Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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lewis m. grist, proprietor, j Jniejitniient Jfsmilj fUtospptr: Ifor % promotion of t|it political, Social, ^gricnllttral anil Commercial Interests of t(je Sont|. |terms--$2.50 a year, in advance. VOL. 38. YORKVILLE. S. C., THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1883. NO. 36. * i i?mm??ri?ir-nr-TT?rrm?i?i ihe Jforg leUfr. . COUSIN :FALCONER. "Nothing but hasty pudding and milk !" said Tibby, with a grimace. "What will mamma say ?" And Hannah Ann, the raw-boned, woodenvisaged servitress, uttered the expressive monosyllable, "Humph I" which is equivalent, in Yankeedom, to that famous French shrug of the shoulders. "It's all very well to talk," said Hannah Ann, "but I dunno as I can make quails on toast an' currant jelly outer sticks an' stones. I've done the best I can, and nobody can't do no mora " "Is the leg of pork all gone, Hannah Ann?" said Tibby plaintively. "Every identickle partickle on't 1" Hannah Ann answered, with the majesty of a Druidical priestess. n a nA fho s>hioL-ons mofiklv hinted Tibbv. "I killed the last one, Wednesday." "Didn't old Hugh bring along any trout yesterday ?" pursued Tibby. ...? . uxes,,T said Hannah Ann ; "he brought 'em along. But I owed him two dollars and fifty cents a'ready, and Hugh has a family to support. So I didn't fairly like to run up any longer account." "And you were quite right," said Tibby, with a sigh. "But, Hannah Ann, what are we to do." "That's what I'd like to know myself," said Hannah Ann, curtly. Tibby was silent, drumming her pretty pink* tipped fingers on the kitchen-table, while her deep hazel eyes looked intently at the old-fashioned, brass warming-pan on the opposite wall. "Hannah Ann," said she, piteously, at length, "couldn't you suggest something ? Because, when I asked mamma what is to be done, she only cries, and says, 'Write to your rich Cousin Falconer.' And I have written to him, and I only get back cheques for ten dollars, with the coldest acknowledgment of my letters. I'd rather starve than live 011 such grudgingly doled-out charity as that ! Don't you know of some way, Hannah Ann, to make money ?" Hannah Ann's hard face softened, as an icicle softens when the winter sun strikes it. "Miss Elizabeth," said she, "it's a secret. Don't speak of it. But I was clear driv' to the wall, so I've took a boarder." "A boarder, Hannah Ann ?" "Outin the barn-chamber," said Hannah Ann. "You see, Miss Elizabeth," (Hannah Ann never condescended to the undignified pet-name with which her little mistress had been invested since she was ten years old) "this house used to be a sort 0' tavern in the old days, afore the bow window was added on, and the renaissancy porch put out on the south corner. "Jenks' Glen halfway House," it used to be called when I was a gal. And there come a gentleman as used to hunt and fish on ' these 'ere mountains, twelve good years ago. ~ tt ?jn "IS tins jenKS' iJieil nouse .r aayo lie. "Well, it's what they used to call it," says I. "Can I get accommodation here V" says he. "I'm afeard not," says I. And then you should have seen his face fall. "I always boarded here," says he, "and I can't make up my mind to go elsewhere. "I'll pay any price . you please, my good woman, and I am not at all particular where you put me." "Well," ( says I, "if you don't mind the barn-chamber? , it's very clean and quiet there, with the appletree boughs in bloom, close to the window." J And says he, "Put me in the hen-coop, if you like." So I've been boarding him ever since ; 1 and the week is up to-morrow, Miss Elizabeth, , and I expect he'll pay me seven dollars." . . Tibby's eyes sparkled. ( "Hannah Ann," she cried, "you are a fe- , male Napoleon. You did right." , "I know of two other boarders I could get," shrewdly added Hannah Ann?"sketching ' young ladies, as don't like their rooms at j Coons' boarding house?if you could make up your mind to spare the big front room ; and ' after all, you never use it, except as a guestchamber for company as never comes." "I'll ask mamma," cried Tibby, eagerly ; ! "because you know, Hannah Ann, we must : live." ! Mrs. Yayne, a limp, sentimental, elderly lady, who spent her time in reading novels, and bemoaning the splendors of her vanished girl- i hood, began to cry feebly at the idea. ' "Boarders V" cried she. "Me! Captain 1 Frost. "Prnzenham's daughter ? And has it ill- 1 deed come to that ? Oh, if had only died ten years ago, and avoided the terrible humiliation !" 1 "But, mamma," pleaded Tibby, "you need ' have nothing to do with it. Hannah Ann will '< attend to everything. And I can gather wild 1 berries for the table, and see to the linen, and J get flowers for the dining-room. Hannah Ann I says she had as lief cook for ten as for two. 1 And we might raise her wages then, and?" "Don't torture me with such details,"sighed ] Mrs. Yayne, behind her pocket-handkerchief, i "But you don't positively forbid it, mam- ( ma V" coaxed Tibby. "I don't forbid anything," said Mrs. Yayne. "My wishes are of no consequence, one way or | t^e other." Which Tibby joyfully construed into a per- ' mission and she ran down stairs to count the 1 cups and saucers, look over the table drapery, and consider as the chairs which were worthy ; of use. For some one must attend to these things, and Tibby was so anxious to be useful. ! And in a month the Jenks' Glen Halfway 1 House was full of boarders. Some i>eople came there for the view, some for the air, 1 some for the delicious quiet which brooded over the crests of the hills. Mrs. Vayne con- 1 tentedly read novels in her own room, and Tibby kept determinedly in the background, while Hannah Ann was constituted managing agent in general and proved herself fully worthy of the occasion. "I'm payin'expenses," said Hannah Ann, with pardonable pride, "and laying up a little interest on the mortgage. Nobody don't foreclose on my folks, not if I know it. And Miss Lizabeth shall have a new dress in September, just as sure as my name is Stokes !" Tibby was busy enough now?what with the house-linen, concocting of rare and dainty deserts, which were a degree above the solid puddings and thick pies in which the soul of Hannah-Ann delighted, and the score of daily duties which seemed, no one could tell how, to fall to her cheerful lot. And one day Hannah Ann mounted to the attic-chamber to which Tibby had transferred her household goods. "Miss Elizabeth," said she, in a low voice, "one of the boarders would like to see you." "One of the bonders, Hannah Ann V What one ?" cried Tibby, dropping the bottle of oxalic-acid with which she was taking ink-spots out of the literary borders' towels. "It's the old gentleman in the barn-chamber," answered Hannah Ann. "He's sittin' on the rustic seat under the apple tree, with his white umberil, awatin' for you." "I wonder what he wants, Hannah Ann V" "Goodness knows !" said Hannah Ann. And with the most dignified air which she could assume upon such short notice, Tibby descended to the apple-tree, where the gilli-1 flower apples (called "sheep-noses" by the rustic inhabitants of the neighboring vales) were just beginning to stripe their emerald spheres into crimson. The old gentleman was not very old, after j all. He might have been forty, but he was certainly not older. He was straight, ruddycomplex ioned, handsome, with dark piercing eyes, and only here and there a silver streak in his dark-brown hair. He rose and bowed to Tibby. Tibby inclined her head to him, and secretly thought: that if she were well acquainted with him she ; should like him very much. "I hope, sir, that you have nothing to complain of ?" said Tibby, rather royally. "Not in the least," said the gentleman, j "On the contrary, I highly approve of the manner in which things are conducted here." Tibby drew herself up. What did it matter to him whether his tall personage approved or otherwise V "I am a Southerner," said the gentleman. ! "Are jou ?" said Tibby, still with hauteur. | "I came here to enjoy the troutfishing," he went on. "I had other business in these mountains, but I stopped here to enjoy the 1 July sweetness. Not until now had I the I ! least idea that you and your mother kept this j place." "We don't said Tibby with a roguish sparkle = in her eyes. "Hannah Ann keeps it. We i keep Hannah Ann ! But we have no income, j and it was imperatively necessary that the I tradesmen's bill should be met. We are all j ladies, mamma and I 1 And?" | T "It is no discredit to ladies to study their self-respect by earning an honest "livelihood," ; 0 said the gentleman, quietly. j o "My opinion, exactly,"said Tibby. "But," i a remembering her dignity, "I don't know why ; f you should be so interested in our affairs." Tibby tried to look very frozen, indeed ! _ "Because," said the gentleman, "I am your L Cousin Falconer." j t The rosy blood mounted to the very roots of | n the girl's hair. Involuntarily she started. ! a "Yes," he said, smiling composedly. "I p came to the North to find you out, and acquaint myself with the true character of my unknown relatives. To my surprise, I accidentally learned that the name of my landladies was Vayne. I had expected to find you I languid, fine ladies, without an idea beyond ^ dress and fashion. On the contrary, I discover that you have spirit, energy, noble independence. I don't know whether to congratulate ! ? you or myself the most." I T Ami Tihhv nonr child, for her nart. did not a know whether to smile or to burst into tears, j tl This, then, was the Cousin Falconer?the ; C( Southern planter, whose unknown personality | ? had always been the beau-ideal of her mother's <'1 words and thoughts?the cold, courteous gen- " tleman whom she had taught herself to hate, la But, do what she could, it was not possible to bi hate him any longer. 0j "You are my cousin," said Mr. Falconer. oj "Yes," acknowledged Tibby, "I am your cousin. Your second cousin, at least." 11 "Second or third, it matters but little," said al Mr. Falconer. "We are all that is left of the fx old family. I have come North to ask you c< and your mother to return with me to Cressida cj Yale, in Alabama, to be my mother and my . sister. We will divide the fortune which . should at first have been equally distributed?" 81 Tibby flushed a vivid red. w "No !" she said, involuntarily closing her t( tiny fist, "I will accept nothing which the law ti doesn't award me !" "But you will at least consent to come thither as my guests V" he pleaded, almost 84 with humility. ni And Tibby, who had always felt a longing ol desire to seethe "Sunny South" of her dreams, did not quite say "No." ei So they left the Half-way House to the gen- , eralship of Hannah Ann, whom nothing could f induce to go. ,e And at the end of six months, Tibby came di back to the mountains with Mr. Falconer, as ai bright as a human sunbeam. ot "ttumpn i" saia nuniiuii Aim, wnu pj seated beside a roaring fire of logs, "piecing" j* calico bed-quilts for the next season's boarders, "I ain't surprised to see you. I calculated w you'd get tired of the South." w "But I'm not tired of it, Hannah Ann," v; said Tibby. "I shall live there always now. y I'm only here on my wedding-trip." . "What J" cried Hannah Ann. i "I am married," said Tibby, showing her lr wedding-ring with a sweet, happy laugh. n< "To my cousin Falconer. Because there was ai no other way of settling the disputed question n< of the estates, and?and because I liked him !" p. "Well, I declare!" said Hannah Ann. "But . if you'll remember, Miss Elizabeth?Mrs. Falconer, I should say?I always told you that the gentleman in the barn-chamber was the h< nicest of all our boarders." gc And Mr. Falconer smiled good-humoredlyas at he thanked Hannah Ann for her good opinion y of him. . r "After all, Tibby," he said to his young wife, "if Hannah Ann hadn't taken me for a cc boarder, I never should have read your char- ai acter in its true light. Aiid if I had missed tl you out of my life, dearest," bending to kiss tier brow, "1 should have missed a jewel in- -n leed !"?Helta Forrest Graves. __ ,dl Cotton Manufacturers North and c(f South.?As compared with cotton maufactu- ; rers of New England, the Southern Mills 13 show a wonderful difference in earnings. Air. tc Russell, a Massachusetts member of Congress, fil said, in a recent speech in the House of Rep- p resentatives: "I have from official sources a yj, statement showing that fifty of the leading . corporations in Lowell, Lawrence, Cliicoi>ee and Salem, Mass.; Manchester, Nashua and Ci Newmarket, N. H.; Lewiston and other points oi in Maine, representing a capital of ?50,000,000, tl engaged in manufacturing the various grades yj, of cotton and woolen fabrics, have paid their stockholders in the past five years an average dividend of a little less than 7 i>er cent, per in annum only." The IVadesmun, of Chattanoo- oi ga, Tenn., makes the following comments on C1 this subject: Here is an authoritative statement that the manufacture of cotton goods in New England is not one half so profitable as in the South. C1 rv._ A.*;.. ru\f\ f\ru\ *.1 mHlu ri i;il UUS in vtraLcu in i^uituci u lumo the profits for the past five years have been ai less than ?17,500,000; while the same amount jn of capital in Southern mills, basing our calculations upon what other mills now pay, would have been from ?40,000,000 to $50,000,000, or 1,1 possibly more. Such a difference as this is si hound to tell. The Southern Mills save from n< 12 to ?3 a bale in the matter of freights alone tl us compared with what the Northern mills pay. They have lighter expenses for heating, cheaper raw material, an abundance of water power, cheap.labor, cheap living, and other, m advantages which enable them to pay more fi than double the profits that Northern mills s] can possibly earn, and these things are al- ^ ready working out a mighty material development of the South. With natural advantages for combining agricultural pursuits and man- *c ufactures, unsurpassed by any country, the | ai Southern States will, ere many years have > w passed, rank as one of the richest countries in | the world. The march of progress has already . begun, and in the next 15 or 20 years the re-1 . suit will be seen in vast manufacturing indus-1ir tries, in mining for gold, silver, iron*and coal, j tl in stock raising, in cotton, in breadstuffs am' w in tropical fruits, to an extent that is scarcely , C( dreamed of now. j (i IIow Indians Farm.?a gentleman just | tl up from Standing Rock agency said that the ' ci Indians were engaged in planting. In answer n( to an inquiry as to how the reds were progres-! sing in the peaceful way of grangeving, he ! 