Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.) 1855-2006, August 31, 1882, Image 1
iiewis m. grist, proprietor. ^n Jitbfjjntiitiil Jfamilg Hetosjraptr: ^or f|t ^promotion of tjjt., political, Social, ^gritnltaral anil Commercial Interests of tjie JJontjj. |TERMS?$2.50 A YEAR, IN ADVANCE.
..VOL. 38. YOEKVILLE. S. C., THUB8DAY. AIJGIJST 31, 1883. NO. 35.
j->; I I ;/r/: . .
JOHN REBMOND'S INHERITANCE.
They were all"assembled" in the Study at ttie
old Grange to bear tlie reading of Gilbert
Redmond's will. His widow sat in the large,
highibacked chair opposite the great square
window. The sunlight fell on a kind, sad
fhee, full of , mother] iness, though she had
never knb^n the joys of maternity. Near her,
and leaning on the mantelpiece, stood her
husband's nephew, John Redmond, a tall,
strong-built man of thirty years, with kindly,
bright Wtie eyes, and sunny brown hair clustering
over a forehead, as fair and smooth as a
maiden's. His battle with life had left some
lines around the firm mouth, which in his
boyhood must have been singularly sweet,
though never effeminate.
Seen now with that grave, set expression,
he gave one the impression of strong, true
manhood. But the power of his face lay in
his Smile. It was irresistibly winning.
Seated at Mrs. Redmond's knee was her
niece, Winnie Barton, the adopted daughter
of the house. A slight, graceful girl of eighteen
summers, she was a perfect'picture of
blonde beauty, reminding one forcibly in her
grief, of the sorrowful face of Beatrice Cenci.
Iler great brown eyes were full of tears, and
but for this she might have been carved in
marble, so motionless was she.
With the addition of a dozen old servants,
standing in sad and respectful silence at the
further end of the apartment, my group is
complete. They were awaiting the old family
lawyer, Mr. Weston, and dreary as the stillness
was, no one was in the mood to break it
Ten years ago, when Winnie was a child,
and John Redmond a youth of twenty, his
uncle had endeavored to induce him to give
up his scheme of entering a medical college,
promising him a liberal allowance and to acknowledge
him as his heir. But John refused
to sacrifice his independence, and the uncle and
nephew parted?with sad determination on
one side and a command never again to enter
the Grange on the other.
"If you are sick or in trouble you will send
for me, uncle ?" asked the boy, wistfully, as
he turned from the stern old man.
But though he returned no answer the words
rang in his memory years after the bright
young face had passed from the old mansion.
John Redmond won fame if not fortune
from the world which he had entered. A
year before he died, the old man sent for him,
and when he came could hardly traee in the
bronzed, bearded man the l?oy lie so well remembered.
But he was proud of him and won
- - i tlwvt lift nr/\nlr1 iyiqI-o tVlO
H reiUCiaill UUHSCllL mt??/ u? .......v.
old Grange his home.
"ft will not be for long, John. The grave
? will soon claim me," he said.
And it was so. One short yekr and the restless
heart was set at rest forever. Now for
the hist time would he utter the wishes that had
always been as laws.
Steps were heard approaching, and in another
moment the lawyer was bowing gravely to
the family. Then "without further introduction,
he read the will. Like most other actions
of Gilbert Redmond's life it was eccentric.
Toward the end he had conceived the
notion of a marriage between John and Winnie.
Although never hinting his reason to
the young people he had contrived that t hey
should be "much together. His property was
now to be equally divided between them in the
eyent of their union. If either of the parties
refused to comply with the conditions his or
her portion was to go to the other. In case
of both, refusing the whole went to a distant
cousin. With sundry small bequests to friends
and servants this was the substance of-the
will.
The lawyer, taking off his spectacles, approached
Mrs. Redmond and commenced a
conversation with her in a low key, kindly abstaining
from noticing Winnie, who, with
burning cheeks, left tiie room as soon as possible.
John's face, top, was flushed, and his
manner tinged with embarrassment as he re
plied to the few questions put to him by ins
aunt, who told him they would look for his
answer in three days ; then he escaped to the
library with his friend, Percy Norton. There
we will leave him and follow Winnie to her
room.
On entering she flung herself into a wide,
deep arm-chair near the window. The rays of
the setting sun touched the bowed, golden
head and lingered there, lighting it into still
brighter glory. Shame, resentment and wounded
pride were struggling with the softer feeling
in her heart. Kind as her un.cle had always
been, how pould he now be so inconsiderate.
How dared he fling her at any man's head, and
least of all at John Redmond's ! John, who
had been her hero ever since they had brought
her home, a poor little motherless babe, and
his were the only arms in which she would
rest! They had been turn friends ever since,
and the greatest sorrow and joy of her short
. life had been his exile and return.
Perhaps, whispered hope, he may love you,
and all will be right.
But the timid little voice was silenced as
memory brought back a host of actions, all
kiud, but none lovelike. Long did she sit
there, and many a little scheme passed through
her head of stealiug away into the world and
leaving John in possession of the fortune.
"What is to be done must be done quickly,"
she said, "or he will be before me in the refusal
of the property ; and I must go away
and let him think me dead."
Then she rose, bathed her eyes, and stole
down to the garden. Her favorite seat was
just outside the library window, and it was
here she went just in time to hear John's voice
saying .
''Yes, we have always been fond of each other
in a cousinly fashion, but I tell you, Percy,
under the circumstances. I never can and never
will ask her to marry me ; and, poor, little
girl! to save for her that money, I must refuse
her."
