.
Hill's Iron Works.
In the northeastern section of York *
county on the road leading from 1
Yorkville to Charlotte, about eleven '
miles from the former place is what '
is now called the "Clay Hill neighbor- 1
hood." The limit of this region like '
all others of a similar character are J
marked out neither by metes nor 1
bounds. It has no fixed "butts and 1
KlnHinaa" hut ArtAnHo an far In aJI di- 1
rectlona as is agreeable to the desires 1
and Inclinations of the inhabitants. 1
Through this region there flows a 1
bold stream which for more than a 1
century has borne the name of Allison '
creek. This stream rises near Beth- 1
any church at the foot of Henry's
Knob and empties Into Catawba river, '
a short distance above Thorn's ferry. 1
This Clay Hill region was once a part 1
of that extensive region known all over 1
the upper section of South Carolina 1
by the name of Bethel.
It is impossible at this late date to 1
fix with absolute certainty, the exact '
period when this section of country <
was settled by white men. It Is high- '
ly probable that at a very early pe- '
rlod, Indian traders took up their abode 1
among the red men of the forest It
seems that at several points on the !
Catawba river the traders had settled 1
as early as the year 1736. The most 1
of these Indian traders were Scotch- 1
men. It is highly probable that the 1
Bethel region was settled by white 1
men as early as 1740. The tide of im- 1
migration from Pennsylvania and Vlr- '
ginia. continued to flow gently into !
this region for a number of years. In
1755, the defeat of Braddock forced
multitudes to leave Pennsylvania and
Virginia and seek a quiet home In the
south. These immigrants were nearly
all Scotch-Irish. A few were of the
old Puritan stock. Bethel church was
organized by the Rev. William Richardson
in 1764.
There is abundance of evidence that
this region of country which we now
call Clay Hill was settled long before
the Revolutionary war, and that the
people had accumulated at least some
wealth and provided themselves with
many of the comforts of life. Among
the early settlers of this Clay Hill region
was Colonel William Hill, the
grand father of General D. H. Hill.
The region of country north of Allison
creek abounds in iron ore. At
an early period, Colonel William Hill
established a furnace on Allison creek
at the point at which now is located
Mlllof'o mill A r?Ano rtnorohln in this
furnace existed between Colonel Hill i
and Isaac Hayne. During the Revolu- 1
tlonary war, the furnace was where i
Duff's mill now Is. At these Iron works i
were cast cannon and balls with which '
in part to supply the southern division I
of the American army. Not only so,
but the farmers for a considerable dls- ;
ance In every direction around these
works, were supplied by them with i
Iron for agricultural purposes. <
After the fall of Charleston on the <
12th of May 1780, the British army under
Cornwallis, Rawdon, Tarleton and
others advanced Into the Interior of the
state and established Its headquarters .
at Camden. This emboldened the Tories
and loyalists of the state. The
Whigs were in an unorganized condition
and destitute of every means of
defence. They had no fire arms except
their squirrel guns; and powder
and lead we may well suppose, were
extremely scarce. In this critical
condition of things, the men abandoned
their homes, leaving their domestic
affairs in charge of their wives
and children. The Tories prowled
through the country like so many
hungry wolves devouring and destroying
every thing in their reach. Generally
speaking the Tories were unprincipled
wretches, who neither feared
God nor regarded man.
In this Bethel region on Rocky Allison
a few miles southwest of Hill's
iron works was established a kind of
7tore house in which was deposited
salt and many other articles for the
support of the Whig families. This
store house was a large stone and
brick building. Its site was on the
plantation now owned by Mrs. Eva
Gillespie, midway between the Wright's
ferry and Thorn's ferry roads. For
small quantities of salt the Whig
women were accustomed to ride on
horseback from the neighborhood of
Winnsboro, in Fairfield county to this
place. Colonel Watson was in charge
of this store house. It is more than
probable that it was not often full of
supplies.
We may as well notice that after
the Revolutionary war, the brick of
which this store house was in part
constructed, were moved out on the
Charlotte road, about six miles from
Yorkvllle and used In constructing the
basement story of what was once
known as the "Red House." This
house was recently torn down by the
present owner, Mr. Lee Williams, and
these old bricks are again to be worked
up In another house on the site of
the old "Red House."
One object the British and Tories
had In soourlnar the eountrv was to de
stroy such institutions as Hill's iron
works and Watson's store house. ;
Many things prevented the completion i
of this design, longer than might be
supposed. The British were in a !
strange and at the same time a hostile i
country. It was not safe for the |
friends of King George to make distant i
excursions into the interior. The dis- 1
tance from Camden was considerable 1
and the country was inhabited by I
Whigs, bold and defiant
Some time in the summer or early I
fall of 1780, a party of Tories and Brit- I
ish was organized for the special pur- <
pose of burning Hill's iron works.