1 smiled and said their manner was odd. Kvery t year they seemed to know less about how to j bl farm. This is attributable to the fact that! oi they are learning the ways of the whites too ! 0] rapidly. They begin to understand that as soon j ^ as they can grow crops their rations will be ; .. cut off and hence their growing ignorance of j J1 agriculture. If they are given a bushel of |'' beans to plant, they will eat nine-tenths of the ! n amount and plant one-tenth, and the one-tenth ! 01 will be dumped into three or four holes in j,); the ground. Last spring they were furnished I with five bushels of onion seeds. They couldn't i eat them, and consequently planted the entire a five bushels on a piece of ground fifty by one o: hundred feet. They were too lazy to prepare a larger patch ; besides it would have been ^ contrary to their policy of maintaining the ration system. When the onions came up it |l was a curious sight to see the young bulbs 1S crowd each other. The whole dry naked sur- Ii face of ground was raised up on top of the 1; sprouting plants. It isourinfonuant'sopinion ! ti * ' i'-- k. .1: :n ..^4- i tnat tne present generation ui inuinuswui nuu i jj make successful grangers.?liismark 'Tribune. \ ^ Hint to Candidates.?A citizen who h lately built himself a residence, was the other (lay showing a friend through it, and, when . everything had been noticed and discussed, he asked : "Well, do you see any place where 1 ri you could improve it?" "Yes, 1 noticed a n bad error right at the start," was the reply, j n Being asked to explain, he continued : "You|Sj have no balcony in front." "But I didn't Li want one." "Well, jierhaps not; but when i you are running for otlice and the band comes | v up to serenade you, and the populace calls for j tl a speech, you will either have to go to the roof or come down to the ground to respond. c A balcony is a sort of middle ground ?just high enough to escape making pledges, and too high to promise all sorts of reform. Ought to have * a balcony, sir?regret it if you don't."?Texas I Siftinij*. \ IrtisceUaneous fading. Correspondence of the Yorkville Enquirer. NOTES OF TRAVEL. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 26.? )uviug my stay in Prescott, I availed myself f every opportunity offered to visit as many f the adjacent towns and cities as possible, ud also to spend some time on the beautiul river of St. Lawrence. At Prescott this iver is a mile and a half wide and very deep. Canadians aver that it is a much larger river han the Mississippi, and that a great deal lore water passes down it than flows down ny other river in America. I was not preared to admit this; but so many affirmed it 3l>e a fact, I did not strenuously insist upon ie opposite theory. Prescott was settled by wealthy Scoth and rish tories who left New York and other rorthern States during the Revolutionary ar ; persons who had no faith in the ability f our fathers to secure their independence, 'he English government erected at that time large fort and had it well garrisoned, near ie river, the fort and garrison being under !>mmand of Col. Prescott. These faithful cotch and Irish tories had influence enough ) induce the government to donate to thein a a.P 1am.1 am ntbtnL 4-1-?Arr Ia glclIIL Ui jilliu, Ull YY11 lull wicjr uaoucucu tu uild up a town which they named in honor I their friend, Col. Pescott. It is now a city I some seven thousand inhabitants. It is eatly and substantially built, and the streets re well shaded, the favorite tree for this purDse lieing the sugar maple. It is a city of msiderable wealth. It has six magnificent lurches. But the only manufacturing or idustrial enterprises of note are three extenve breweries and one colossal distillery. 1 as told that the whole city virtually belongs > a few wealthy individals whose only ambi011 is to collect their rents and loan the money ; the most exorbitant rates of interest. Con quently the city does not improve. I saw lore dissipation in Prescott than in all the ;her towns and cities I visited in Canada. The country around Prescott, as every oth portion of Canada I visited except the ace from which I now write, is exceedingly vel and fertile. The soil is dark and projces all the grasses, rye, barley, wheat, oats id Irish potatoes in great abundance. Tim;hy, clover, barley, rye and potatoes are the ineipal products, and dairying is the chief isiness of all the farmers. Further north in AMA/iAoofiilltr T uroa omovflrl UCUt 19 ^lUWU OUl/UCiJOLUilJ* X ff ciO lien I learned the extent to which they cultiite the Irish potato both in Western New ork and Canada. In Canada this esculent, epared in souie manner, but most usually ied in some kind of grease, forms a promi3nt feature of every meal. Morning, noon Ml night?breakfast, dinner and supper? ;ver come, without the inevitable accommiinent of watery, tough and insipid potaies, closely resembling the artichoke of our juthern States?a product which we feed to >gs. But these bad potatoes are relieved by >od beef, mutton, butter and cheese, while tention is paid to having a good quality of ead. Cheese, however, rarely comes to the anadian's table. It is to the Kainuck what >tton is to the Carolinian?the cash stapleid these cheeses are shipped in large qualities to London and Liverpool. From my observations while in the Domin?, I feel constrained to say that the Caimans are by 110 means epicurians, though, acirding to their way of thinking they live ell?having plenty around them. The soil generally productive. Adjacent to the ?wns and cities land readily commands from 'ty to one hundred dollars per acre; though lere are plenty of localities in which it can ; bought at from S3 to SO. At the present me a heavy immigration is pouring into anada, induced by the extraordinary efforts ' the Great Trunk Railroad and its rival, le Great Western, to sell the lands which ley own as subsidies. Gananoque is a considerable manufactur ig city?the productions being principally iron, ime esuiuusiiuieut is tievuieu exusively to the manufacture of steel cartings, and employs a large number of hands. Blackwell is also a beautiful and growing ty, pleasantly located on the St. Lawrence ver. Belleville and Port Hope are also large id thriving towns. Among the oldest cities i Canada is Kingston. It is also one of the mdsomest, but contains much to carry one ick in thought to other days. There is conderable business done in Kingston, though it nearly so much now as formerly. With le competition it now has, the city will have struggle or it will retograde. The towns and cities of Canada contain