Gathering her skirts around her, Winnie tied
noiselessly back to her room, but not this time
to think or weep. She was cut to her heart,
for, all unknown to herself, she loved John
Redmond with the full strength of her woman's
nature, and, womanlike, prepared to
sacrifice herself for the man she loved. For
an hour she busied herself in settling the contents
of the various drawers and boxes in the
room, making up some of the plainer articles
of clothing into a small bundle. She then sat
down, and, taking pen and paper, wrote the
following note :
"Dear Aunt Louise:?Ere you have rend this
I shall be lying under the dark waters of the river.
Tell Mr. Weston I absolutely refuse to coinply
with the terms of my uncle's will. I could
not; a barrier greater than you know exists to
his desire. Try and think kindly of me, and tell
John not to think harshly of his little sister.
Winnie."
"It is better they should think me dead,"
she said. "If they knew my real intentions
thpv would never cease to seek for me." Then.
stooping down, with a foolishly tender thought,
she kissed John's name where she had written
it, and, sealing the note, left it where they
would find it.
Putting 011 her hat and cloak she took down
from the shelf her pretty garden hat, and carrying
that and the bundle stole from the room.
"*?- - At the door she paused and looked back. She
had been so happy here?so happy! But
stifling her sobs she fled down the old familiar
avenue and took the patli leading to the river.
And now let us go back to the library. Had
]>oor little Winnie but come a moment before
she need not now be speeding away from her j
home with so sore a heart. John Redmond j
loved her with a love equal to her own, and |
the words that she heard were spoken under :
the belief that she loved him with only a sis-!
terly affection, which lie was too noble to play
upon by inducing her to become his wife.
Percy had to return to his home, and his
friend determined to walk with him as far as
the station, as the night had become cloudy
and threatened a storm, and the former was
unfamiliar with the road. He was now returning,
and just as Winnie's figure had
emerged from the gate he caught sight of it,
and at once recognized her.
''Where can the child be going at this late
hour ?" he soliloquized. "It seems dishonorable
to follow her, and impertinent to question,
and?good heaven! she must be. walking in
her sleep. In any case, I must follow to protect
her."
A very little watching sufficed to show him
that she was at least wide awake, so on they
walked, the yonng man keeping in the deep
shadow of the trees, so that she did not discover
him.
At last they reached the river, and here she
paused. A thrill of fear caused him to hasten
his steps. But no, Winnie's was too noble
a soul to dream of self-destruction. It
was now raining heavily, and the flashes of
lightning showed him the slighest figure bend
over the stream and drop into it the garden
hat that she carried, and then turned away
toward a bridge a few yards farther down.
He followed noiselessly, almost breathless
from astonishment; the lightning revealed
her standing on the bridge, which was struck
by the next flash and she sank from sight beneath
the waters. !
It was the work of a second to spring in after
her, cursing himself for not having stopped
her before, and seize the unconscious form
as it lose to the surface. He was a good
swimmer and soon gained the bank, where he
laid his unconscious burden. She was not,
as he at first supposed, dead, but dazed by the
shock. His professional skill enabled him
*- L1? 1a Koc t*oAAvavv
to 1186 1116 U6SL UlCiWJO tu piuuiubcuci icbv<vv,
and he was rewarded ; for in a few moments
she opened her eyes, and recognizing him,
exclaimed in the old, childish days :
"Dear old John 1"
Then, as he raised her in his arms, murmuring
tender, loving words, she remembered all
and endeavored to break from his hold ; but
the exertion was too much and she sank back
fainting. They were only a quarter of a mile
from the house, and he carried her home, never
feeling the burden in the joy of having her
safe, his own darling, after those few terrible
moments of despair. Carrying her into the
library he quickly summoned her aunt, and
the girl was soon put to bed.
When, after a while they found the note,
John could not understand it all, although,
with rare trust, in a man, he felt sure that
whatever might be the solution of this strange
enigma, Winnie, waTstill the noble Winnie of
old.
Mrs. Redmond, being a woman, saw deeper,
and in the few carefully chosen words read the
whole pitiful little story and the true woman's
heart of the young girl who was now lying in a
high fever, and raving of wills and dark rivers,
and repeating over and over again the words
she had heard in the library, which in one of
his visits to the sick room, John chanced to
hear and recognize as his own, making clear to
him what had been dark, and causing a sigh
for what might have been. For bright little
Winnie, the household darling and queen, lay
apparently dying.
Many nights they watched, despairing ; at
last she was pronounced out of danger, and
one day soon afterward saw her in the old
sunny window of the library. She was only a
pale little shadow of herself, with all her life
and spirit crushed out, and it became apparent
to all the burden on her mind must be removed
or she would never recover. So John carried
her down stairs, and as the golden head lay on
his breast, he could not help thinking of that
night when the curls were wet and stormtossed,
and he bent to kiss her as he had done
then. The caress brought a wave of color to
the pale cheeks, making her look more like the
Winnie of old days. When he laid her on the
lounge and arranged the shawl and pillows,
she looked wistfully at Aunt Louise, who,
smiling kindly at her, went to attend some
household concerns.
"John will entertain you, dear," she said,
as she closed the door.
For a moment neither spoke, for both were
thinking of the explanation wnicn tney ien
must come. Then John, seeing the pain
and shame on the dear face, went over to her
with the old winning tender smile, and kneeling
down on one knee took both the cold
trembling little hands in his warm, strong
ones and said, in low, tender tones in which
he always spoke to her :
"We will let the past go, Winnie dear, and
I will never ask the reason of that night's
story ; but little one, I want you to trust me,
too. I have loved you a long while, dear,
and Uncle Gilbert's fortune could be no
temptation to me. Yes, I know just what you
mean," as she interrupted him; "I know what
you heard that night, but, dear, you did not
hear it all. I would not ask you to marry
me, because I believed you did not love me;
but now, Winnie, will you be my wife."