Who was the commander of this party, i
when it was organized or on what I
particular day or month it perpetrated 1
the deed, are facts which we are un- i
able so far to ferret out. The impres- i
slon is on our mind that Captain William
McGlll said that Hill's iron works
were burned but a short time before
the battle of King's Mountain was
fought. At present we must De satis- |
fled to know that Hill's Iron works
were burned and burned by the British
and Tories.
This was regarded by the whole
surrounding region as a sore calamity.
As an evidence of this. It is related
that some time during the year 1781,
the people In a portion of Rutherford
county, N. C., were assembled together,
when one John Miller, an Irishman
by birth, a Whig by every instinct of
his nature and an elder in the Presbyterian
church, was called upon to lead
the assembly in prayer. Tradition has
preserved the words of the prayer.
They are as follows: "Good Lord, oqr
Sod that art in heaven, we have great g
reason to thank thee for the favors we s
have received at thy hands?the many
battles we have won. There Is a great 0
md glorious battle of King's Moun- g
tain, where we killed the great General j,
Ferguson and took his whole armyt
ind the great battles at Ramsour's and t
? TUIUIotvioftn'o' on/9 thn nvnr mnmAr.
*v JW iiuaiiiovil o, atiu vtiv ? * v* y
ible battle of the Coopens (Cowpens) t
tvhere we made the proud Qen. Tarleton
run down the road helter-skelter; ^
uid good Lord if thee had na suffered
the cruel Tories to burn Billy Hill's
Iron works, we would na have asked e
iny mair favors at thy hands. Amen." ^
Whether good old John Miller ever v
offered up this prayer or not, we dare g
not assert. All that we say is that
tradition has preserved it and that the g
last sentence shows the estimate
s
tvhich was put upon Hill's iron works. a
On their way to the iron works, the t
British and Tories?at least a part of f
them?passed by the place where a
John Barron, Jr., now lives. James
Blmril at that time lived in the field
pnly a few hundred yards from the ^
present site of John Barron's house,
rhls James Slmril was a lover of fine
stock and somewhat addicted to horse f
acing. He had on his plantation race f
paths, traces of which are to be seen f
TKn otaKlno on/1 Horn f\t Rlmrll
ivere burned by the British and Tories
put it does not appear that any horses {
ivere burned. Some time after the
c
Revolutionary war, another James
SImril or perhaps the same, had his
parn, stable and four horses burned
up. This latter was the work of a v
private enemy. These two events are
pften confounded. .
Leaving James Slmril's, the next p
Jeed which the burning party executed
vas the scalping of John Forbes. Mr. v
Forbes was a true Whig and lived at
that time on Rocky Allison, near where a
Spratt Wright now lives. It seems
that there were two Forbes brothers, ^
poth living in the same locality. When j
the British and Tories approached t
their dwelling both ran in the direction e
pf Catawba river. By some means one g
pf the brothers made good his escape. t
It is said that on arriving at Charlotte, r
tie was wholly unable to tell where or p
tiow he crossed the river. Unfortu- a
aately the other brother was captured s
ifter running only a short distance j
md being scalped, was left as was sup- v
posed dead or dying. In this condl- j;
tlon he lay unconscious for several t
days. By accident, a young girl by ^
the name of Prudy Hall, in looking for
the cows passed by the spot and dis- j
covered mm. fits neaa was awiuny j
mangled and alive with maggots. He r
was removed and finally recovered, and p
lived to be an old man. The bones c
which were cut off his head are still a
preserved by his descendants. I
The burning party were now within
two miles of the Iron works. They had p
captured a man by the name of Hen- r
derson. and forced him to conduct them ,
to the ford of the creek below the Iron g
works. t
Colonel Hill was In the army. His i
sons were at home. The two oldest? f
Robert and Andrew?had received
some intimation that the British and
Tories were coming. They had prepared
a small cannon and having
mounted It upon a stump, stood with
match in hand waiting until the party
would come in sight. The hill on which
they had their cannon mounted, overlooked
the whole adjacent country to
the south?the direction in which the
boys supposed the party would come.
To their utter astonishment, before
they were aware of it, a party of British
came upon them from the east.
Their cannon was pointing in the
wrong direction. Without inflicting
any injury upon the brave but out
generaled boys, their cannon was taken
from them and carried to the foot
of the hill and thrown into the creek.
Here it lay for years. The din of
war had died away and the country
was enjoying peace and prosperity.
The little cannon was forgotten. One
day Mr. Garvin, the miller was engaged
In fishing. His seine became entangled.
In order to extricate it he
was obliged to thrust his hand into
the water. He found to his astonishment
that his seine had become
entangled on the end of a piece of Iron.
