Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, January 14, 1886, Image 2
frtaps and .f acts.
? Ephriam Huffman, colored, LaFayette
BIythe, colored, and a white man named
Owens, escaped from the Gaston, N. C.,
county jail one night last week. Huffman
is charged with murder. He is a low, black
negro, weighs 140 pounds and is 30 years
old.
? In this bitter cold weather it seems
strange to read that Capt. Watkins, of the
Inman Line steamer C/ii-xtgo, which arrived
in New York on Friday last, after a remarkably
quick passage from Liverpool,
says that his passage was like a summer
trip throughout.
? At Richmond, Maine, thd sudden cold
has caused the ice to jam and the Kennebec
River is full of ice from five to ten feet thick
for from seven to ten miles. There are thirteen
ice houses there with a capacity of 550,000
tons, and thousands of laboring men dependent
upon the ice industries for employment
are waiting anxiously for the ice to be
broken.
? The business failures occurring throughout
the country during the last week reported
to R. G. Dun & Co.'s mercantile
agency number for the United States 316
and for Canada 20, total 336, being the
largest aggregate for any week since January,
1885. The casualties are exeptionally
numerous in the Southern States.
? On Tuesday eveing of last week, Burt
Edwards, a notorious negro of Cleveland
county, N. C., was shot and killed by Sheriff
Hamrick, of that county. The sheriff attempted
to arrest Edwards on a warrant
charging him with burglary, and while re -
? sisting arrest, Edwards fired twice upon the
officer, who in self defence then snot the
negro dead.
? Governor Hoadley, of Ohio, was worth
$500,000 when he went into politics. He
retires with a good deal less money, but
with considerably more experience. John
Sherman, who went into politics with no
money, and who could now retire at any
time with one or two millions, is supposed
to have more or less svmoathv for Hoadley.
He has had some experience,"too.
? The Philadelphia Times thinks that the
industrial growth in the South is no sudden
or accidental affair. It is only the beginning
of the wonderful advancement the
South is about to make in adding to her
own and the nation's wealth. Her surplus
of a full hundred millions this year will
fit her for more than doubling that surplus
next year, and the next decade will witness
the South closely pressing the North in
every channel available for her industry.
? The^xecutive committee of the Prohibition
party of Mississippi met at Jackson on
the 5th inst., and a committee was appointed
to draft a local option bill for legislative
action, which will very much resemble that
now in force in Georgia. Hon. C. H. Meade,
of the National Temperance Association, of
New York, will be invited to make a State
canvass of the negroes in favor of prohibition,
and a determined effort will be made
to pass anti-liquor laws during this session
of the Legislature.
? Easter will fall this year on the very
latest day upon which it can possibly occur.
Under the rule of the Council of Nice it
was decreed that Easter should be observed
on the Sunday after the full moon following
March 21st, and that day falls this year
upon the 25th of April. Its earliest possible
date in any year is March 22nd. It is
152 years since Easter day has been this
late in the season, and will not occur again
upon the same day of the month until
April, 1943. Ash Wednesday will fall this
An fKft lAfh nf \fa
UU blio 1VVU \JX HXUIVUI
-Attorney-General Garland is giving
much attention to the Federal Courts. In
his annual report he gave a plan for relief.
It is agreed that there must be some relief
afforded. In the last Congress there were
two bills looking to this end, and one of
them was drawn by Judge David Davis.
The delays are necessarily very great, and
in some cases are so afflictive as to amount
to a denial of justice. Mr. Garland would
adorn the Supreme Bench as he does the
office of Attorney-General. The Star was
probably the first paper to suggest his name
for the office he holds. It would be glad to
see him appointed to the Supreme Court
Bench.
? Every effort is still being made torecover
the bodies of the twenty-six miners
entombed last month in a coal mine at
Nanticoke, Pa. The company is doing all
in its power to get them, though the work
is slow and hazardous. On Sunday they
struck the bed of sand, and about one hundred
car-loads were removed to the surface.
From present indications, they will not
reach the bodies of the victims under forty
days. Extreme caution will have to be
used when the fatal chambers are approached,
as directly over them is the crevice in
the earth and the culm bank pressure is
likely to fill up the gangway as it did before.
?A Chattanooga dispatch of last Friday
says: Another large party of negroes, numbering
several hundred, passed through this
city yesterday, en route from the Carolinas
to Arkansas. The exodus of negroes from
the Carolinas. Georgia and Alabama to the
West is increasing each week. Fully one
thousand have passed through this city in
the past fortnight, and hundreds of others
are making arrangements to leave as soon
as possible. The movement is more general
than ever, and is produced chiefly by back
crops and the defective tenant system in
this section of the South. The movement
is beginning to be felt in the South and is
attracting widespread attention.
? An Englisman tells how a parson in his
country once made clear even to the dullest
of his flock the difficulty of treading the
straight and narrow path as contrasted with
the descent on the wide highway leading in
the other direction. Before he was well
started in his discourse he ran down the
pulpit stair and proceeded to suit the action
to the word. "My brethren," he cried,
"the road to Heaven is like this," and lying
flat on the banister he began to pull
himself up, hand over hand, as laboriously
as a boy climbs a greased pole. At last he
reached the top and got o.i his feet again,
happy in his Christian victory. Then having
taken breath, he exhorted his hearers to
look at the road to Hell, doubled one leg
under him and slid down the rail, in a half
sitting posture, with a rapidity and grace
that betrayed a juvenile familiarity with
this route.
? A Union soldier living at Watertown,
N. Y., who was badly wounded during the
war and who draws a comfortable pension
from the Government, having lately experienced
a change of fortune and become
independent, now proposes to give his pension
to some needy Confederate. The letter
making this proposition was addressed to a
well known Confederate officer in Virginia,
and the writer requested that the name of
some "disabled Confederate soldier,, who is
Eoor and needs help," should be given to
im in order that he might carry his
good intentions into effect at once. The incident
has elicited kindly comment in vari
ous quarters, ana is 01 especial interest as
proving that the bitterness of spirit still
manifested by some few of the Northern
newspapers towards the ex-Confederate
soldiers is not felt by the men who met them
squarely and frequently on the field of battle.