She had meant to be brave and dignified,
but her illness had made her weak as a child,
and his tender trust broke down the last
remnant of her pride and self-i>ossession. She
just clasped her aims around his neck, and,
laying her head on his shoulder, cried softly.
Neither spoke a word, but with his strong
arms around her she felt that the old bitter
sorrow had gone forever, and a future full of
happiness was before her.
When she was calmer she insisted on telling
him all, and then she knew that if she had
erred her fault was at least a generous one.
"You have not answered my question yet,
Winnie," he said, looking down into the blushing
happy face raised so trustfully to his; "do
you love me, my darling V"
"I have loved you all my life, John," she
said, conquering her shyness in the endeavor
to make some return for his noble trust.
"Thank God, dear!" lie said, reverently,
bending to kiss her lips.
T1"" Rnvri! nr I."1 A IT (lli:trlp5 .T frill
1I1A vr v* \J * a. v/...*. v . ^
teau was hanged for the murder of the late
President Garfield June 30. llefore the rope
was placed around his neck there had been an
understanding arrived at that the final burial
place should be the Army Medical Museum,
as this was probably the only safe place where
the remains could be kept. The body was
buried July 1, in the basement of the jail in
the east wing ; the resurrection took place on
the night of July 8. At the disinterment
there were present Dr. Lamb and Mr. E. E
Schafhirt, the anatomist of the Medical Museum,
and assistants, with Rev. Dr. Ilicks,
the spiritual adviser of the deceased, Deputy
Warden Russ, Capt. James Coleman of the
jail, and two laborers. Light was furnished
l)y two lanterns, and in a short time the coflin
was reached. The casket and its contents
were taken out and placed in a wagon and
driven to the Army Medical Museum, into
the rear entrance of which they were carried
and the body was placed in a vat of alcohol.
Since then the flesh has been removed and the
bones have been in course of preparation for
mounting as a skeleton, if that course should
be determined upon. Most of the bones have
been treated with ether and are now being
bleached, but some of the larger ones have
not yet been faken from the ether bath. The
process of articulation will likely be entered
upon in a few days, and in a little time all
that remains of Charles J. Guiteau may form
a ghastly exhibit among the skeletons of men
from every portion of the globe. It is said,
however, that there is some doubt as towheth
1-- :il .. elrol.
LT uu]tf<urs UUIlCft >>111 umrti; u in OL-tuvoo orw>. ieton,
for it lias been found that, from some
cause, many of them appear to be porous, and
it will require more than ordinary care to
mount them.? Washington Star.
Thought.?Thought is the motive powei
of progress. "Without it a man is a brute and
improvement impossible. In every age the
historian finds men whose thought grasped
with problems that were then but prophesies
of possible progress yet unrealized. These
were the visionaries, the fanatics of theii
times. They were few and poor and of smal
reputation. They were the objects of ridicule,
contempt and persecution by the rich, the
great, the respectable and the "unco good.'
Yet the glory of their name, illuminated bj
the realization of their dreams, gilds the agt
in which they lived with the golden glow ol
distant sunset. The transcendental though!
of one age becomes the basis of the practica
work and faith of the age succeeding. Though!
is the prime factor in God's plan for redeem
ing humanity from ignorance, vice, poverty
crime, sickness and sorrow. Thought ii
born of suggestion, hence to listen to or rear
the thoughts of others promotes thought ii
those who read or hear, but whether otie/i
thought is high, low, worthy or unworthy
depends largely upon the books and papers on<
reads and the society one keeps. Evil com
munications corrupt thoughts and manners
i Uliscellaueous Reading. |
the kuklus AlIT invalid, i
A SWEEPING DECISION BY CIRCUIT JUDGE i
WOODS.
The decision of Associate Justice Woods in j
the case of Le Grand and others is as follows :
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT, EASTERN
DISTRICT OF TEXAS.
Israel Le Grand, plaintiff in error, vs. the United
States?Error to the District Court for the Eastern
District of Texas.
On October 11, 1881, the United States attorney
for the Eastern District of Texas filed
an information against Israel Le Grand, the
plaintiff in error, William Ridley and William
Laney, in which it was charged that on May
31, 1881, in the county of Camp, and within
the Eastern District of the State of Texas, the
plaintiff in error and the said Ridley and La
ney did conspire together and go in cusguise
upon the premises of one Dennis Bolton, afree
male citizen of the United States and of
the State of Texas, who was of the African
race and descent and of black complexion, for
the purpose of depriving him of the equal protection
of the laws of the United States and
of the State of Texas on aceount of his said
race, and color, and especially for the purpose
of depriving him (the said Bolton) on account
of his said race and color, of his right and
privilege to give evidence in a certain criminal
prosecution pending before one J. T. Covington,
a justice of the peace, of said county of
Camp, in the name of the State of Texas,
against the said William Ridley and one Robert
Carr, and to prevent the said justice of the
peace from giving and securing to said Dennis
llolton the equal protection of the laws, to
wit : the right to testify in behalf of the State
of Texas in said criminal prosecution, and to
prevent the said justice from securing to him,
the said Bolton, immunity from personal danger
from and at the hands of said Ridley, Le
Grand and Laney, and that said defendants,-'
for the purpose of effecting said conspiracy,
having gone upon the premises of said Bolton,
did upon said premises assault and shoot and
inflict great bodily harm upon the person of
said Bolton.
Only one of the defendants named in the information,
namely, the plaintilf in error, was
arrested by the marshal. He was arraigned
and pleaded not guilty, and was put upon trial.
The jury returned a verdict of guilty, and
lie was adjudged oy me couri to pay a nne 01
$500, and to be imprisoned at hard, labor for
the term of live years in the penitentiary at
Chester, in the State of Illinois.