lany houses built of a kind of slate procured om the ground 011 which they stand. This ate is found, some few feet under the ground most everywhere, in stratas differing in. lickness as they underlie each other. The >p strata is usually about three inches thick id each underlying strata an inch thicker, ntil the stratas become two feet or more in lickness. This rock formation is one of the riking peculiarities of the country, furnish ig solid slabs ol rock ot any length, width or lickness that may be wanted. The reader ould miss it greatly, however, if he should >me to the conclusion that where such splenid slabs of slate can be so easily procured, lat the streets and walks of the towns and ities are beautifully paved with them. I saw 0 side walks in Canada laid with any other taterial than the softest li inch white pine oards. The streets are paved with cedar locks six inches long, placed closely together a end. The truth is, they cannot use stone 11 account of the great severity of the freezes lat so often occur in that latitude. I noced many houses, the stone steps of which ad been literally shattered by the frost, and ot unfrequently may be seen the strong walls 1' large buildings shattered near the ground, arts crumbling off and falling down, presentig the appearance of having been washed way by the chafing of a fast fiowing current f water. Oshama lies about two miles from the Great 'runk line, and is a beautiful and growing lace of some three thousand inhabitants. It 1 noted for its beautiful, well-shaded streets. 11 the suburbs of this town is situated the irgest manufactory of steam engines, &c., in lie Dominion. The buildings of this estabshment cover several acres of ground, and onstant employment is given to live or six undred hands. Koads of all kinds in Canada are as nearly traight as they can be made. Stretches of i i r. ii.. i- r i. ? ri.~. uiroau penecuy siiiuyni, iui it-n ui mteew liles, are not unusual. The railroad compaies will not vary a quarter of a mile from a traight line, if they can conveniently procure no matter how important the city or town ,'hich may happen to he off a direct line of heir proposed route. From Osharaa I came up to this place?a ity of some ten thousand inhabitants, and nil of life, push and enterprise. It has more lie bustle and show of enterprise than any town have yet visited in Canada. It is, in fact, a ,'ankee town?Yankee enterprise and Yankee capital prospering here, as they do everywhere they make an effort. Hamilton is located on a high bluff. The country around, near the bay, is broken, but gradually falls into a, beautiful and fertile plain, or extended savannah, all robed in a verdant dress of gorgeous green. Here are also extensive foundries and machine shops, all busy, and many of them enlarging to meet the demands of their increasing business. Before Ileave for home I will turn back to say a few words about Toronto, which is decidedly the largest and most important city in the province, and stands, alike the ornament and pride of Ontario. The city contains one hundred thousand inhabitants, is handsomely located on the St. Lawrence river, is well and compactly built, and contains a large number of elegant and costly churches, besides many other fine and elegant public buildings. Here are also many large manufacturing establishments. Toronto is well and economically governed, as are all the - i. J 4. 4.1? A 151,^ Cities ilUU tUWUS 1U uuiuimuu , auu uac alfCnnada towns ancttiittes, abonnds in churches add grogshops. Though I can truly say that I never saw a drunken man or heard an oath while in Canada, except at Presscott, but there I saw and heard much of both. All grogshops are compelled by law to close their doors at the tap of the city bell and keep them closed until 7 o'clock next morning, on pain of forfeiting a large sum on failure to do so. After they are closed, a police officer takes his station in front to see that the law is complied with. There are statutory provisions laid down by parliament to be observed by all retailers, and those who apply for license have to make oath that they will observe the provisions of this law. Nor is this all: the retailers are charged a round sum for their license, and required to give a heavy bond and ample surety to obey the law and maintain good order in their places of business. The law on this subject, strict as it is, is rigidly enforced. One of the crowning glories of the Dominion is that her government is not only stable, but it is as free and liberal as our own. Indeed, it is precisely a counterpart of the government of the United States, established by our forefathers, except that the GovernorGeneral is invested with the power to veto any .. i T-fc ! A. TAK Dili mar j'amament may pass. i>ut tins um* cial seldom interposes such power. Law, order, peace and prosjierity are more than mere words in Canada, and official rouges, embezzelers and defaulters of all kinds are at a decided discount, and rarely escape punishment adequate to their crimes. But to conclude, I must say in candor that though the soil is rich and well improved by the best railroads to be found in the country ; the laws faithfully enforced ; order well observed and justice meted out, perhaps, more impartially than in our own land ; the officials more competent and faithful than are our own ; still I would greatly prefer to live in the sunny land of my own native South. Guilford. The Red River Country.?A series of papers on uThe New Northwest," by E. V. Smalley, opens graphically, in the Century, with a description of the Dakota wheat region, and facts, like the foltywing, are of great interest to i>ersons' seeking new homes in the West: Nowhere else in the United States, unless it lie in the distant and little known valleys of Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory, are such large crops of wheat raised with suCli small expense and such certainty of success year after year. The grain is sown late in the spring, as soon as the hot suns of the northern latitude have dried the soaked lands, and grows with marvelous rapidity. In August it is fully matured and ready for reaping. All the farm work is done by machinery. The plowman rides upon a sulky plow ; the grain is sown with a drill or a broad-caster; the reaping machines bind the sheaves as they move over the ground, and the threshers do their work in the fields, driven by portable steam-engines that burn the straw for fuel. The grain is hauled at once to elevators at the nearest railway station, and then the whole farm equipment of apparatus is left standing in the fields until needed the next year. Except on the big "bonanza farms," owned and operated by capitalists, it is rare to find any sheds for implements, or, indeed, any farm buildings save a little bare box of a dwelling, and a rude stable of boards, sod and straw, to shelter the horses from the winter blizzards. The red barns of the bonanza farms make a great show upon the wild, vacant prairie, but they are not much larger than thrifty Pennsylvania farmers, who till a hundred acres, build to house