? The trial of Hugh M. Brooks, alias Maxwell,
charged with the murder of his traveling
companion, A. M. Preller, and concealing
his dead body in a trunk, leaving
, it in a hotel in St Louis, Mo., is set for next
month in the Criminal Court of St. Louis ;
but a motion for a continuance will be
made by the defence and the Court may
grant it. This promises to be one of the
x most notable trials in American criminal
annals. Maxwell escaped from St. Louis,
going by rail to San Francisco, whence he
sailed to Auckland, where after several
months he was arrested, having been intercepted
by telegraph and cable, the dispatches,
to reach Auckland, making the
circuit of the globe. He was .promptly surrendered.by
the Auckland authorities, and
in charge of special officers sent from St.
Louis, returned to that city last fall, since
which time he has been in the city prison.
The prosecution expects to have witnesses
present from all parts of the globe. A woman
with whom Maxwell boarded in San
Francisco is to be brought from Hong Kong,
China, where she went only a few weeks
ago. She is expected to testify that Maxwell
came near shooting her as she entered
their room, under the impression that the
door was being opened by an officer, and
! he told her that he had killed a man in a 1
: fight with three Germaus. The steward of
the steamer Brittannia, on which Maxwell j
and Preller came from England, is to be
brought to St. Louis to testify for the prosecution.
So is the Toronto photographer
who took Preller's picture, and the Boston
barber who cut Preller's wrist in dropping
his razor.
fj(irlmUc tfuquivev.
YORKVILLE, S. V. :
THURSDAY MORNING, JAN. 14, 18S6.
CONGRESS.
On Thursday, Congress adjourned until
last Monday, when on reassembling the
regular call of the States for the introduction
of bills was proceeded with. This business,
however, was comparatively light,
as members had for the most part relieved
their desks from bills which had accumulated
during the early part of the session.
The next business in regular order would
be the call of committees for reports, but
in view of their very recent appointment
there is little expected from them in the
next few days. The Senate Presidential
bill may, however, be reported to the House,
from the committee on that subject, in the
early part of the week, in which event the
discussion will consume several days, as
many members have already expressed to
the Speaker their desire to ventilate their
views upon this subject. The committee on
coinage, weights and measures will not organize
for a few days, and as this committee
is supposed to be evenly divided on the ,
silver question, it is not thought that any
measures relating to the coinage of silver,
either in the line of suspension or free coinage,
or a compromise between radically
opposite views, will be brought before the
House until the committee shall have carefully
considered all the various propositions.
The programme of Senatorial intentions
and possibilities for the week is longer than
that of probabilities. The judiciary salary
bill remains unfinished business in the Senate.
The electoral count bill and the bankruptcy
bill are to be brought up for consideration
if the oportunity is found, and the
Dakota bill may be pressed toward the end
of the week if the printing of the accompanying
report is then completed. Under
ordinary circumstances any one of these
measures would furnish material for a
week's debate. But as the subjects were all
elaborately discussed during the last Congress,
the coming debate may be somewhat
shortened. Several speeches on the silver
question await opportunity for delivery.
The Executive Calendar is understood to
have only about fifty nominations upon it,
and these comprise not more than one or
two over which a contest is deemed probable.
But it is understood that a considerable
numberof nominations have been acted
upon favorably by the committees, and are
ready to be reported back as soon as opportunity
is afforded. Senators express the
wish to begin active work upon the nominations
as soon as possible, and it is proba-a
1_ J.I 1_ ?:u U?
Die mat inuen 01 uik ween win uc ucvuicu
to this duty.
THE HOUSE COMMITTEES.
On Thursday last, Speaker Carlisle designated
the various committees of the House.
The Speaker exercised great care in his
selections and his assignments are generally
well received. A special dispatch to the
Charleston News and Courier gives the following
as the disposition of the South Carolina
members:
The South Carolina delegation appear
highly pleased with their assignments, not|
withstanding the fact that they were disappointed
in their reasonable expectation
that a State with so important a seaport as
Charleston should not be represented on
the rivers and harbors committee.
Mr. Dibble is promoted to the chairmanship
of the committee on public buildings
and grounds, and thereby controls the appointment
of a clerk at six dollars per day.
He is also a member of the committee on
the election of President and Vice-President,
and as such will have ample opportunity
to help along his constitutional amendment
providing for a Second Vice-President.
Mr. Hemphill's appointment on the committee
on coinage, weights and measures
was an agreeable surprise to his colleagues,
as well as a deserved compliment to a promising
and popular young statesman, lie is
also a member of the committee on the
District of Columbia, and therefore will be
expected to devote about two hours daily
to hearing the grievances of citizens.
Aft. llnriMin ic awinrmid tlw? (lft)i fil:l<?p ntl
the military committee, and henceforth
ranks as a general. If he had been given
an opportunity to make his own selection
he probably would have chosen some other
committee to serve on, but the military
committee will have control of two annual
appropriation bills, and is therefore one of
the most important committees in the
House. He is also a member of the commute
in charge of the expenditures in the
interior department.
Mr. Tillman is assigned to the sixth place !
j on the committee of Pacific railways, and,!
by the end of the session, may loom up as j
an expert on railroad law, as he will prob- j
ably have abundant opportunities in that
direction. He also has a place on the committee
in charge of the expenditures of the
State department. Mr. Tillman might
have been better pleased with different assignments,
but he is too good a Democrat to
kick over the traces, and therefore will work
well in any harness.
Mr. Perry, the new member, fared particularly
well. It is not often that a beginner
has two committees his first year.
Nevertheless he is a member of the committee
on war claims and also a member of
the committee on Territories.
Mr. Smalls will devide honors with his j
| colleagues on the war claims committee.
The Si ever Question.?Representative
Hemphill, who has been made a member of
the House committee on coinage, weights
and measures, proposes to make a speech on
thesilver question at the earliest opportunity.
As to the compostion of the committee |
{ Mr. Hemphill, who favorsthe repeal or mod-1
I ification of the Bland bill, says that the sil- j
ver matter will be taken up without preju- j
: dice and thoroughly discussed before a bill is j
framed. An effort will be made to harmon- j
i ize present conflicting interests, but the!
work will be up hill all the way through.
On the other hand, Chairman Bland, of the I
I coinage committee, is outspoken in the I
j declaration that the committee was made j
! up in the interest of a suspension of silver j
i coinage, and he further says that matters
1 have reached a crisis and he will at once
I inaugurate a war on the Administration for
; the policy enunciated by President Clevei
land in the last annual message to Congress;
: that a bitter tight has been agreed upon by
the silver men, and they will not be dis|
suaded from their purpose, as a settlement
! is desired of this vexed question.? H'? shingj
ton dispatch to the News and Courier.
j Sectional Differences.?The people)
of the North and South are much alike in j
| some respects while in others they differ.