This writ of error is prosecuted to reverse
that judgment. Mr. Charles A. Culbertson for
the plaintiff in error. Mr. Edward Guthridge,
United States attorney, for the United States.
Woods, Circuit Justice.
Many points have been presented by counsel
for the plaintiff in error on which a reversal
of the judgment is demanded ; some of
them are based upon alleged errors of thecouit
in its charges to the jury. As the charges
complained of are not incorporated in any bill
of exceptions, but are inserted in the record
by the clerk, without any authentication by
the judge, they are not properly presented,
and can not be considered. There are, however,
other grounds, properly presented by
motion in arrest of judgment, upon which a
reversal of the judgment is asked. I am'of
opinion one of these grounds is well taken,
and as it is not only fatal to the judgment in
this case, but also to any prosecution in a
United States court for the acts charged in
the information, it will be alone considered.
The ground referred to was in substance as
follows : Because the Act of Congress upon
which the prosecution rests was passed without
any constitutional warrant.
The law, the violation of which is charged
in the information, is that part of Section 2
of the Act of April 20, 1871, (17 Statutes, pp.
13 and 14,) which now constitutes section
5,519 of the Revised Statutes of the United
States. It declares, if two or more persons
in any State or Territory conspire or go in
disguise on the highway or on the premises of
another, for the purpose of depriving, either
directly or indirectly, any person or class of
persons of the equal protection of the laws or
of equal privileges and immunities under the
laws or for the purpose of preventing or hindering
the constituted authorities of any
State or Territory from giving or securing to
all persons within such State or Territory the
u'lit-il ni'Atufition nf tho I'.iwc pnpli nf sairl
persona shall be punished by a line not less
than $500 nor more than $5,000, or by imprisonment
with or without hard labor not less
than six months nor more than six years, or
by both said fine and imprisonment. The
plaintiff in error insists that the Constitution
of the United States nowhere confers on Congress
the power to pass such an act; and the
question for solution, therefore, is under what
clause of the Constitution, if any, can this
legislation be sustained V
The Fifteenth amendment can have no application.
That amendment relates to the
rights of citizens of the United States to vote.
It does not confer the right of suffrage on any
one. It merely invests citizens of the United
States with the constitutional right of exemption
from discrimination in the exercise of the
elective franchise on account of race, color or
previous condition of servitude. (U. S. vs.
Reese, 92 U. S., 214; U. S. vs. Cruikshank,
92 IT. S., 542; U. S. vs. Cruikshank, 1 Woods,
.'122.) Section 5,519 of the United States Revised
Statutes has no reference to this right.
The right guaranteed by the Fifteenth amendment
is protected by Sections 4 and 5 of the
Acts of May 31, 1870. (10 Stat. 141; Sections
5,500, 5,507, Revised Statutes.)
It requires no argument to show that a law
which according to the theory of the prosecution,
and which, in fact, is intended to protect,
among other things, the right of the citizens
to give evidence in the courts, cannot be
based on an article of the Constitution which
einmlv nrntunfo flip riorht flip pifiypn tn flip
elective franchise against discrimination on
account of his race, color or previous condition
of slavery.
Nor can authority for this legislation under
review he found in the Fourteenth amendment
to the Constitution. The only part of that
amendment, which can have any bearing upon
the question at hand, is the.first and fifth sections.
The first section declares, "all persons
born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
of the United States, and of the States wherein
they reside. No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States;
nor shall any State deprive any person of life,
liberty or property, without due process of law,
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of its laws."
The fifth section declares: "The Congress
shall have power to enforce, by appropriate leg
islution, the provisions of this article."
1c is perfectly clear from the language of the
! first section above quoted that when a State
.! has been guilty of no violation of its provis>
ions, the section does not confer on Congress
the power to punish private individuals who,
acting without any authority from the State,
and it may be in defiance of its laws, invade
those rights of the citizen which are protected
by the amendment.
I The scope of the two sections of the amend!
ment. above quoted has been defined by the Su|
preme Court of the United States in several
; j cases. Thus in Cruikshank vs. United States,
[ 1)2 U. S., 542, it was declared by tlie Court,
, Mr. Chief Justice "Waite delivering its opinion,
? that the Fourteenth amendment prohibits a
' State from depriving any person of life, liberr
ty or property, without due process of law, or
? from denying to any person the equal protecf
tion of the laws; but this provision does not
t add anything to the rights of one citizen
I as against another. It simply furnishes an adII
ditional guarantee against any encroachment
- j l?y the States upon the fundamental rights
, | which belong to every citizen as a member of
; j society. The duty of protecting all its citi1
zens in the enjoyment of an equality of rights
i was originally assumed by the States, and it
s still remains there. The only obligation rest,
ing upon the United States is to see that the
3 States do not deny the right. This the amend
ment guarantees, and no more. The power of
. the National Government is limited to the en
forceraent of this guarantee. So, in Virginia
vs. Rives, 100 United States, 313, it was declared
by Mr. Justice Strong, "that the provisions
of the Fourtf^ntli amendment," those
above quoted, "have'reference to State action
exclusively, and not to any action of private
individuals. So also in the United States vs.
Cruikshank, 1 Woods, 316. it was declared by
Mr. Justice Bradley, speakingof the same provisions
of the Fourteenth amendment: "It is
a guarantee of protection against the Acts of
the State government itself. It is a guarantee
against the exenjlse of arbitrary and tyrannical
power ort the part of the government
and legislation of tH6 State?not a guarantee
against the commission of- individual offences,
and the power of Congress, whether expressed
or implied, to legislate for the enforcement of
such a guarantee, cTces not extend to the passage
of lawn for the suppression of ordinary
crime within the Stoites. The enforcement of
the guarantee does not require or authorize
Congress to perform the duty that the guarantee
itself supposes it to be the duty of the
State to perform, and which it requires the
State to perform.