their crops and stock. It is within bounds to say that, taking one year with another, a profit of ten dollars an acre is made on the Ked River wheat lands, f after paying all exj>enses of seed, cultivation,> and marketing. The great merit of the maw nificent grain-field does not lie wholly in im richness, however. Its structure is peculiarly favorable for the transportation of its product to the seaboard. Two hundred and fifty n/les of rail transit brings the Red River wheat to Duluth, at the head of Lake Superior, /roin whence there is a water-carriage all the way to New York harbor. Dakota seems to/ have been fitted by nature for a vast, permanent wheat field. The conditions of climate and soil exist for producing the best grade of wheat, and the largest average crops harvested for a succession of years in the Unite! States, except, perhaps, Washington Territory. The centre of population in th? United States was twenty-two miles from Baltimore in 1790, and has moved westward at! the average rate of about fifty-one miles every decade, never deviating to the extent of ,a degree north or south of the thirty-ninth! parallel. The greatest progress was between the years 1850-00, when it traveled eighty-one miles from a point in Virginia to twenty miles south of Chillicothe, Ohio. This movement was caused by the settlement of the Pacific coast. The centre of population in 1870 was forty-eight miles northeast of Cincinnati. According to the last census, the centre had advanced westward fifty-eight miles, and deflected to the south about eight, being near the village of Taylorsville, Ky., about eight miles from Cincinnati. It is anticipated that the next census will flnd it in Jennings county, Indiana. Supposing the westward movement of population to continue, the central, point should cross the Mississippi about 1950, not far from the mouth of the Missouri. It is considered probable, however, that it will never go so far westward, as there are large areas in the west which are only adapted for mining and grazing pursuits, and will support but a scanty i>opulation. The increase in the region beyond the Mississippi, after the close of the present century, may not much more than counterbalance that of the rest of the country, in which case the centre of population will remain almost stationary in southern Illinois. gif Ulema is a word that frequently occurs in the dispatches from Egypt. It is the plural of the Arabic word "alim," a learned man. "Ulema" is the collective name of the body of learned men in Turkey. In a general sense, "ulema" are persons who are learned in both law and divinity. They constitute a distinct body in Constantinople, whose function it is to watch over the correct interpretation of the Koran and the right application of its teachings to law and polity. The head of the ulema is the grand mufti, or Sheikh-ul-Islam; next to him come the Kaziaskiers, of whom there is'one for Egypt and one for Asia ; the third class are the Mollahs, the superior judges of the province, and after them are the Cadis and the common Muftis. (fiJmuntjj folitics. THE PRIMARY CANVASS. THE ;DEMOCRATIC SPEAKING AT HICKORY GROVE PRECINCT. The canvass by the Democratic candidates before the primary election of York county was formally opeued at Hickory Grove on Thursday last, that being the first appointment for public speaking made by the county chairman. All the candidates before the people were not present, a fact to be regretted, inasmuch as the occasion was the opening of the campaign. Those who attended the appointment, however, were met by a respectable assemblage of the sturdy sons of Western York, and a more quiet and orderly political gathering we have never before witnessed. Promptly at 1 o'clock, P. M.?the hour appointed by the county chairman?the meeting was called to order by J. C. Chambers, Precinct Chairman, who explained the object of the meeting as being for the purpose of hearing the candidates before the Democratic primary election, and he hoped all present would give the candidates a considerate hearing. He then introduced as the first speaker, HON. n. II. MASSKY, _ +1... a UilllUIUrtlC 1U1 icricubiuii tu Hie iiuimc wi Representatives. Mr. Massey said we had met for the purpose of opening the campaign, and though the assemblage was small as to numbers, he hoped it was large in patriotism. Today the State canvass opens at Anderson, and if the Democratic party of York county proves true to itself, the wisdom of the State Convention in placing before the people the ticket they adopted, will be* endorsed in November next; aud if the people of York, in the primary election, are as successful in the selection of a satisfactory ticket, as was the State Convention, 1 see no reason now why we may not carry the county. Rut to do this, we must stand united. We must avoid Greenbackers, Independents, Republicans and soreheads, and work ultimately for the success of the Democratic ticket, remembering for our watchword that this is a white man's country, and by the help of God we intend to rule it. In giving you an account of my public acts as your representative, I would say in the first place, that on all occasions, I have invariably favored honest, economical government, and as one means of securing this end have opposed an increase of public offices. Among the new offices created, and which I have invariably oj>posed, are those of railroad commissioner and commissioner of immigration?two offices which I regard as superfluous, entailing upon the tax-payers a heavy expense with no good results; and in my judgment both should be abolished. I was also opposed to making appropriations for the Citadel Academy and the State University. I opposed these appropriations on the same ground of all useless appronri:itinns and localise, though the amounts now appropriated for these institutions are comparatively small, yet it opens the way to ask for more. It required $37,500 per annum to carry on the State University before the war, and that amount, or something approximating it, will be required hereafter. I also opposed the appropriation of $1*2,000 for military purposes, as useless?an appropriation for which there was no sort of use, and which could accomplish nothing in the way of increasing the efficiency of the State militia. In this respect I was not disappointed, as I learn that when the adjutant and inspector-general divided out this sum, York county actually received three dollars and eighty cents as her quota for each man in her State volunteer companies. I also opposed the registration law landing its discussion in the Legislature. I could not see how the upper part of the State could be benefitted by such a law, and I opposed it as an unnecessary measure so far as our people are concerned. But those of the counties in the lower part of the State urged it as a political necessity, and as yon know, the law was finally passed. And it now being the law, I would urge upon all who have not done so, to register. It was claimed for the measure that it was intended for the benefit of the Democratic party, and