Both have shooting affairs occasionally, but
! we observe that the newspapers when
i speaking of difficulties in the North usual;
ly say of a wounded man "he may die."
In the South it is generally stated in a du;
bious way "he may live." The difference
is in the shooting.?(!rrenride News.
Correspondence of the Yorkville Enquirer. ! J
THE LAST LEGISLATURE. j j
A SYXOPSTS OF THE ACTS OF O EXE It AC j [
IMPORTAXCE. j J.
Black's S. Cm January 1).?I regret my j'
inability to comply' with your request for a s
letter for your last issue, on account of severe
sickness, and am yet scarcely equal to the 1
task. c
The following are the Acts passed at the ^
last session of the General Assembly which
are of more or less general importance: ! |
1. "An Act to amend the law as to the sale ,
of real estate adjudged to be sold." This t
Act provides that whenever real estate is I \
.. . j i.. i.? .,..1,1 1... ? oulo !
atJJUllgeu III Lie sum uj' <i ^uaotui, .iuvii omv.
may take place by consent of the parties to (
the cause, in any county in which the (
court may direct, and confirms ail such sales <
heretofore made and otherwise valid.
2. "An Act to amend sections(J97and 1005 c
of the General Statutes relating to the ex- (
animation of teachers." This Act asarnend- ]
ed provides that certificates from the Coun- ?
ty Hoards of Examiners shall be valid for (
two years and may be renewed with or (
without examination at the discretion of j
the Boards of Examiners, and further pro- i
vides that no examination as to qualitica- ]
tion shall be made of any applicant who ,
produces a diploma from any chartered (
college or university in this State, and who
is of good moral character. t
3. "An Act to amend 2237 of the General {
Statutes as amended December 24, 1883, re- s
lating to the drawing of juries." This sec- i
tion as amended requires that the Board of ?
Juror Commissioners shall place in a special |
box to be known as the tales box, the names i
of one hundred and fifty persons qualified by
law to serve as jurors who reside within (
seven miles of the Court House, to supply |
deficiencies that may arise from any cause j
during the sittiug of the Circuit Court. f
4. "An Act to direct the Comptroller j
General to report the names of all persons,
citizens of this State, who are dis- ?
abled from earning a livelihood by reason (
of wounds and other disabilities incurred <
during the late war between the States." }
This Act was passed in order to ascertain .
the number of Confederate soldiers who i
mav have been rendered incapable of per- \
forming the labor necessary to earn a sup- <
port, with a view to making some perma- |
nent provision to help them along in the
evening of their life, and to cheer the hearts .
of these veteran heroes by an act which shows \
that their sufferings and privations in the ]
service of theirState has not been forgotten. <
To refuse whatever of assistance our State i
may beabletogivethesecrippledand maimed
soldiers would be an act of ingratitude j
unworthy of us as a people. I
5. "An Act to amend Section 2487 General <
Statutes, relating to stealing grain, &c.,
from the field." This Act amends the law so }
that whoever shall steal from the field any <
grain, cotton or vegetables, whether sever- ,
ed from the freehold or not, shall be deem- .
ed guilty of felony, punishable by imprison- j
ment for not more than five years, or by a j
fine of not more than five hundred dollars. 0.
Joint Resolution proposing an amend- J
ment to Section 14, Article IX of the Constitution
of the State provides that all is- <
sues of State Bonds in the future shall run \
for fifty years. This proposed constitution- j
al amendment will be submitted to the peo- j
pie at the next general election for their }
adoption or rejection. ,
7. "An Act to utilize the labor of jail and <
municipal convicts and to empower the .
courts and municipal authorities to impose
the punishment of labor within their re- <
spective jurisdictions." This Actempow- j
ers all courts and municipal authorities j
which have, under existing laws, power to \
sentence convicts to imprisonment, to im- (
pose the condition of hard labor, and such <
convicts, so sentenced for a period not ex- ]
ceedingninety days,be required to perform j
hard labor upon the public highways, bridg- (
es and other public works of the county or \
upon the streets or other public works of j
the town in which the offence for which i
thov !ipa spntenced was committed. The
County Commissioners of each county have
discretionary power as to whether or not
these convicts shall be used as above provided
in their respective counties.
8. "An Act to amend an Act entitled an
Act to secure the rights of persons having
an interest in lands forfeited for taxes.
Approved, December 24th, 1888." This Act
adds a proviso to Section 1 of the above
named Act, that when the possible former
owner of said lands cannot be found
in the State, the service of the summons
therein required may be made by publication,
as now provided for the commencement
of civil actions.
1). "An Act to prevent and punish the
adulteration of food and drink and the sale
of unfit and unwholesome articles of food
and drink." This Act makes it a misdemeanor,
punishable by fine and imprisonment,
any person who shall knowingly offer
for sale any adulterated or unwholesome
food or drink, or who shall engage in the
adulteration of the same.
10. "An Act relating to the time of holding
Courts in the Sixth Circuit." The effect
of this Act is to make the sessions of the
Court for York county come on one week
later.
11. "An Act to charter the town of Yorkville
and to extend the expiring Charter
for certain purposes." This Act was prepared
by the town Council of Yorkville
and sent to the York delegation. The Act
refers to and is based upon a proposed general
"Act to provide for ami regulate the incorporation
of towns of more than one thousand
inhabitants," which was then upon its
passage through the General Assembly, and
which met with the unanimous approval of
both Houses; but by some means, in the
hurry and rush of the last night's session of
the Legislature, this general bill, although
it had passed both houses and was enrolled,
failed of ratification, thus leaving the Act
rniitniTitior thn f?h?irfpr of thp tnu'n of York
ville standing alone and referring in words
to an Act which never had an existence.
I hope, however, that the effect of this may
not he to leave the Town Council without
authority, or the town without a legal charter.
I feel sure that no one of the delegation
was to blame in the matter, as the mishap
was one that could not have been reasonably
expected; but is easily accounted
for when you take into consideration the
immense amount of labor required of the
Clerks of the two Houses just before the
closing of the session.
12. "An Act to provide for the completion
of the main building of the State
House." This Act appropriates seventyfive
thousand dollars to continue the work
on the State House, and will, according to
the estimate of the architect, he sufficient to
complete the main building and committee
rooms, and for roofing, lighting and heating
the building.