Recurring to Section 5,619 of the Revised
Statutes, we find that it is directed exclusive
ly against the actiop $ individuals, and not of
the States : "If tWo ofc mcfre persons in any
State or Territory conspire or go in disguise
upon the highway or premises of another,"
&c. And the information in this cause, which
closely follows the statute, charges an offence i
against three private individuals. It is therefore
evident that no warrant can be found in
the'Fourteenth amendment for the passage by'
Congress of Section 5,519 of the Revised&jWtutes.
The Thirteenth amend men t/-4bclares that
"neither slavery nor involjifitary servitude,
except as a punishment fop-crime, whereof the
party shall have been.diily convicted, shall exist
within the United States or any place subject
to their jurisdiction."
Congress shall "have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation. Does this :
amend meri Eclothe Congress with the authority
to pass the section under consideration ?
It may be conceded that this amendment
gives power to Congress not only to protect
the personal freedom of the enfranchised citizens,
but to remove from them every badge 1
and restraint of slavery and involuntary servitude.
;
Congress has by virtue of this amendment J
declared that all persons within the jurisdic- (
tion of the United States shall have the same
right in every State or Territory * * * * 1
to give evidence * * * as is enjoyed by \
white persons. (Act of May 31,1870. Sec. 10 ; :
10 Stat., 144, Rev. Stat., 1,977.) The power ;
of Congress to do this has been recognized by .
at least two of the justices of the Supreme
Court, Mr. Justice Swayne in United States
vs. Rhodes, 1 Alb., 28, and Mr. Justice Brad- |
ley in United States vs. Cruikshank, 1 Woods, i
4US. (jonceuing, men, mat congress nau me ;
power by virtue of the Thirteenth Amendment <
to confer on the persons enfranchised thereby
the same same right to testify as is enjoyed by j
white persons, and to punish ttie invasion of 1
that right, the question remains, has that 1
power been exercised by appropriate legislation 1
by the passage of Section 5,519 of the Revised .<
Statutes ? j
1 feel constrained by the authority of the j
Supreme Court of the United States to say
that it has not.
Under the section referred to it would be an J
offence for two or more white persons to conspire,
&c., to prevent another white person i
from enjoying the right and privilege of testi- (
fying in a court of justice. It would be an }
offence for two or more colored persons, enfranchised
slaves, to conspire with the same
purpose against a white citizen or against a 1
colored citizen who ha{i never been a slave. <
It is tlierefore pegfeoj^clear that the law is j
broader than the amendment by which it is j
attempted to be justified. It covers cases both ,
within and outside of its provisions. The law
under which two or more free white men could
be punished for conspiring to defraud another 1
white man of the right to testify can not be <
based on the amendment which prohibits sla- i
very and involuntary servitude. ,
The Thirteenth amendment does not, there- ,
fore, authorize the law in question.
Upon this question the case of the United '
States vs. Reese, 92 U. S., 214, is in point. ?'
In that case the Supreme Court had under :
consideration the constitutionality of the third )
and fourth sections of the Act of May 31,1870. |
(1(5 Statute, 141 Revised Statutes," Sections ,
2,007, 2.008, 5,oO(5.)
The third section of this Act made it an
offence for any judge, inspector or other ofli- 1
cer of election, whose duty it was, under the I
circumstances therein stated, to receive, j
count, &c., a vote of any citizen, to wrong- 1
fully refuse to receive and count the same ; ,
and the fourth section made it an offence for
any person, by force, bribery, &c., or other
unlawful means, to hinder or delay, &c., any I
citizen from doing any act required to be done i
to qualify him to vote, or from voting at any ,
election.
The attempt was made to sustain these sections
as warranted by the Fifteen amendment j
to the Constitution of the United States. Rut
the Supreme Court held it not to be appro- :
priate legislation under that amendment. The
ground of the decision was that the sections
referred to were broad enough not only to
punish those who hindered and delayed the
enfranchised citizen from voting on account
hiu i"ina onl/ir nr nravinns nnnrlitinn nf Spr
vitude, but also those who hindered and de- ;
layed the free white citizen from voting on
any account whatever. The Court, speaking
by Mr. Chief Justice Waite, said : "It would -i
certainly be dangerous if the legislature could
set a net large enough to catch all possible 1
offenders and leave it to the courts to step
inside and say who coidd be rightfully detained
and who should be set at large. This
would to some extent substitute the judicial
for the legislative department of the government.
The courts enforce the legislative will
when ascertained if within the constitutional
grant of power. But if Congress steps outside
of its constitutional limitations and attempts
that which is beyond its reach, the courts are
authorized, and when called upon must annul
its encroachments upon the reserved rights of
the (States and the people. And the court
declared that it could not limit the statute
so far as to bring it within the constitutional
power of Congress, and concluded: "We
must therefore decide that Congress has not
as yet provided by appropriate legislation for
the punishment of the offence charged in the
indictment."
This decision is directly in ]>oint, and shows
that the section of the law upon which the
information in this case is based is not warranted
by the Thirteenth Amendment.
It is true that the information alleges that
the defendants conspired against Bolton on
account of his race and color, but the act of
Congress cannot be helped by the information.
If the law is without constitutional
warrant no averments of the pleader give
it vitality.
There is only one other clause in the Constitution
of the United States which in the
remotest degree can be supposed to sustain
the section under consideration. I refer to
Section 2 of Article 4, which declares that
citizens of each State should be entitled to
all the privileges and immunities of citizens of
the several States.