I hope none?however much they may disapprove it?will fail to register, thereby depriving themseltes of the privilege of voting in the next election. The lien law is another question that conies before the people. I have always regarded this as a bad law for fanners; yet as they have been conducting their operations under it since 18157, and as it seemed to be a necessity with many of them, I have always voted against its repeal. But with the good V i.1 I ,1^ fl.n CIOpS Ul II1C piCSt'ilt Jfl'ill j A uu uuu acc wut iiir farmers ran, after this, get along without it, and if they could so make their arrangements as to carry on their farms without the aid of this law, I think it would be better for them. But this I regard as a question for the farmers to determine for themselves. It is for you to instruct your representatives whether or not you want this law ; and if you want it, say so. As to the proposed constitutional amendment for reducing the area of counties, such a proposition lias- been submitted to the voters of the. State, and in casting your suffrages in the next election it is for you to say whether you will accept or reject the proposition. If you desire the adoption of the amendment, you will vote on it, lres; or if you would reject the amendment, you will vote No. It is a matter for the people to determine. It is premature for candidates to speak on the question now. Should it fail of adoption by the popular vote, or should an affirmative vote fail of adoption by the General Assembly, there is no use for us now to discuss the question of forming new counties. Some of our people, 011 the eastern side of the county, would like to have a new county with Fort Mill or ltock Hill as the county-seat; but I am satisfied that neither of these towns could obtain the required amount of territory ; and even if the required territory could be had with either of these towns as the county-seat, the county, so formed, would have a Republican majority, and for that reason I do not think we of the eastern side would agitate the subject. Mr. Massey then alluded to the fact that lie is chairman of the Penitentiary Board, the duties of which require much of his time. lie contrasted the operations of that institution as at present conducted, and when the State was under Radical rule. Then it required a heavy appropriation to sustain it; now it is measurably self-supporting, and were it not for expenses incurred by the improvement of the Columbia Canal, would have netted this year $?>0,00U, instead of being a burden to the State, as formerly. He closed by referring to his legislative record and the fact that he had been elected three times to represent the people of York, and if they should honor him with another election, he would feel giateful, and, as in the past, strive to serve them?and especially the farmers?in all measures calculated to promote their best interests. COL. W. 1J. WILSON was the next sjieaker introduced. He said: I am here as a candidate, somewhat unexpectedly. Only the day before yesterday I received a public call from my fellow citizens to become a candidate for the House of Representatives, which call I did not feel at liberty to decline, and if I should lie honored with an election, I can only say that I will discharge my duties as one of your representatives to ine ne.si 01 iny <iuiiiiy m <111 mecisuiea mat may come before the General Assembly. It has been a long time since I have been in public life ; but J have some ideas of the duties of a legislator. In the discharge of these duties, all personal considerations should give way to only what would be for-the welfare of the entire people. On all questions before the people, you have the right to a frank answer from those seeking your suffrages, and as candidates have been called upon to express their views upon the proiwsed constitutional amendment reducing the area of counties, I will frankly give my views 011 this question; You are to vote on this proposition?for the adoption of th amendment, or for its rejection. You hav tlie right to vote either for or against it. Hu in my judgment it would be unwise to vot for its adoption, for several reasons. Apar from the expense that would be entailed upoi all the people in the formation of new coun ties, there are several other considerations en teringin the question. It is claimed for th measure that it is designed to strengthen tli Democratic party in the Senate. With wha confidence can we look for that result witl the overwhelming negro majorities in many o the lower counties?Orangeburg, Colleton Kershaw, and others V The statistics show i vast difference in the area and population o the lower counties, as compared with the up l>er counties of the State. The lower countie; have a much larger area of territory, and thei colored population vastly out-numbers ours Colleton, which is 45 miles from one limit t< OA 21 ...2,1^ r. nrxr> uie ouier, aim ojf tunes n iuc, ua.-> <* nnitc yvf ulation of 12,184 and a colored population o 24,202?in round numbers a colored populatioi double that of the white. Orangeburg is 7i miles from one limit to the other and in somi places 40 miles wide. It has a white popula tion of 12,942, and a colored population o 28,453?more than double that of the white Georgetown has a white population of 3,46( and a colored population of 10,149. Kershaw numbers 7,892 whites and 13,640 colored. Ant "So on with other counties. Suppose thes< counties were cut up and divided?those enu merated thrown into twenty new counties, il would have no other effect than to increase the Republican strength in the Senate ; while the upper counties, on account of lack of territory and population, would not admit of being cut up. It is a dangerous experiment and with the United States govern men t undei control of stalwart Republicans who menace our State on every hand, is this a time tc think of adopting such an amendment to oui State constitution, thereby increasing theii advantages over us and aiding them in theii means of oppression V I do not doubt that the proposition was submitted under patriotic motives. It could pass through the Legislature only by Democratic votes ; but should the Democrats incorporate it in the constitution, it will stand there, and should the Republican party ever come in power- they could so use it as to perpetuate negro dominion and Radical misrule over the State. It will be for the people of South Carolina to say whether or not they want it, but my judgment is that the adoption of the amendment would be unforhmutu fnr the best. interests of our ueonle. I am coming before you at a time when an effort is being made to bring before the people, besides Republicans, Greenbackers and Independents. I rejoice to say that I have ever been a Democrat, and though I have not been before you as a candidate for any office, I have never failed to respond to any call during the campaigns in which Democratic principles were contending for the mastery ovei vice, corruption and ignorance. I have always regarded the welfare of our people as bound up in the Democratic party?the