The iron was raised to the surface of
the water, and behold It was a veritable
cannon. For a number of years
after Its discovery this little cannon
was used by the boys In the neighborhood
to shoot big guns on Christmas
and the Fourth of July. Finally by
overcharging It, It was bursted. Fragments
of it are still to be seen. One j
piece Is in the possession or was some
time ago, of Mr. A. A. Barron of Clay
Hill.
The Iron works were burned and the
British and Tories departed. Poor
Henderson who had been forced to
act as their guide, was stripped of
his clothes, tied to a tree and whip*
ped. He was left tied. In this act
there was something Inhumanly cruel.
After the war, the Iron works were
rebuilt, but did not prove remunerative.
General Hampton?the grand- 1
father of Governor Hampton?rendered
considerable pecuniary assistance to
the parties; but the debt kept increasing
and finally General Hampton took
the negroes belonging to the Arm In
payment of his claim. Some Idea of
the sum due General Hampton can
be formed from the fact that It took
near one hundred negroes to liquidate
It.
The iron ore found in this region
is said to be In great abundance and
for some purposes, of very superlof
luality.
We omitted to mention In Its proper
place that previous to the arrival of
the British all the cannon balls had
seen hauled down to the creek and
thrown In. These balls have, so far as
ve know, never been found.
TC BE CONTINUED.
SOME QIANTS OF OLD.
Noteworthy Specimens That Are Told
of In History.
If there is one thing in the show
lusiness which can be depended on to
Iraw it is a giant, provided always
hat he be big enough.
But giants existed long before this
irofltable business was invented, and
he names of many of them have been
landed down to posterity simply because
they were of high proportions
md combined with their abnormal derelopment
a proportional amount of
strength. Thus it is probable that had
Jollath of Gath, whose height theologians
placed at over ten feet, not
>een the strongest as well as the bigrest
warrior among the Philistines we
hould never have heard of him. The
ame argument applies to Moab, king
if the Amorites, and Og, king of Ba- E
I alA.,AM ? ./? a
ntxii. wicaica, luu, who oicvcii cum a
ialf feet high, according to the Grecian
egends. and he. together with AJax
he Greater, had they not been gifted
rtth strength In proportion to their
tulk would have been only ordinary
oldlers of the Grecian army before
'roy.
When history begins, however?that
b, when Rome began to reach Its hi#hst
point of civilization in the time of
Augustus and learned men began to
yrite about the times they lived In intead
of the times that had gone by
ang before they were born?we fet
uthentic records of giants. In 4U~
:u8tu8 time, for Instance, there wAre,
ccordlng to the authority of Valerius,
wo giants In Rome who were over ten
eet high. Their names were idusls
nd Secundllla, and they were keepers
f the gates of the gardens of Sallust.
Then again we have a record In
Miny of one Polydamus, the son of
7icas, who was over nine feet high
.nd whose strength rivaled that of
lercules himself. Polydamus used, In
act. to boast his superiority to that
toman deity and perform his special t
ricks. For example, he once slew a c
Ion with a blow of his fist and scat- n
ered Its brains about the arena. He t
ould with his hand stop the swiftest <j
harlot dead and on one occasion selz- e
d a bull by the hoof In order to carry j
t away, but the animal struggled so t
lolently that the hoof was left in his e
land. In the end he was killed by the c
ailing In of a cave. When his com- r
anions noticed that the roof was fall- f
ng they left, but Polydamus was so e
ain about his strength that he thought i
le could not be killed. So he stayed
nd was finally crushed to death.
The Emperor Vltelllus sent to Darius 1
iy way of a present a Jew named \
Sleazer, who was seven cubits high- t
hat Is, reckoning Jhe cubits at eight- s
en Inches, ten feet six Inches?and a I
,-iant who is mentioned by the his- 1
orlan Tacitus was over nine feet. His
lame was Corbulo, and he lived In 1
Jorn'u limp nnH tt-na n mnrp than U8U- 1
lly skillful general and soldier, beIdes
being an enormously strong man.
tn account of the ancient giants
I'ould be incomplete without mentionng
Maxlminus, the imperial giant of
he third century. The most extraorlinary
stories are told of this emperor
if Rome. His height was eight feet
en inches, he copld draw unaided a
oaded wagon which six oxen could
tot move, while his appetite was so
rreat that his usual rations for the day
:onsisted of forty pounds of meat and
i whole amphora of wine, besides
read and dried and fresh fruits.