13. "An A< t to amend Section 2100 of
the General Statutes in regard to actions
by and against executors and administrators."
This Act provides that no action
shall he brought against any executor or
administrator for the recovery of the debts J
due by the testator or intestate until twelve
months after the probate of will or grant of |
administration.
In the Act providing for certain changes j
in the number and location of the voting !
precincts in the different counties oi tne j
State, the only change made in York county j t
is the establishment of a voting place at 11
Thompson's Mill, in Bethel township. %
14. "An Act to prescribe the priorities of 1
certain statutory liens." I suppose the ma- j \
jority of your readers are familiar with the j r
text of this Act. It simply gives the land- I 1
lord a prior lien for his rent, whether the ' i
contract for such rent be in writing and ; t
recorded or not, the laborer to have the sec- j a
ond lien, if in writing and recorded, and t
that all other liens for agricultural supplies j r
shall be paid next after the satisfaction of j cj
the lien of the landlord. This Act has j
been discussed by the press of the State
more, probably, than any other passed by t
the last Legislature. We do not agree with i
those who think that it will work a hard- j t
ship to those who have to buy their sup-It
plies on credit. It may prevent some dis- t
honest and irresponsible p .,ons from buy- t
ing supplies on a lien, but we do not be- t
lieve that it will operate to prevent any t
tenant of good standing from getting cred- e
it. We think, too, that it will bring the i i
landlord and tenant into closer relations, e
and into that condition of mutual depend- j s
ence and concert which is so essential to the , t
success of any kind of business. It will : a
practically remove the merchant from the j i
position, which under the abuse of the lien I i
law heretofore, he has been able to occupy i a
>et\veen the landlord and the tenant to the j
njury of both the landlord and tenant, and
o the detriment of the agricultural interest I
>f the State. Then, again, I think it un- i
ust that the farmer should be required to
ncur the expense of having a written conract
for rent and of having such contract j
ecorded simply in order thatoutside parties
shall have the means of ascertaining just1
,vhat arrangements he and his tenants have
nade for the cultivation and management
)f his farm. We have four times in the
Legislature, voted to repeal the Lien law
>utright, thinking it a great drawback
oour agricultural prosperity, but having
)een each time defeated, we voted for this
\ct, thinking it might in some way better
he condition of all classes interested in
arming.
15. "An Act to amend Section 101!) of the j
jleneral Statutes, so as to change the time j
>f closing the school accounts of the school
listricts of a county." The effect of this
\ct is to bring forward the balances of
school funds, from the previous year to the
hen current fiscal year on the 1st day of
February in each year instead of the 30th of
\pril as heretofore, thereby enabling the
:ounty treasurers to apply this money to
he payment of school certificates three
nonths earlier than heretofore. This act
,vas passed at the suggestion of Treasurer
.Veely, of York, an officer whose opinions
>ve find are always highly valued by the
rhief financial officer of the State.
1(5. "An Act to authorize Trial Justices
:o issue warrants for search and seizure
md for the arrest of suspected persons." It
seems that although trial justices have always
exorcised the authority of issuing
search warrants, there was no law giving
hem the power to do so, and this Act was
passed giving them the authority. It provides
that such wa'rrants shall issue only in
aseof stolen goods, D^K^'must be supported
jy oath of the party applying, specially desgnating
the suspected place, the objects of
search or seizure, and the persons suspected,
md who are to be arrested.
17. "An Act to authorize the Adjutant
md Inspector General to lend arms to schools
)r colleges, the pupils of which are instructed
in. military tactics." Under this Act
my school or college as above can obtain
irms for military drill from the State, upon
jiving bond for their safe keeping and reurn.
The State has quite, a number of unserviceable
guns lying idle in the State arnory.
18. "A joint resolution proposing an
intendment to Article II of the Constitution."
This proposed amendment, if approved
by the people at the next general
election, will enable the General Assembly
to re-apportion the representation in the
I louse of Representatives without incurring
[he expense of having a census taken by
the State, by basing such re-apportionment
m the United States census next preceding.
1!). "An Act to suppress the publication
and circulation of obscene books, papers
\nd pictures." This Act prohibits the importation,
printing, selling or distributing,
my book, pamphlet, ballad which isobscene,
indecent or improper, or which tends manifestly
to the corruption of the morals of
youth. Italso applies to posters, show-bills,
?c., exhibited in any public place.
20. An Act to repeal Subdivision 23 of
Section 160 of the General Statutes relating
to the exemption of property from taxation."
This Act repeals what is known as
the law exempting manufactories from taxition
for ten years. This repeal of course
Joes not affect any manufactory already in
operation, but will affect any that may hereifter
be built.
21. "An Act "to regulate the fees of Physicians
and Surgeons for testifying as experts
in criminal cases." This act allows
physicians and surgeons summoned to testify
as experts before a coroner's jury, five
dollars for each day's attendance as such
witness and mileage in addition to the fees
low allowed by law for post mortem examinations,
and when summoned before a circuit
court as a medical expert shall be entitled
to receive ten dollars for each day,
provided the circuit judge shall certify that
the testimony of such expert is material.
22. "An Act to provide a stenographer for
the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Judicial
L'i rcuits." This Act provides that the Judge
if our circuit shall appoint a stenographer
who shall receive a of one thousand
dollars, three hundred dollars of which is
to be paid by the county of York. I deem
t a duty I owe to myself to state that I
roted against this Act, not so much on the
merits of the Bill, as it may, as claimed by its
idvocates, save more than the salary in the
expenses of the courts by expediting the
Dusiness, but upon the general and safe
principle that unless a very strong reason
.'an be shown it is unwise to increase the |
number of offices.
23. "An Act to amend an Act entitled an
Act authorizing trial justices to issue warrants
for the enforcement of agricultural
iens in certain cases and fix compensation
[herefor." This Act adds two sections; one
jiving any person whose crop may be seized,
the right, upon entering into bond, in
accordance with the provisions of law now
)f force in regard to action for claim and
ielivery of personal property, to recover
immediate possession of the crops so seiz?d.
The other section provides that the
trial justice shall have the same fees as
the Clerk of the Court in similar cases,
uulthe constable's fees shall be the same as
those of the Sheriff" in like cases.