But this section, like the Fourteenth amendment,
is directed against State action. Its
object was to place the citizens of each State
upon the same footing with citizens of other
States, to relieve them from the disabilities
of alienage in other States and inhibit discriminative
legislation against them by other
States. (Paul vs. Virginia, 8 Wall, 108.) It
was never supposed that under it Congress
could pass a law which would punish any private
citizen for an invasion of the rights of
his fellow-citizen conferred by the State of
which both are residents.
1 have therefore been unable to find any
constitutional authority for the enactment of
Section 5,511) of the Revised Statutes. The
decisions of the Supreme Court above referred
to leave no constitutional ground for the Act
to stand on.
As therefore there is no valid law by which
the judgment of the District Court in this
case can be sustained, itsjudgmentmust be reversed
and the cause remanded, with directions
to discharge the prisoner.
Correspondence of the Yorkville Enquirer. \v
- 13
NOTES OF TRAVEL. 1,;
Prkscott, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 23.? tl
Wearied by a long and busy day of sight see- tl
ing at Niagara, I retired soon after taking tl
tea, and slept soundly until Aurora, with her gi
rosy fingers, had oped the pearly gates of tc
morn, for the king of day to enter and robe1, w
by his golden beams, the earth anew with t(
light and beauty. S<
A little after sunrise, we made haste to pro- pi
cure a ticket and have our baggage checked ^
to this place, and soon thereafter took a seat
in the first train to Louistown, a small vil- vv
lage or landing at the head of navigation on P1
the Niagara River and about two miles from 3(
where the river enters Lake Ontario. The ai
village stands nearly opposite the old fort and e<
town of Niagara, that, years since, was the JM
Capital of the province. ^? &
In ten minutes or less after thg^Tain had 0
left the Falls we were at Lotfistown, and had vv
to draw our keys and hapCthem to an official, n
and point out our timnl^s for examination, to ?r
see if they contained any contraband articles M
on which duty^should be paid. This was the 11
first time IJtfid fallen into the hands of a rev- S1
enue officer, or any other sort of an officer of
theJji-wT I determined, as most of the other ^
passengers did, to keep quiet and cheerfully al
submit to having my trunk searched, as if
I were really guilty of a felony. But I was
kept standing so long, waiting while a little ^
mountain of ladies'mammoth trunks was being (1
searched, that I began to be impatient for my C(
turn, and I resolved to have satisfaction, if >>
possible, in the way of fun. So when this T
well-dressed and somewhat pompous ofiicial ';l
stepped up and sternly said: "Sir, 1 will 01
trouble you for your trunk keys," I replied: ,r
"Certainly, Sir, with the greatest pleasure, tc
I have been waiting here a long time for you ir
to get to work ; but you will pardon me for di
asking of you a small favor before you begin."
"Certainly," was his ready response. "While Sf
you were examining the pile of trunks over
there, I noticed more fine wearing apparel tf
than I ever beheld before in my life, I am a 01
poor old bachelor; but old as I am, I have c*
yet some pride left as regards my dress, and H!
is I have but a few pieces of linen, a duster, w
i much-worn alpaca coat and a dilapidated '
pique vest, I do hope you will not open my S1
Drunk here before so many elegantly dressed n<
ladies and gentlemen. It will make me blush
if you do. Please let us move it behind the P1
it airs, away from the gaze of the crowd ; and ('|
when you search it, you will find its contents
iust as I have represented." When I had ,Jl
;hus spoken, he did not retort with an oath,
Mit looked me steadily in the face, a smile 01
ighting up his official countenance, which 8,1
?mile I returned, and lie passed on, cursing sa
;he trunk and refusing to examine it, as the I'1'
aw directs. I suppose he was satisfied with S11
ny explanation, and concluded that I was an
lonest man who would not defraud Queen ,n
Victoria's government out of a cent of reve- de
lue. lint after all, my trunk whs wrongly al
ihecked, and delayed for several days on its 80
lassage. w
The trunks of the first train of passengers 01
ivere barely examined before anotlier train
iver the Grand Trunk Railroad came rolling 'a
in. As soon as the cars sapped the passen- &!'
;ers, dusty, and well nigh worn out for the ai
want of sleep and rest, came rushing on the
Doat?many of them, especially the ladies, ex- t0
pressing great delight that they were now rid
)f the hot dusty and crowded cars, and that
;hey would be conveyed to their journey's end
mi the lake and river. One little, mercurial 01
lady was so delighted with the change that she
jould scarcely contain herself and shouted ai
lloudforjoy. "Everything about the boat," 'lf
die said, "was so tidy and neat ; and oh ! was
not the breeze so delicious. Could anything
oe more pleasant ! From this on, traveling
would be pleasant." 111
Just before the last of the baggage brought "
by the last train was put on board the boat, n(
" mm liorl vniaocl or. ofvnncr flint, if. nilPliPfi ^
unc ouuaiii uau itiiov/vi ov utiun^ wi.v?v mw ~r
the safety valve and blew off at such a rate as m
to satisfy the passengers that we would make P1
time after getting started. "(
The captain hurried to his ofiice, the pilot s:i
took his position, a bell sounded as the signal so
for starting, and soon the Chirer a darted away rc
and continued to walk the water as if indeed
with life. Before she reached the lake all the
passengers remained on deck enjoying alike the ^
breeze while they beheld the golden sunbeams t,!
as they gilded with glory all the deeps around e(
us. ^
Just before the boat left the river, I had the
good fortune to form the acquaintance of a S1
little gray-headed man who was kind enough
to inform the company that his loquacity had
gathered around him that he was on a pleasure
trip to the Thousand Tsles, to spend the sura- T
mer there. He was very communicative and e>
loquacious, and nothing seemed to please him A
" ~ *1 li!c> IJcjfunoro flift tnnnvfAr.