Mediaeval giants are plentiful, but,
itrange to say, the records of them are
lot so authentic as those of the times
?f the emperors. Funnian, a Scottish
riant who flourished in 1827, seems 10 (
>e the most authentic of these, but as
le is put down as being: over eleven
eet high the statement should not be
irlticlsed too closely. Still more starting,
however, is the following, which
s vouched for by a monastery full of
nonks: In 1509 some workmen, digflng
near Rouen, came across a cave
n which were some human bones and
i copper plate, bearing the words,
'Here lie the remains of the great and
nighty Chevalier Rlcon de Vallemont."
rhe skull was large enough to have
leld a bushel of wheat and the shln>one
was over four feet long. It (the
jone) was preserved by the above
nentioned monks, and it was estimated
hat the height of the defunct knight
nust have exceeded eighteen feet. A
stranger though somewhat similar legend
comes from Ireland, but in this
:ase the discoverers thought that they
vould, to use an expression popular
ir,mo vonra ncn im "thd whole hOBT Or
none." It happened In 1608. Some men
,vere digging In Ireland when they
lame across a brick tomb which confined
a human skeleton no less than
120 feet long. But there is a "raison
I'etre" for all these legends. Accordng
to a German professor, these bones,
.vhlch were supposed by ignorant persons
to be those of human beings, were
nrobably those of mastodons or some
ither fossilized remains which to the
jninitiated would look exactly like
:hose of a man.?London Standard.
iS"' How's this?" said Cumso to
hawker, as they sat down to the annual
banquet of the Allied Sons of
Liberty. "There's no wine on the
menu, but half a dozen glasses at
each place." "The menu is to take
home to our wives," was the satisfactory
explanation.?Smart Set.
Miscellaneous grading.
A REMARKABLE MAN.
John Calvin's Influence Upon Intellectual
Progress.
The two most eminent citizens of
Geneva have been John Calvin and
Voltaire,' and it is a pity that they
were not of the same generation Instead
of living more than two cen
turies apart. What a scrapping1 there
would have been in theology if they
had lived at the same time! And what
ei Joint debate might have been arranged.
Each was the greatest controversialist
of his generation, perhaps
of any generation, and no two men
were ever or could be farther apart In
their views of religion, their morals,
maxims or manner of life.
It is a remarkable fact that, although
Geneva considers John Oalvin
the most celebrated of all her citizens,
his burial place has been forgotten;
no one can And his grave or where his
ong-suiferlng wife and his little boy
were lalid. There is not a monument
>r a statue or even a bus of the great
reformer in "the Protestant Rome,"
which obtained that title because of
Mm, although I believe a fund to pay
tor a monument is being raised. There
s an oil portrait hanging in the pubic
library, said to have been painted
'mm life and I send vou a CODV and
i little pen and Ink sketch on the fly
eaf of a book In the same library made
jy an artlBt of his day. The only act
>f remembrance, the only apparent
lonor that the people of Qeneva have
>e8towed upon him, is to give his
lame to a narrow little street. Rue
le Calvin is one of their humblest
itreets, however, and would not have i
>orne his name but for the fact that he i
Ived there. i
Any cabman will take you to the
:hurch where he used ^o preach and it
8 an Imposing edifice. A bright young {
voman, daughter of the verger, will j
ell you all about it, and will show you i
l chair in which he sat in the pulpit j
>ef-?re and after his sermons. The in- i
:erior of the church is as cold and for- j
lidding as his theology, and the seats ]
ire as hard and straight as his life, t
)n the other side of the street is a lit- ,
le church in which John Knox, the
rreat Scotch reformer, preached for \
leveral years, and that fact is recorded i
ipon a marble tablet imbedded in the i
vails. The municipal officials have ]
narked all historical houses in a siml- <
ar manner. There is another tablet a ,
ew doom distant which tells you that ;
_lszt, the great pianist, lived there. i
Calvin resided only a few steps from
lis church. The tablet says that his ,
jome was torn down In 1706, and the
>resent building was erected the fol- |
owing year upon the same site, with i
he same materials. It is now occupied i
>y, the "bureau de salubrite," the In- ]
ipectnr of milk, meats and vegetables. ]
**ranci8 Gruffat, "dealer in combustl- <
ties en grns et detail," lives next door, |
vhlch is quite appropriate, for Calvin )
ilmself was a wholesale dealer in com- |
tustlbles cf the very fiercest quality. ,
Although he was a very unlovely |
:haracter, there are little touches of ,
mthos here and there In his life, and ]
he amount of work that he accom- ]
dished shows almost Incredible versa- j
illtv and Industry. It has been de
:lared that his record of Intellectual ,
ictlvlty Is unsurpassed by that of any ,
ilstorlcal personage, and he has un- (
loubtedly exercised a greater influ- ,
ince upon the morals and Intellectual
>rogress of his age, (without referring '{
o his theological views) than any oth- ,
ir man who ever lived. George Ban- ,
xnft eulogizes Calvin as the father of ,
>opular education and the Inventor of j
ree schools, and says that his influnce
directly created the North Amer- f
can colonies.