24. "An Act to permit the sale of domes:ic
wines manufactured in this State without
icense." This Act permits any person to
jell, in quantities not less than one quart,
lomestic wine manufactured by such per;on
from grapes or berries grown within this
state, provided that such wines shall be
!)ut up in bottles, casks or demijohns, and
Jiat a label containing the name of the
person manufacturing the same shall be
placed upon each and every bottle of wine
>o sold by them.
2"). "An Act to amend an Act entitled
in Act to limit the age of pupils attending
lie free public schools." This Act provides
that no persons shall be entitled to
he benefits of the free school fund, except
hose between the ages of six and eighteen
fears.
2(5. "An Act to authorize defendants in
ictions to recover lands to set up a claim
'or improvements." This allows a claim
o be set up by defendant who has made
mprovements on lands, believing his title
hereto to be good, for so much money as
lie land has been increased in value in
consequence of the improvement so made.
27. "An Act to amend Section 23!)8 of the
jleneral Statutes relative to the enforcenent
of agricultural liens." This Act retires
that the affidavits and statements
lsed to obtain a warrant of seizure as well
is all proceedings, to?vacate any warrant of
leizure, shall conform as nearly as may be,
o the practice in regard to attachments
inder the Code of Procedure.
28. "An act to permit persons in the
state liable to road duty to pay a commutaion
in lieu of working the roads." This
\et permits any person to pay to the couny
Treasurer the sum of two dollars annuillv
in lieu of working the roads. The
ounty commissioners to expend said moniy
upon the roads whereon such person is
iable to perform road duty.
Six General Acts of Incorporation were
>assed, which, it is thought, will save much
ime and money in the future legislation :
1st. "An Act to provide for, and regulate
he incorporation of towns of less than one
housand inhabitants." 2. "An Act to prodde
for and regulate the incorporation of
lanks in this State." "An Act to provide
for and regulate the incorporation of
nanufacturing companies in this State."
. "An Act to provide for and regulate the
ncorporation of steain boat companies in
his State." f>. "An Act to provide for
.nd regulate the incorporation of Railroad
,'ompanies in this State." <> "An Act to
egulate and provide for the incorporation
if Building and Loan Associations in this
hate."
"An Act to prescibe and regulate the inroduction
in the General Assembly of
neasures relating to private interests and
lu> conduct of the same in the progress
hereof." This Act is intended to" relieve
he General Assembly of a large amount of
he labor which annually devolves upon
hat body, in passing Acts of a private naure,
such as charters for Railroads and othr
companies, and in short any Bill which
s not of a public nature. This Act reluires
that all Bills of the above nature
hall be based upon a petition setting forth
he nature of the Legislation they desire,
nd accompanied by a Bill properly drawn
ip, and such Bill can only be introduced
nto the Legislature through the appropritc
committee. The necessity of some such
action is apparent when we recall the fact
that at the last session of the General Assembly
eighty-one Acts and Joint Resolutions
were passed, every one of which was
of a private nature, and consumed much of
the time that should have been devoted
to matters which more properly pertained
to the public welfare.
The tax levy for all purposes in York
county is 11 7-20 mills which is 1-10 mill less
than last year. The time for payment of
tax for the year 1SSG does not close until
December, loth. The collection this year
will be made on the assessment now going
on, so that this year the assessment and
collection will take place the same year.
The assessment lor 18H4 win no taken as a
basis for apportionment of school funds for
the present school year.
The foregoing synopsis is not accurately,
but only approximately correct. The Journals
of the last two days not having been
published, I have been forced to rely in
some measure upon memory and newspapers
as to some of the Acts.
Upon the whole, as will be seen, there
was not a large number of important measures
passed during the recent session, and
the last Legislature was probably more remarkable
for what they refused to do as for
what they did. John* (J. Black.
Correspondence of the Yorkville Enquirer.
LETTER FROM CHESTER.
Chester, January 11.?At the late public
sale at this place the bidding for land
was more spirited, and it brought somewhat
better prices than at the previous
sales-day. The I'endergrass land was sold
in three tracts. One tract, consisting of
288 acres was bought by Mr. T. D. Cousar at
$6 per acre. Another tract of 213 acres was
bought by Air. G. T. Foote at $4 per acre.
The third tract.of 21S acres was bought by
Mr. J. J. McLiire at $4.25 per acre.
The Atkinson land, consisting of 122
acres, was bought by Airs. Sarah Atkinson
for $1,600.
The surveying party of the North Carolina
and Georgetown ltailroad Company
were engaged a few days ago in surveying
a route by Smith's Turnout. If this route
is selected, our town will not be on the line
of the road. This will be a calamity to
Chester.
Mrs. David Anderson and Mrs. Ainzi
TrlnLU bnth nf this eniintv. died on last
Wednesday. They were both in feeble
health for a long time previous to their
death. Mrs. Anderson was a daughter of
Mr. Ephraim Abel, and had only been married
two or three years.
The Legion of Honor of this place gave
a supper at Nicholson's Hotel on last
Wednesday evening. The festive board
was spread with an abundance of good
things, which were enjoyed to the fullest
extent. The occasion was enlivened with
remarks of a pleasant and humorous character.
Messrs. W. A. Sanders, F.T. Morgan,
J. II. Buchanan, S. P. Hamilton, W. S.
Austin, M. B. Capps, M. Adelsheim, and
Gen. K. M. Law, of Yorkville, were called
and happily responded.
Snow fell for several hours at this place
on last Friday morning. The ground was
covered with snow to the depth of three
inches. On Friday night the wind blew
with great violence, and the weather was
intensely cold.
The following were elected officers of the
Masonic Lodge at this place for the ensuing
year: J. W. Parker, W. M.; J. A.
Blake, S. W.; C. Warren, J. W.; J. L.
Chambers, Treasurer; I. N. Cross, Sec.; Joseph
Lindsay, S. D.; I. McD. Hood, J.I).
The following were elected officers of the
Knights of Honor for the ensuing year:
J. K. Marshall, Dictator; John Mclver,
Vice Dictator; Dr. O. J. Bond, Assistant
Dictator; W. I). Knox, Reporter; J. W.
Parker, Financial Reporter; E. T. Atkinson,
Chaplain ; W. T. D. Cousar, Treasurer;
J. L. Wood, Guide; W. M. Corkill, Guardian;
R. Strieker, Sentinel. J. II. Buchanan,
Past Dictator.
The following were elected officers of
the Legion of Honor: T. M. Sanders, Commander
; E. P. Moore, Vice Commander ; J.