SU w ell clS It) iridic iu ma Iiai>\.iibi? cnu uctcu; c... rp
tunate speculations he htul made by entering, ^
purchasing and selling lands in nearly every tc
State of the West and North-west, When he gi
learned that 1 was 011 my way to Ottawa, he w
broke out anew, relating his travels in Cana- JV
da. lie had heard ol' the rich lands of Mani- '
toba and went there to examine them for w
himself. lie found that the soil was rich, but ft
the land was subject to such overflows, great hi
and long freezes, and the summer season?they b:
had no spring?was so short, and the winters c|
so cold and long, that he regarded the land of
little intrinsic value. He did not purchase an (j,
acre of it ; but while in Canada he did purchase
six or seven town lots in Winnipeg, which only 1"
a few days before leaving home, he sold for w
just double what he paid for them. When ^
this wonderful little Chatterbox had finished ^
giving an account of his travels in Canada, he \'
and his listeners took seats near the railing, le
The sun had now withdrawn behind a cloud, ill
and the gentle breeze, that but an hour before !l<
had kissed every cheek so softly, began to
stiffen and the playful ripples to rise to the w
dignity of respectable waves, soon to be in- i-j
creased to strong and rough rolling billows, tl
As our good craft became more and more un- 11
steady, several gentlemen predicted a severe (*
storm, while others declared that they were ^
then troubled somewhat with nausea and fear- v
ed th,at they would soon be sulfering from sea
sickness. "Oh ! 110, gentlemen, not if you C
will take my advice and medicine," urged our J*
loquacious Irieiui. "i nave iraveieu so inwcn
by land and water, tlait I always go prepared e
for such emergencies. I always carry the p
medicine with me suited to cure such diseases, a
I fear no seasickness when I have this infalli- J
ble remedy with me." Drawing from his J1'
pocket a pint llask two-thirds full of whisky,
he continued: "With this article I can out- (j
ride any storm that sweeps the seas without t!
feeling the least inconvenience from nausea, t
It won't do to take too much at once?not j11
more than a table-spoonful at a time, and as I n
soon as the least nausea is felt." Ilereall but v
the little orator declared that they had for a
some time been feeling sick and were growing p
worse every moment. "Well, gentlemen, if b
that be the case, we will take a little of this ('
remedy." The flask passed slowly round,* ?
while our benevolent little benefactor strenu- j(
ously insisted on all to be careful not to take o
more than a good dessert spoonful, as more q
ould aggravate instead of remedy the evil. !
y the time the llask returned to its owner it i
id been pretty well emptied of its contents, |
lough I feel confldent that no one took more
ian a quarter of the dose prescribed. But
le rain now began to fall in torrents, and the ;
ile and waves to increase until the boat was
>ssed to and fro like a bubble. Sometimes a i
ave would strike her with such violence as I
) drive her sidewise several feet at a time. |
ome of the lady passengers began to look
ile, from the effects of fright and sicla^s^f
.nd it was not long until nearly
ar on board began to be vei^flflfich troubled
ith qualmy sensati^ft^^or had commenced
lying tributeUH^dNeptune the god of the
>a. Our Kfetfe man began to sit, bolt upright,
KI.V, ?of of511 o?/1 Kin,,,!,,.
1IU BTrttUU IlCfil Jilill oaiotm nuu icuiaiu1
silej^t^ until the little flask was called for
when it was slowly produced and the
ime instructions given, which were strictly
beyed until the medicine gave out. But the
rind and waves pitched the boat to and fro
1 such a reckless manner that nearly every
lan on board was put to work, and to hear
ieir peculiar groans while thus exercising, one
light easily imagine that they were "calling
jirits from the vasty deep."
I discovered among the afflicted several of
le newly married pairs, with scores of belles
ud beaux that I had noticed the evening beire,
in the park, a distance from the crowd, enuged
in sweet converse with each other,
'umbers of these beautiful and georgeously
ressed buttetflies were down with the same
>mplaint and had to play the same low role
1 a vulgar comedy with the common herd,
his seemed to worry and mortify some of the
idies wonderfully. The boat heaved and all
n board heaved too, but in in a different
tanner. The newly wedded pairs kept closely
igether, and it was pitiable as well as amuselg
to witness such tender lovers in such deep
istress.
But I too was forced to rise, and in doing
i, I found our little doctor and all who had
iken his medicine, gone. Groping my way
) another part of the vessel, I again met with
ir little gray-headed doctor; but now how
langedl He was in the deepest throes of
jony, which, considering his previous boast,
as amusing, even to one suffering as 1 was.
could not refrain from accosting hin\, and I
iggested that even with hia panacea he was
it able to outride this storm. lie confessed
lat for once he was conquered; but on the
inciple that a fellow feeling makes us wonous
kind. I poured out my sympathy, though
s idle boast, in view of the sequel, could not
it be amusing.
After the roughest of the storm had overown,
and the sickness had measurably subJed,
it was diverting to see how upright all
t and to note the profound silence they
eserved?especially those predisposed to
tiety when they first came on board.
Towards night the fog commenced gatherg
and it soon became so dark that it was
itcrmined by the captain to make Toronto
id there cast anchor, which he did. But 110
oner had the boat been made fast to the
harf than nearly all the passengers who came
1 the last train left the boat and bought tickets
r rail for the rest of the journey. The little
dy who was so disgusted with the railroad
at she had only a short time before left,
id was so delighted with the boat when she
st stepjied on its deck, was among the first
leave the vessel, closely followed by the
quaciotis land speculator and doctor who
td defied the tempest and boasted that with
ie contents of his talismanic flask lie could
itride any storm that swept the seas.