"The Pilgrims of Plymouth," he says
were Calvlnlsts. The best influences (
n South Carolina came from the Cal- |
dnists of France.* William Penn was (
he disciple of the Huguenots. The
ihlps that first brought colonists to
danhattan were filled with CalvinSt8."
And yet there are some events In his
ife that make you shudder. I believe
te Is the only man who ever sent an
ntimate friend to the stake because
t _ (t t <
ney umereu un puiuia ui mcuiuej.
Concerning this friend he wrote:
"He (Servetus) offers to come hlth>r
if it be agreeable to me. But I am
lnwililng to pledge my word for his
tafety, for, if he does come, and my (
luthority be of any avail, I shall nevtr
suffer him to depart alive."
Servetus came; he was immediately
irrested by order of Calvin, charged ;
vlth rejecting the divinity of the Trin- j
ty, and with declaring "that all creaures
are of the substance of God, and J
hat God is in all things." Such here- ^
iy was too dangerous to be tolerated. (
ind on the 27th of October, 1553, Ser- (
retus was burned at the stake in the
(
Place de Champel, in the centre of
3eneva..
We wonder if his ghost did not ,
taunt Calvin the rest of his life. We
vonder If remorse was not the chief ,
:ause of Calvin's broken health, but ]
le never admitted his error. He lived ,
sleven years longer, a frail Invalid,
>ut with nerve enough to domineer
>ver an entire province, and sufficient ,
itrength to work eighteen and twenty (
tours a day, until his own time came.
ind he died peacefully and cheerfully,
Ike a saint, with a prayer on his lips. ,
mrrounded by his friends and disci- (
ties ;and he dictated a letter an hour
)efore he breathed his last. !
Calvin was a Frenchman, you know, <
torn in the town of Noyon, educated j
it the universities of Orleans and j
F'arls, and became a wandering fol- (
ower of Martin Luther, until Dr.
tVarel, leader of the Swiss Reforma- Ion,
Induced him to settle in Geneva ;
n 1536, where he soon became pastor
>f the largest church, and acquired 1
in influence that extended throughout
ill Europe and Is felt even to the ;
present day. He not only reorganized
he church, but the state also, and became
the civil as well as the spiritual i
lictator of Geneva.
John Calvin is credited with having
nade a greater impression upon the i
Christian religion than any other man ;
;xcept St. Paul. Few reformers have :
jver been so bitterly criticised and i
jondeinned. He was undoubtedly a
religious maniac, but must be Judged
Dy the standard of his own time and <
lot by ours. Judged from a purely ,
ntellectual standpoint, no greater man i
iver lived, and his mind was of wonierful
versatility. In addition to con- i
lucting the Reformation and organiz- !
Ing the Protestant church all over the
Continent, he managed the civil government
of the state of Geneva, enacted
and enforced sumptuary laws that
have never been exceeded In austerity;
founded the University of Geneva
and the system of free schools In that
canton, and directed their work. He
made Geneva the strong fortress of
Di>/>tAatantlamn anri aafa ro/nir* rtf npr
secuted Protestants of all nationalities;
and he looked after the architecture
and the public works of the city;
he built markets and warehouses and
took a hand in commerce, he wrote
ninety-six books and Innumerable
pamphlets; he preached every Sunday,
sometimes twice; he took part in
every great theological controversy of
his time, and carried on a voluminous
correspondence with Protestant leaders
everywhere, which is a tremendous
record of twenty-eight years for
a chronic invalid, often so feeble that
he had to be carried about In a chair.
Calvin's father was a notary and
showed some of the characteristics of
his son. He was excommunicated
from the Catholic church for refusing
to show his private accounts to the
priests at Noyon. Calvin's brother
was also an apostate, refused the sacrament
on his death-bed and was
buried in unconsecrated ground.
Calvin came 10 ueneva an unxnown,
Inexperienced young man, twentyseven
years old, but before he had
been under what he considered proper
spiritual and moral discipline. The
powerful Individuality, the Inflexible
will which Inhabited his frail body
dominated everything. He sent the
richest men in Qeneva to prison for
flirting with their maid servants; he
placed the gamblers of the town in
the pillory with packs of cards hung
around their necks; he punished hairdressers
for Inducing their patrons to
use dye and for trying to improve
their appearance by artificial means.
He stopped the tongues of local "kickers"
and "knockers" by riding them j
around town on the backs of donkeys
carrying placards upon which apologies
to the public were Inscribed. A
man named Ameau, who, under the
Influence of drink, accused Calvin of
being a despot, was paraded through
the streets in his shirt, with bare legs 1
and bare feet, a lighted torch in his 1
hand, and was compelled to ask on '
bended knees the pardon of God, of
the city council and especially of Cal- '
trln; a man named Gruet, who forgot 1
himself so far as to compose scandal
fius verses about Calvin, was punished
by being tortured every day for a
month and then beheaded. And I told '
pou yesterday how he ordered Bonlirard's
wife to be sewed up In a sack
aind thrown Into the river.