W. Rothrock, Past Commander; A. Stim
khuler, Collector; Henry Samuels, Secretary.;
T. II. Woods, Treasurer; John M. McIver
Jr., Guide; F. M. Roosen, Chaplain;
A. Ferguson, Warden; M. Adelshumer,
Sentry; Joseph Lindsay, Orator.
Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Graham, of our
town, buried a child last Friday.
An old colored man, Wash McLure, was
found dead yesterday morning. Though
he has been very feeble for a long time, the
intensely cold weather hastened his death.
The ground is covered with snow. The
cold is intense. A severer spell of weather
has not been felt here for many years.
The election for intendant and wardens
of our town will be held the 1th of this
month. All voters are required to register
ton days before the election. m.
-/
A Golden Wedding.?On the 5th day
of the present month Col. Cadwallader
Jones and his wife celebrated their golden
wedding. The occasion was one of great
interest and pleasure to their large family
circle. Accordingly a gathering of their
children and grandchildren was only natural.
The following members of the family
were present: Iredell Jones and wife,
Allen Jones and wife, Johnstone Jones and
wife, of North Carolina, Wilie Jones of
Columbia, T. C. Robertson and wife of Columbia,
H. P. Jones, J. 8. Coles and wife of
Alabama, together with thrirteen grandchildren.
After a family meeting and
greeting, dinner was announced, and life
affords but few occasions of more genuine
happiness than was experienced at the festive
board. The bride and groom of half a
century, seated at their table, surrounded
by a happy group of children and grandchildren,
made a grand and beautiful scene.
The groom bowed his venerable head and
said an appropriate grace, as follows:
"We thank God that we have lived to see
this day and for all the blessings attending
it." A full-grown turkey, fattened for this
event, received an |important share of attention,
until a toast of congratulations was
offered by the bride. This was followed by
an appropriate toast to the old chieftain,
who responded with a "bumper." The
health of the absent was also drank. These
consisted of only two members, viz.: Mrs
George Erwin and Cadwallader Jones, Jr.,
of Alabama'.
Many presents, consisting principally of
gold coin, were given the aged couple, and
a feeling of happiness and thankfulness
pervaded the entire family group which is
seldom experienced in life. The scene will
long be cherished in the memory of all who
witnessed it. To Iredell Jones, the eldest
of the children present, was accorded the
honor of cutting the bridal cake?a large
"black cake" with the ngures "icwu-jrvHrtastefully
wrought in the decorations.
One circumstance of special interest is the
fact that during the long married life of
Col. and Mrs. Jones, there has been but one
death to mourn in their immediate family,
and we arc sure the community will join
us in expressing the hope that their future
may he as free from sorrow as their past,
and that the venerable couple may live to
celebrate their diamond wedding.?Hock
Jfitr Herald, Jan. 7.
Railroad Notes.?During the holidays
little work was done on the railroads in
course of construction from Shelby, nearly
all the hands having been given a holiday.
Now, however, all have gone to work again
and construction goes forward rapidly.
Col. J. T. Drown, of Brown & Lee, who
have a six mile contract on the Atlantic and
North Western, arrived on Wednesday and
is giving his personal attention to the work,
which has heretofore been under the sole
supervision of Mr. Lee. The forces of these
and other contractors on the road are now
larger than ever before.
The Carolina Central has finished all the
work which the company will itself do
atthistime. Only about 1,800 feet remains
to be leveled. Messrs. Wright & Co. are
still working. The field engineering corps
of the Atlantic and North Western is now
ivnrtincr nhnuf nillfi miles below Yoi'kville
and that of the Carolina Central is preparing
to run a preliminary line to Spartanburg.
On December U!), Major John F. Jones
went home to spend the holidays. While
away he was in Boston and consulted with
Mr. A. B. Harris, president of the Massachusetts
and Southern Construction Company.
The prospects of the Company are still
as bright as ever. Major Jones returned to
Shelby on Tuesday. Col. Johnson, who has
been in Boston for several weeks, is expected
arrive in the South durtng the latter
part of the week.?Shelby New Era, (!///.
j LOCAL AFFAIES.
NEW ADVKI'.I'ISEMI ATS.
IT. F. Adiokes' Grand Central Fancy and Dry
Goods Establishment.
I T. M. Dobson it Co.?Don't Forget.
W. C. Latimer?To All Parties Indebted To Me.
j Latta Brothers?Hardware.
M. Strauss?Ready-Made Clothing and Trunks.
Riddle A- Pegram?Headquarters.
.1. W. Dobson?^>0.00 Reward.
John C. Kuykendal?Notified by Postal Card.
J.W. P. Hope,.Administrator?Notice.
.1. W. P. Hope it Co.?Pay Up.
Kennedy Bros. Sc. Barron?Shot Gun Cartridges.
OUIl PREMIUM BUGGY.
Club makers for the Enquirkk, or others in!
terested, are informed that the splendid buggy,
j which we offer as a first premium, can now be
j seen in tho buggy and carriage repository of j
Mr. Frank K. Smith.
EXAMINATION OP TEACHERS.
The examination of applicants for certificates
to teach in the public schools of York county
was conducted by the County School Commissioner
in the Court House on last Thursday and
Friday. There were several applicants, and the
county board of examiners is now engaged in
inspecting the examination papers.
DEATH OF WALTER H. BEARD.
Mr. Walter IT. Beard, a native, and until last
February a citizen of this town, died in Birmingham,
Alabama, on lMondav#afternoon, last,
of typhoid fever, aged 21 years. He was a son
of tho late A. W. Beard, of this place, and a
brother of Mr. Horace H. Beard, the railroad
agent here. The deceased started South last
February, and at the time of his death was employed
as a telegraph operator in Birmingham.
His remains were brought home and his funeral
will take place at the Methodist church to-day.
SUDJU^N DEATH.
On Tuesday of last week, Mr. Joseph Smith,
aged about (W years, died suddenly while on his
way from McDill's store, at Hickory Drove, to
his homo, three-fourths of a mile distant. He
left the store about 12 o'clock noon, to return to
his house, taking a by-path which led to it. An
hour after he left the store, a white lad who was
hunting, found him lying in the path unable to
walk. He requested the boy to go to the store
for assistance, which he did, a number of persons
hastening to his relief. An effort was made to
imt liim to lii? linnip. but before this could be ac
eomplished lie died on the way. His death is attributed
to heart disease.