part} of liberty, happiness and prosperity to the people. Under that party the United States government prospered before the war as it has never prospered since. In her legislative halls and cabinet was a galaxy of statesmen whose wisdom was exerted only for the welfare of the whole country. The Democratic Convention that met in Columbia gave to the State a wise and admirablj worded platform and a ticket that will unite the people from King's Mountain to the seaboard. Our people cannot forget the gulf ol infamy in which South Carolina was plunged from 18(38 to 187(3. What we have won in rescuing our grand old State from that infa famous pit of degradation, we must and will defend. We must stand shoulder to shouldei in this campaign as in the past. The su premacy of white rule is essential, not only tc free and honest government, but civilizatior itself. The United States Congress spares no efforts to put South Carolina under Radical rule. Tc maintain an honest State government we musl lie united. Never again must we permit oui beloved State to fall into the hands of sucl adventurers as Moses, Scott and Chamberlain. There is not a country on the globe, governed as South Carolina was under the extravagances of that infamous crew, that could liavt survived that plundering. Had it continued under the rate of taxation and robbery tc which we were subjected, not an acre of land in the State but what would have been undei the tax-gatherer's hammer. In the brillianl movement which overthrew this horde, Hampton led. As we did in that glorious struggle, so must we now stand united. Since 187(: South Carolina has written one of the brightest pages in her history, and with the old Carolina spirit she is regaining her former pros perity. Tnrougn uer piauorm sue jjiAiumuus, in the .State justice and equality for all, to ensure harmony and good will between the races; in the Union, no sectionalism in policy or feeling?an indissoluble Union of indestructible States?one dag, one country, one destiny. II our countrymen would stand on true grounds of patriotism, that destiny would increase in grandeur and power with the coming years, and our whole people of this broad land could be as one in spirit as well as letter. The spirit and unity of South Carolina has been equal to every peril from Colonial days to 1870, when from the humbled position of a Prostrate State, she lifted herself up to regain her former prosperity. It must now be our spirit and determination to retain what we then won, as due to ourselves, our wives and our children. The Chairman next introduced CAPT. .1. C. WLTHKKSl'OON, candidate for the House of Representatives. He began by excusing himself on the ground of haying just come across the country to join the speakers, and on the question of the constitutional amendenment, which was beinor discussed, was taken somewhat by sur '"O 7 prise, and had not given the question much consideration. But iu viewing the question, we must look further than the limits of York county, and take into consideration the welfare of the whole State. My judgment is that it is premature and unwise to discuss it at the present time. But while expressing this opinion, I can state my own individual views as regards the proposed amendment. J shall vote for it. I shall be true to the part} that proposes it as a party measure. But J don't think we should bring the question intc the present canvass. With what has been said on this subject as regards the lower counties, I don't propose to join issue. Those counties have Republican majorities, but the} have always been controlled, and can be controlled again. The great object should be tc prevent them and the State from going Republican. I am willing, on this question to risk the people. If you send me to the Legislature. I propose to serve you faithfully. I am oi>posed to the lien law, and have been opposed tc it for six years. I regard it as a curse to the country. It encourages extravagance ami destroys the manhood of the people. This year our farmers are blessed with abundant crops, and now would be a good time to cut off from it. If the farmer cannot run a ten horse farm without it, let him run a five-horse farm ; and if not a iive-horse farm, for God's u.iLt?? i,im nm a nup-hovse farm, or such ;i one as Fie can run independently. Would we divide York county V That is a question tc come up hereafter. As to having a courthouse in Rock Ilill, I will say that for one, I am willing to take one there whenever we can get it. Hut if we let such matters run into county discussion, it will have a disastrous effect. I have such confidence in the l>eople of Broad River as not to think the) want to appropriate all the offices. In the elections, it will be remembered that the people of the east are an important factor. True, we have a majority of Radical voters, but we will give you a Democratic majority. When it is wanted to form the new county, I for one am ready to give it. I am candid in m) views. I see no reason why the amendment may not be supported. It is a party measure, and 1, for one, am ready to give it a trial. mi. WILLIAM WHYTE, candidate for Representative, was next introduced. lie excused himself from an attempt to make a speech, as public speaking was not his profession. Hut as his platform of principles, he believed in carrying out the will of the majority ; the supremacy of the civil pow e er over the military; reducing excises; eue couraging agriculture in all its forms; freet dom of religion and of person; and popular e education. lie believed that the public schools t should be so supplied with funds as to be ii carried on ten months of the year; and lie - almost believed that we should have compul sory education. As to the proposed constitue tional amendment, that is a matter for the e people's consideration. He would say, frankly, t that he favored it; but as it is a matter to Ii come up hereafter, he did not think it proper f to discuss it now. , SEXATOR J. F. HART J was next introduced. He said : I differ from * those who have already addressed you. I am ~ not a candidate. But I am glad of this, the 3 first opportunity afforded me, to express in a r public way, my grateful acknowledgement to the people of York county, and especially to the 3 people of this precinct, for the generous sup " port una connaence wmcn aiaea to pmce me f as your representative in the State Senate. } While occupyiug that ]>osition, I shall strive J as my best judgment dictates, to advance the 3 welfare and happiness of the people who have ' confided to me their trust. While I have but f little to say, in indication of views upon qties; tions that may arise, I shall adopt as the ' ruling principle of my action, conservatism in the change or enactment of laws. After care1 ful deliberation and investigation of proiiosed legisfation, if I have doubts as to its wisdom or efficacy, I shall opiwse changes. I consider it a safer rule of legislative conduct, when in doubt, to do nothing, rather than incur the risk of going wrong. During the extra session of the General Assembly, a bill to