That sort of discipline soon brought
the citizens to "a realizing sense of 1
their sins" and made them behave 1
themselves. The statutes of Qeneva, 1
prepared by Calvin in 1541, and strict- (
ly enforced by him, contained some '
jxtraordlnary provisions. The penal- 1
ty for profanity was kissing the ground 1
tor the first offense; for the second of- 1
fence a fine of three shillings was
added; for the third offence a fine of ;
three-score shillings; for the fourth
affence three days' imprisonment on 1
bread and water, while the fifth of- 1
fence was punished by banishment
from Geneva for a year and a day.
Everybody "of whatever estate, 1
"innlltv nr ennditinn" was forbidden to I
wear ornaments of gold, silver or pre- 1
clous stones, or pay a penalty of three
shillings for each offence, and If the 1
Jewelry was Imitation the fine was
doubled. Women were forbidden to I
wear "verdlngales," gold upon their
heads, quolses of gold, bllliments, or i
such like, neither any manner of em- l
broidery upon their sleeves."
"No person at dinner shall serve I
above three courses, and to every
course not more than four dishes. i
"Vain, dishonest and ribald songs,
flanclng and mummeries" (play acting)
were punished by three days'
imprisonment.
"Everybody must be at his home
at 9 o'clock at night, upon the pain
of the indignation of the Lord. Everybody
was required to say grace before
and after meat or pay a fine of
four shhlllings for each offence."
The minutes of the consistory or
city council of which Calvin was the
presiding officer, have been preserved, (
and may be read at the public library,
and they show how strictly these and ,
other ordinances were enforced. A
jertaln woman was punished for van- ;
Ity because she wore her hair hanging
loose over her shoulders. It was
long and beautiful and she wanted
people to see It; a man was punished ,
for offering a snuff box to a neighbor ,
In church during one of Calvin's ser- |
mon's, another was fined for address- ,
Ing a neighbor concerning a matter of ]
business In the vestibule of the ;
?hurch: a third for calling his cow by
the Scriptural name of Rebecca; an- ,
other was fined four shillings for com
paring the reading of the Psalms by (
the clerk In Calvin's church to the j
braying of a donkey; several citizens
were sent to prison for neglecting
their aged parents, while Clement Marot,
the leading merchant of the place
was sent to prison for playing a game
of backgammon on Sunday. Two lads,
caught pitching quoits on Sunday,
were handed over (io says the entry
In the minutes of the consistory) "to
M de Eez in order that he may cause
them to be given such a fustigation as
will prevent them from doing It
again."
To those who complained Calvin
said: "Go and build another city if
you want to be free to live in your
sins, but as long as you live in Geneva
It will be vain for you to try and shake
off the yoke of the Gospel."
His war against heresy was equally
vigorous, and those who differed from
him in opinion were treated in a manner
that would have been approved
by the Spanish Inquisition.
Calvin never thought of love; he
never coveted the comforts of a home
or the happiness of family life, but
u - U a Tiro n fori o onn (
lie WttlllCU an IICU . lie nauv?u w WW..
to Inherit his name and carry on his '
work, but until he was more than thir- i
ty years old he had no time to think i
of getting married. While he was in i
Strassburg in 1540, engaged in a vio- 1
lent theological controversy, he wrote i
a friend saying:
"In the midst of these excitements
I have found sufficient leisure to think i
of getting married. I was offered as i
a wife a young lady of noble family
and better means than mine. Two
reasons have prevented me from accepting
her. She does not know my |
language, and I am afraid that she i
thinks too much of tier birth and
breeding. Her brother, a man of
great piety, and actuated by 110 mo- <
tive except affection for both of us,
pressed me to take her. 80 did his
wife. And I should have had to give I
way if the Lord had not come to my <
rescue. My answer was that I would 1
go no further in the matter until the f
lady understood my language. 8he 1
replied that she must have time to 1
think it over. Thereupon I sent an ]
honest man of my acquaintance to ]
look for another lady suitable to be <
mv urlf# " ,
The envoy found the woman In the
person of Idelette de Bure; but it
waa an unwise selection. She understood
Calvin's language; she did not
think too much of her birth and
breeding; she was a sincere, virtuous,
modest, economical and Industrious
woman, but was inflrm in body, spirit
and estate. He testified to her virtues
in a most respectful manner In letters
to friends, but he speaks of her as he
might have spoken of a servant or a
piece of furniture, and we can't help
pitying the poor, unloved woman,
whose mental acquirements did not
permit her to sympathise with her
husband's career or share his thoughts
or aspirations. She bore him a son
and died. The child survived her only
a short time, and we wonder If Its
brief and loveless life could have
been spared, whether Its affection
might not have modified John Calvin's
views regarding Infant damnation.?W.