CHURCH NOTICES.
King's Mountain Mission?ltev. L. A. Johnson,
Pastor. Services at King's Mountain Chapel,
next Sunday, at 11 A. M.
Methodist Episcopal?Rev. W. \V. Daniel, Pastor.
Services every Sunday at 11 A. M., and 7
P. M. Sunday-school at 3 P. M. every Sunday.
Prayer-meeting Wednesdays at 7 P. M,
Associate Reformed Presbyterian?Rev. J. C.
Calloway, Pastor. Services at 7 P. M. next Sunday.
Sunday-school at 3.30 P. M.
Baptist?Rev. J. 10. Covington, Pastor. Services
at II A M., next Sunday, at Unidh Church,
and at? P. M., in Yorkville. Sunday-school at
3 P.M. Praver-meeting on Thursday evening,
this week.
THE TOWN YORKVILLE.
As will be seen by reference to the synopsis
of Acts of the Legislature, written by Senator
Black for this week's issue of the Enquirkr,
the general Act to which the Act rechartering
the town of Yorkville referred for the powers
and privileges conferred upon the said town,
failed of ratification. But it is understood that
the Town Council, upon due consideration, have
delincd to dissolve, and have resolved to continue
to exercise the functions of a Town
Council under such implied powers as the law
gives to them by virtue of an express provision
in the new Act of incorporation, that they are to
hold over until their successors shall be elected
and qualify.
THE UNION* PRAYER MEETl.MiS.
Tlie union prayer meetings noted in our last
issue were continued Wednesday and Thursday
nights of last week. On Wednesday night
services were conducted in the Baptist church
by Rev. J. C. Galloway on the subject recommended
b}' the international committee as a
theme for one discourse of the series, viz.: Family
Worship. Tlis sermon was based upon the
words, "Train up a child in the way he should go
and when he is old ho will not depart therefrom."
On Thursday night the series was closed with
services at the Methodist church by Rev. W. W.
Daniel, the pastor, who delivered a very impressive
sermon founded on the text, "And let
us not weary in well doing, for in due season we
shall reap if we faint not."
CHESTER WORKING.
At a meeting held in Chester a few days ago, a
committee was appointed to takesteps to procure
the passage of the contemplated and projected
Georgetown and North Carolina Railroad
through that town. Major Julius Mills was appointed
on behalf of the committee to particularly
look after the matter. His report is published
in the Chester papers of last week. He
says that the object of his efforts was the committee's
instructions "to induce the officers of
the Georgetown and North Carolina Railroad
Company to locate its line from Rossville by
Chester to Wilkesburg." He then states that he
had received no written reply from the Massachusetts
and Southern Construction Company to
the proposition of a subscription of ?100,000 to
the project, further than an intimation that the
amount was not enough. He then sums up his
conclusions as follows:
"I have made myself satisfied that this company,
in possession of the charter and organization
of the Georgetown and North Carolina Railroad
Company, lias ample means in its hand or at its
back to construct the road. I am also confident
that it means to, and will construct the road on
some line, from Black's to Camden and Sumter.
I am sure that the company means business, and
it is left for the taxpayers and people of Chester
county to say at once whether or not a railroad
after the style and equipments of the Air-Line
Railroad shall pass around Chester. Our people
are constantly calling for foreign capital to build
up our waste places. Here is a company otiering
to build fifty miles of railroad in our county
which will cost at least five hundred thousand
dollars, and locate property to be taxed for that
amount, aside from the increased valuation of
othor property along its line, and the increased
facilities for pleasure and business. I respectfully
suggest to your body to take such steps as
you think best, by calling a public meeting of
your own, as will, in your opinion, best promote
the work to secure a further conference with the
oflicersof the Massachusetts and Southern Con
struction Compony.
COLD WEATHER.
The coldest weather known in this section
since December, 1880, is now upon us. On Friday
last snow fell to the depth of four inches,
which was succeeded by clear weather and a
rapid descent of the mercury, until Monday
morning, when it marked the coldest period of
41._ ' ..." lil'lntl* '/fll'll atlllost
IIIU II LXV.L-, > kf.. ' uvn>vv.> , ?
phcre clear. Throughout theStateand the entire
South the weather has been of unusual severity,
while in the North and West the snowfall has
been very great, with intense cold. As indicating
the severity of the weather throughout the
country, we print the following statement showing
the range of the thermometer in the cities
named, on Saturday last:
Lynchburg Id above
Chattanooga 15 below
Austin 10 above
Laredo, Tex 8 below
Palestine, Tex Zero
Orange, Tex 12 above
Richmond, Va 22 above
Knoxville 2 below
Omaha 2.'! below
Fort Riley, Kansas 25 below
New Orleans 11) above
Harrisburg, Penn 10 above
Macon, Ga 12 above
Kansas City 15 below
Mobile .* 11 above
Richmond, Ind 18 above
Montgomery 5.4 above
Washington, I). C 10 above
Birmingham Zero
Chicago > above
Res Moines 25 below
St. Paul 18 below
Minnedosa, Manitoba 52 below
Winnepeg 14 below
Jacksonville 10 above
Pensacola hi above
Charleston 20 above
| Atlanta Zero
We recall the 1st day of January, 1871, as the
coldest day here within our recollection. We
have no record of the thermometer on that day,
but we know that ice was formed 2 inches in
thickness, an unusual occurrence in this section,
and Broad River was frozen over for the lirst
time within 57 years previous. At Chicago the
: thermometer indicated 10 degress below zero,
while last Saturday it was 0 degrees above.
On Christmas day, 1880, a cold wave began,
which reached the worst point of its severity here
on the 20th, when the thermometer indicated 8
decrees below zero, and between these dates
snow fell to the depth of h inches.
The present cold snap commenced breaking
about noon on Tuesday, though as yet there is
but a slight abatement in the temperature, the
thermometer indicating i? degrees above zero
yesterday morning.
BannnnBnu
CoriTsiMiniUwe of I hi* York vi lie Enquirer.
LETTER FROM ltOCK HILL.
Roc k Hill, S. C'., January 11.?For the
last three days we have been having some
of the coldest weather we have had in a
number of years, anfl the business of our
town has been considerably affected. Only
those people from the country who were
compelled to come to town came, and the
town people remained at their homes. The
salesmen and business men were grouped
around, the fire-place or stove, trying to
inavv. wn omuruu)' aumc ui tnu j uuu^ pcupie
were out sleigh riding, and they seemed
to be the only ones who were enjoying the
cold weather.