re-arrange the Congressional districts in this State was passed. I did not believe it provided a reasonable or safe adjustment of party majorities, and I opposed it. I hope that the result may sliow that I was wrong, and the majority that adopted it was right. There was also adopted a joint resolution to submit to the voters of the State a proposition to amend the Constitution so as to empower the General Assembly to create new counties, at any time, by altering the boundaries of existing counties, provided that no county should be created of less than four hundred square miles area, and one one-nundred and twenty-fourth part of the population of the State ; nor should any old county be reduced below such limits. The Constitution as it now stands, restricts the General Assembly in the creation or alteration of counties to (525 square miles. In the Assembly, I opposed the adoption of this resolution, and have seen nothing in the measure since to change the views I then en; *ertained. I am opposed to conferring any ! greater power on the Assembly than it now ' has, unless guarded by suitable restrictions. Ilad the proposed amendment provided for a vote of two-thirds of the members of each i House, elected and voting, as necessary to create a new or divide an existing county, I should have regarded the measure as one of ' far greater safety, both in its political and local aspects, than as now proposed. If this amendment should be ratified by the people, a ' majority of a quorum in either House, would ' be sufficient, at any session of the Legislature, ( to cut up a county into as many fragments as ; its area would permit, whether the people af fected willed it or not. The Semite has 34 votes and a quorum is 18 Senators. A majority of this quorum is ten. The House has has 124 votes, and a quorum is made by 03 members. A majority of this quorum is thirty-two. So that ten Senators and thirty-two members in either house, might, under certain conditions, be sufficient to create a new county. If the constitution be altered in this particular, it should either require a two-thirds vote of each House, or the assent of a majority of the people of each county to be affected, before creating a new one. Under the Constitution, as it stands, the counties are integral parts of the State government. They have their local municipal governments ; elect their local officers; impose their own taxes ; and in many respects, are sovereign over their own affairs. Each county community is the nucleus of a small State within itself, with a board of county commissioners as its local Legislature. I cannot consent to invest, i>ossibly, a small fraction of each House of the Assembly with power to dismember such existing governments at their will. There should be some restriction upon this i>ower. Whether you lodge that restriction in a two-thirds vote of the Assembly, or a majority vote of the people of the county to be affected, I shall not discuss. Either plan would secure practical safety to the comgiuniA._? 1..L?U..A1o Cn/.fi j lies UKeiy 10 ue liijuuuuaijr iiuc^au. uUbu ?strictions are the more necessary, because if a mistake is made in the creation of a new county, it is one more difficult to correct than mistakes in ordinary legislation. After a county ; is once dismembered, its fragments are not , likely to ever be restored, however much the [ popular will may demand it. ' As a political question, I have long been in I favor of making the State Senate a body representing the property and intelligence of the State, so that whatever change of political power might occur, there would be practical security against the adoption of unequal or unjust laws, high taxation or plundering of the public treasury. But 1 do not believe that the ! proposed amendment, if jatilied by your votes, will secure that result. The creation of new counties will not, as a rule, be agitated on i>o, litical grounds. They will not be considered and advocated for the reason that a large county may be divided into two counties, each electing a Senator representing property and intelligence; but their creation, boundaries and shape will be governed purely by local considerations. An enterprising railroad town, after acquiring a considerable population and business, aspires to become a county-seat. The 1 territory on either side of it, for a distance of, say ten miles, is cut off from other counties and annexed to it. This will be done with out regard to the political complexion of the 1 new county to be established, or without regard to its effect upon the new or old counties ; in the election of members of the General As sembly, or of county officers. 1 In illustration of the force of the argument, ; apply it to a proposed division of York county, ' which I use only for illustration. We will say ! the eastern section proposes the formation of a new county from portions of York, Chester and Lancaster, with Bock Hill as the countyseat. Taking the townships from those three i niliurptil, tn Rock Hill, vou will have. 1 in four hundred square miles, a population of ' 4,li53 whites, and 7,913 colored. This new ! county will be subject, unquestionably, to the ' control of colored voters. The people beyond Broad River also want a ' portion of north-western York to form a new county, with Gaffney City, as theco*nty-seat. : Taking the territory they proi>ose for an area of four hundred square miles, and you have a population for the new county of 8,3*24 whites, * and 4,979 colored. This new county would be [ controlled by white voters. But let us exam1 ine what is left of the original county of York. ' It will have a colored population of 8.709, anil ; of whites, 7,009. You have created two new ' counties out of portions of York, in one of [ which the whites have a majority, and in the J other the colored i>eople have a majority, and 1 you have left the original county with a col1 ored majority. You have provided for three 1 cornties where one exists now, and two of the ' three will send members to the .Senate and House controlled by colored votes. As a political proposition, calculated to se! cure an adjustment of power in the Legisla ture ueiween me iwo races innauiuug uic State, it is utterly delusive. ; The only argument in its support is one of [ convenience to the localities affected. Upon ! this question I have but little to say. There is sutlioient intelligence among the people to enable them to determine whether the occasion1 al convenience of being nearer the sheriff or a ; lawyer's office is the equivalent of possible dis; advantages that would arise. lint the organization of a new county is an ' ex|>ensive proceeding, and will require a considerable increase of taxation on the people ! embraced in it, for several years following. ' The rate of taxation will be larger in both old and new countieswhen their areas are reduced, ; than if remaining as they are. There are two local governments, instead of one, to be main tained. The salaries of auditor, treasurer and county commissioners will be collected from a smaller number of people, and will, conse