E. Curtis In Chicago Record-Herald.
RECORD HOAXES.
Remarkable Swindles and "Sells" That
Astonished the World.
The recent release of the principals
In the notorious Humbert-Crawford
swindle recalls other Instances,
humorous and tragic, where human
gullibility has reached almost incredible
limits.
Less than twenty years ago a report
got into circulation among the
peasants of Bosnia that the great
Viennese banker, Baron Rothchild,
had been oentenced to death for treason,
and was trying to secure a substitute
willing, for a handsome consideration,
to undergo the extreme
penalty in his stead. A large number
of peasants banded together to furnish
this substitute by casting lota
It was not until the authorities had
posted in every village throughout
the affected districts a strong denial
of the canard that the rioting and
ferment caused by the banker's apparent
reluctance to part with the
"blood money" was allayed.
On one occasion the Time* itself
fell a victim to an extraordinary piece
of journalistic humor. A correspondent
sent a letter to 'The Thunderer"
deploring the destitution prevalent
In certain parts of Italy consequent
upon the absolute failure of the macaroni
crop. Ignorant of the fact that
this popular article uf -Italian diet Is
not a plant at all. but manufactured
from flour, the Times published a
leader on the subject, suggesting the
establishment of a fund to assist the
sufferers.
A hoax which nearly caused war
between Austria and Roumanla convulsed
Eastern Europe less than a decade
ago. The inhabitants of Rustchuk,
in the latter country, were convinced
of the existence in their midst
of a wehrwoll'?a man who is able at
will to change himself Into a huge,
ferocious woll'.
Men of science doubted the story,
and in a wordy argument with a local
resident the famous Austrian professor,
Taublleh, was killed for laughing
at what he had termed a "tissue
of nonsense." Complications Immediately
arose between Austria and
Roumania, the former country demanding
the instant execution of the
murderer.
Just as Austria was about to present
an ultimatum the "wehrwolf"
was shot at e.nd wounded, proving to
be nothing more than a stupid practical
Joker, whose folly not only cost
a valuable life, but had almost
plunged Europe Into the horrors of
war.
Dauger, the well known American
actor of the early sixties, had a weakness
for hoaxing his fellows. On one
occasion, while "resting" at Minnesota,
he was seized with a bright idea.
He secured a dummy, dressed It in a
suit of old clothes and hid It at night
In the woods near the adjacent lake.
Next morning he hired a boac, got the
dummy aboard unseen and rowed
away about half a mile from the
short. When the beach was fairly
crowded with people he began gesticulating
wildly at his companion. Next
he pounced upon the dummy like a
madman, and a struggle which
ensued threatened, to the excited
watchers on land, to capsize his frail
craft. Next they saw Dauger fight
his companion down, hurl him into
the water, and with repeated blows
of an oar, sink the body in the lake.
Then the actor, chuckling at the excitement
he had roused, pulled for the
opposite heavily timbered beach. A
minute later several boats filled with
armed men were in hot pursuit The
supposititious criminal reached the
woods well in advance of his pursuers
and got clear away, while the whole
country was searching for him.
Eventually, however, the fraud was
revealed.
A journalist once succeeded in hoax
Ing many of the leading London news- 8
papers, and through them the provincial
press, at the expense of the
great abolitiortlst, Wilberforce. He
was a reporter in the press gallery In
the House of Commons, and he pretended
to read to his colleagues from
his notes the following passage from
a speech with which he credited the
famous parliamentarian:
"Had it been my lot to be born In
Ireland, where my food would have
consisted principally of the potato,
that most nutritious and salubrious
root instead of being the poor, Infirm,
stunted creature you, sir, and honorable
gentlemen behold In me, I would
have been a tall, stout, athletic man,
able to bear an enormous weight."
No wonder Mr. Wilberforce read
the passage with astonishment in the
next morning's Press, for he had not
addressed the House at all for some
weeks. %
jar Men and women should look dur-jj
Ing courtship and overlook after mar-If
rlage. (
FORTRESS MONROE.
Gibraltar Like Protection to Washington,
Richmond and Baltimore.
The military drills and manoeuvres
in connection with the Jamestown
sxposltlon next year will serve to direct
an unusual degree of public attention
to Fortress Monroe, Virginia,
lituated at the Junction of Chesapeake
t>ay and Hampton Roads, and dlrecty
facing the broad Atlantic. Controlling
the water approaches to the cities
Df Washington, Baltimore and Richmond,
as well as an extensive area of
thickly populated territory In the
itates of Virginia and Maryland,
Fortress Monroe Is, by virtue of its
Dosltion. one of the most lmnortant
lefensive works of Unci* Sam's seaward,
but aside from these conslderitlona
there are features which make
t unique and Interesting.