Col. Cadwallader Jones and his estimable
wife celebrated their golden wedding on
last Tuesday, with all of their children excepting
two?Mr. Cadwallader Jones, Jr.,
and Mrs. George Erwin, who live in Alabama.
During the fifty years of their married
life they have lost only one child, an
infant, and now have nine living children.
Col. Jones' father and mother lived to celebrate
their golden wedding.
Xot only the members of the Methodist
Church, but the whole community are very
much pleased with lie v. J. C. Kilgo, who
at the last Annual Conference was assigned
to the Hock Hill circuit. He is a hard worker
and a most excellent preacher.
The stock of goods of Ivy & Fewell was
sold at public auction on Saturday last and
purchased by Mr. R. T. Fewell for $8,310.
I learn that in the conduct of the business
Mr. B. M. Fewell will be associated with
Mr. It. T. Fewell.
Most of the schools in our town will be
opened to-day. As yet we have been unable
to learn who will be the successor of the
late J. M. Ivy as school trustee for this
district. Several names have been suggested,
but it is difficult to name one who will
accept so lucrative a position.
Mr. W. M. Frew has been drawn as a
grand juror in the U. S. Circuit Court, to be
held in Greenville next month. He seems
to be popular as a juror, having served as
petit juror at the last term of York Circuit
Court.
An election is being held in this place
to-day for I.itendant and Wardens. There
are three tickets in the field, the great interest
being as to who shall succeed as town
marshal.
Some of our merchants have taken liens
for supplies. In all cases they require the
landowner to endorse the same. Hal.
SOUTH CAROLINA NEWS.
? The name of Gilbert Hollow, in Lexington
county, has been changed by act of
the Legislature to Lewiedale.
? W. 13. Williams, for many years a prominent
cotton factor of Charleston, fell dead
on the street last Saturday afternoon of
heart disease. He was in the 72nd year of
his age.
? Ninety Six township, in Abbeville
county, has voted a subscription of live per
cent, of the taxable property of the township
in aid of a narrow gauge railroad from
Greenville to Ninety Six.
? The man who wanted the lien law repealed
can have it all his own way now.
lie can control labor if he will mortgage
his homestead and risk the hands he employs
to make his crop.
? The Columbia Register makes the statement
that the South Carolina Railroad has
been purchased by the Richmond and Danville
system, though the truth of the rumor
is denied by those professing to know
the facts.
? It is now stated that the party who
went to the jail at Winnsboro had no purpose
to iujure the prisoners, Ben Dubose
and his son, but that it was inteuded simply
to obtain a statement from the prisoners.
There was and is no excitement.
? The South Carolina State Missionary
Board of the Baptist church has appointed
for this year forty missionaries whose, labors
will extend into twenty-four counties.
It is proposed to expend about $9,000 in
State Missionary work during the year.
? In Aiken on Sunday last, when all the
different congregations were at their respective
churches, the alarm of fire was
sounded. Four stores on Main street were
totally destroyed before the flames were
subdued. Loss $38,400, on which there is
about $18,000 insurance.
? Several of the northern boarders at Aiken
distinguished themselves on Sunday
night by attending a colored church there
and disturbing the services so by laughing
and scattering matcn heads ior people to
tread on that the minister was compelled to
dismiss the congregatiqu.
?Spartanburg Ileralfl: The Chief officers
of the Air-Line road passed over the track
last week measuring up side tracks and
getting ready for the change of gauge which
will be made the present year. They have
also adopted a new system of book keeping
along the line similar to that used on
the western roads.
? Walter Stroud, a blacksmith 25 years
old, was married on December 29th to a
daughter of Kobt. L. Wade, of Williston,
in this State. The couple started for Mississippi,
but Stroud deserted his wife at
Sharon, Ga., and left her there friendless
aud penniless. lie has not been heard
from since.
? Orangeburg Times: Jim Williams, a
thrifty colored man, living near St. Matthews,
became discouraged at the failure of
crops last year and took a notion about the
middle of December to emigrate West.
He went to Arkansas and stayed exactly
one week, when he came back fully satisfied
that South Carolina suited him better
than that country. He says that the houses
out there are not as good as his horse
stable.
Dr. Woodrow at Augusta.?Dr. Woodrow
went over to Augusta on Tuesday night
to appear before the .Presbytery, to answer
the charge of heresy, which it was understood,
would be at last formally made
against him. When Presbytery met on
Wednesday morning and Dr. Woodrow appeared
to confront his accusers, it was found
that the Secretary of the Synod had failed
to transmit the papers in the case down to
the Presbytery, and of course there was no
indictment upon which the court could act.
An effort was made to procure an adjourned
session, which failed, and the case goes
over again until the next regular meeting
of the Presbytery in April, unless a special
session of the body can be procured before.
So this vexatious issue bids fair to be perpetuated,
to the great damage of the Master's
cause, both within and without the
Presbyterian Church.?Columbia Register,
Friday.
Fi re at Black's.?The citizens at Black's
were startled on last Wednesday afternoon
about 2 o'clock by the cry of lire and in a few
moments flames were seen issuing from the
town platform upon which cotton was placed
before being weighed. There were 115
bales of cotton on the platform at the time,
but by the almost super-human exertions of
the citizens, all but 3:1 bales were saved.
The loss on these will amount to about
$1,300, upon which there is no insurance as
none of the buyers carried policies upon the
town platform. The principal losers are
Messrs. 1). 1). Gaston, Black & Carpenter,
J. W. Rhyneand Cherokee Falls Manufacturing
Company. Of these, Mr. D. D. Gaston
loses about $175 and the others smaller
sums.?Shelby New Era, G//j.
Edmunds' Mormox Bill.?Whatever
may be the fate of Senator Edmunds' last
Mormon bill, the country has cause to be
gratified at the evidences of morality which
its discussson brought forth in the Senate.
It is not often that there is an opportunity
to arrive at the real truth as to the religious
sentiments of the Senate, and it is a great
relief to know that pious spirits are there
and will come forth when events scratch
deej) enough for them.?New York World.
The Liquor Question in Congress.?
Congress will be called upon to deal with
the liquor question this winter. There are
over 1,000 places in Washington where
liquor is sold, and the revenue commissioners
of the district call upon the law-makers
to reduce the number and put up the tax.