Fortress Monroe Is the largest and
itrongest fortification In the United
Hate*? has. Indeed, been aptly delominated
"the American Gibraltar"
?and is the chief artillery post of
>ur government. The fortress Is looted
at what is known as Old Point
Comfort, this name having been aup>lled
to the promontory by the English
lettlers because of the perfect shelter
ind safe anchorage it afforded their
ressels when they first appeared off
this continent three centuries ago.
rhe fore-runner of the present noble
fortification was a palisaded fort built
n 1114. The present fort as It stands
oday, was built In 1818, and its masilve
walls and winding moat make It
>ne of the most picturesque places in
the country. The general plan Is
:hat of an irregular hexagon, three
rtdes of which command the water
!ront while three lookout upon the
and. The ramparts rise to an elevaJon
of 50 feet above the water, and
he walls, Including the earth backng.
are 50 feet In thickness. The
noat surrounds the entire work to a
lepth of six feet and the water Is
:ontrolled by tidal gates. The fortllcatlon
has cost Uncle Sam, all told,
nany millions of dollars, but the
>ost, with Its sand batteries, lookout
owers and disappearing guns, is an
>bject lesson calculated to stir the
patriotism of every American and
nfuse confidence as to Its impregnability.
The entire tract occupied by Fortess
Monroe is, of course, a United
States military reservation, the State
>f Virginia having after the close
>f the war for independence, ceded
he strip of land which contains about
10 acres. Not all of this is enclosed
vlthla the walls of the fort, the lnte1or
of the defensive works covering an
irea of about 00 acres. The main
mtrance to the fort, approached by
l bridge spanning the moat, is impressive,
consisting of massive granite
solumns from which hang ponderous
louble gates, designed to be closed
irjd barricaded In time of ueed against
:he enemy. The central portion of
:1m space within the fortifications -4s
riven over to a spacious parade
rround, where dally drills are held.
Oils parade ground Is surrounded by
large brick barracks ? Including
nodel barracks of the army?and
:he comfortable brick cottages which
:(institute the quarters of the officers
ind their families. The present
itrength of the garrison Is about 800
mllsted men and 40 officers.
Visitors are always welcome at Fortress
Monroe, but the secrets of Its
irmament, etc., are zealously guarded.
Sightseers are never allowed to walk
>n the Interior slopes and gravelled
paths leading to the ramparts?approaches
arranged for the convenient
handling of heavy guns and the rapid
movements of troops?or to pass In
:he vicinity of the observation tower
which commands a clear view of the
harbor and surrounding country, and
where the commanding officer Is In
llrect communication by telephone
with every battery on this extensive
work. The guns which command the
harbor include some of the heaviest
ordnance In service. The Gatewood
Pattery of rapid fire guns is a feature
)f the armament at Monroe, and near
it hand Is the world's fair searchlight,
the largest and most powerful
n the country. Over the bastion
loats the garrison flag and the salutng
battery is also located here.
A picturesque feature of the big Vir
fin la fortification U the long row of
:avelike rooms built under the ramparts.
These are the casemates and
i majority of them are now occupied
is quarters by some officers and their
'amilles. One of those casemates that
s of especial interest to tourists is
:he one in which Jefferson Davis was
:onflned as a prisoner after the
:lose of the Civil war. Several
>f the casemates are utilised as
itorage places for various types
>f submarine mines, all ready
'or prompt use. There are numerous
>upplementary buildings within the
'ort, including a modern guard house,
post chapel and soldiers' library,
however, the activities of this lmpor;ant
post have rather outgrown the
ipace within the fortification and
nany of the most important bulldngs
are now located outside the masilve
walls. Here are to be found the
idmlnistratlon building and offices of
he comandlng officer, the post hospital,
the post office and the Army
foung Men's Christian association
puildlng presented to the enlisted men
>f Fortress Monroe by Miss Helen Miler
Gould, as a memorial to her father
ind mother.
Outside the avails of the fort but
vlthln the confines of the government
eservation are located the buildings
>f the rapidly expanding United States
Artillery school, a governmental initiation
where graduates of West
Point take a post graduate course in
he practical application of the theory
pf warfare. The buildings Include
ilaas rooms and officer's quarters.
Conspicuous among the latter are the
luarters for bachelor officers which
ire very commodious since the Artllery
school brings to Fortress Monroe
jreat numbers of young unmarried
jfflcers. Visitors to Fortress Monroe
isually manifest keen Interest In the
rreat collection of old ordnance which
s on exhibition and which Includes
nementoes of the conflicts of 177$ and
L812 as well as the Civil and SpanishUnerlcan
wars.?Walden Fausett in
Brooklyn Eagle.
WT What a man and his wife say to
;hetr guests and what they say about
:hem after their departure are different,
quite different