At 10 the next morning we weighed anchor
id left Toronto; though the fog was so
>avy that we made slow progress, groping
ong through it until we reached Kingston at
>out 7 P. M. The pilot here refused to atmpt
to lead us by the Thousand Islands by
ght, and we remained here until morning.
rlien morning came the fog was so dense that
) object could be discerned ten feet from the
ssel; but nevertheless the captain decided to
oveon, and we proceeded as slowly as on the
evious day. Slowly the boat made its way to
urt Hope, the monotony of the tedious not to
.y perilous day being relieved only by the
und of the trains on the Great Trunk ltailiad,
heard occasionally in the dim distance.
The fog alarm at Port Hope guided us
1 the wharf, where wo remained for some
me, discharging and receiving freight. When
ie vessel was ready to move the fog had lift1,
and for the remainder of the lake voyage
' Prescott we had a comparatively pleasant'
me?though we rode a rough sea for near
xty hours. Guilford.
WILL MAKING.
The Springfield (Mass.) Republican says:
he journals of a year past have mentioned an
ctraordinary number of queer contested wills,
re i>eople becoming more disposed to draw
leir own wills without employing lawyers?
here is 110 reason why any one should not
raw a will who has a fair business-like ability
'4-~ rrlffa rVmmnn couca Qiinr.
I WlIU? UUL blic VVUJIIIUU UVIIWO
,'sts that the paper ought to be headed as a
ill, and it is not difficult to learn by inquiry
nv many witnesses are required in the parcular
State; this, by the way is the State
here the testator resides (at his death); a
ill drawn for a man on a journey should ;
illow the law of the State where he has his j
Dnie. Neither bad grammar nor missioning .
i the body of a will vitiates it; if the Judges
in understand what the paper means they
ill order that done. Wills having nearly
.rery important word misspelled and almost
estitute of punctuation have been accepted,
faine papers say that a court has lately taken
roof of a will made in pantomine by a man
ho was deaf and dumb, and could not write
r use the manual alphabet. But mistakes
hich obscure the meaning make trouble.
. story last summer was that Mr. Matthew
essar, when drawing his own will, meant to
aye $7,000 to seven churches?i. e., $1,000 I
[)ie'ce?but in copying his rough draft he in- j
Jvertently inserted the word "each," giving j
ie churches $7,000 each, or $49,000 in all. j
he general rule as to mistakes is that if the i
ill is lucid and intelligible, and can be car- j
ed into effect as it reads, this must be done ; j
ie language cannot be altered because witesses
say that the testator meant something :
ifferent from what he wrote. But if what is 1
'ritten cannot be performed, the courts will j
ion take proof of what the man meant to
rite.
Curious conditions are sometimes imposed,
ne testator declared in his will that if any j
gatoe should attempt to break it he should ;
~ fmni all elmre Another cutoff
U UCl/dTlVVl nuai I?M WIJM*V.
ny heir who should wear mustaches. Anothr
said that each legatee must take the pledge
efore receiving his share, and should forfeit
half-year's income for every breach of' it.
inother left to his family physician .?2,000 if
ue testator should live two years, or ?.'1,000 if
e should live five ;but, unlucky for the doctor,
lie patient lived only a week. Whether conitions
of this kind are operative depends on
lie circumstances; if they are lucid and pracicable
the courts will enforce them, but
lany are so expressed that they amount to
othing. If you wish that your legatee should
ot receive the property unless he complies
fith a condition, say so plainly in the will, ;
nd the condition, if not contrary to law, will
robably l^e enforced. Hut to make him give
ack the legacy because of breaking the con-!
ition after it lias been paid may not be so
asy. And do not mention the requests at
11 in the will, but write them separately in a
itter, unless you mean that, if they are not
lieyed, the legacy shall be forfeited. Beuests
which are not jieremptory conditions
often make trouble. When Iieller, the magician,
died, he bequeathed his apparatus to
be destroyed. In some instances a testator
has directed that a favorite horse or other
pet, should be killed, "lest it fall into unkind
hands." It is doubtful whether a court would
compel an executor to destroy property because
the will so desired. Wills are allowed
for giving one's property ; that useful animals
or articles should be destroyed * '
benefit. Directiousg^uWTa will as to
mode ofJjWWfrorfor cremation, are also
>tttojl?c?sof the sanitary law of the place.
It is only when one designs to give his property
outright in 9imple ways that he should
draw his own will; for complicated trusts,
endowing new institutions, or tying up property
for a future time, a lawyer's aid may be
very needful. Even lawyers sometimes make
mistakes. A New York lawyer named-Rose
drew his own will, leaving about $2,00,000 to
be held for five years to see whether other
givers would add $300,000 ; if they would the
whole should go to endow a "Rose Beneficent
Association"; if they would not, then his
money was to go to other charities. Now
the law does not allow property to be held in
suspense for a definite time of years; therefore
his will was pronounced void. Some most
absurd blunders have been made by lawyers in
drawing wills for themselves. It is not obligatory
to appoint an executor, but doing so is
wise, and if a testator has enough confidence
in the person named to direct that "he shall
not be required to give security," this may
prove a great convenience.
a? uir.ni,1 nr ami tvifnpssintr wills
x*.a icaprtio ....... 0,
often fail for some informality in these, especially
in New York, where the form is
stricter than in most States. A story of last
summer was that a will was presented written
partly in black pencil, partly in blue (a will
is not void because in pencil, though ink is far
better); about half was written on one page,
and the witnesses signed at tiie foot; the
other half was written on the other page, and
then came the testator's signature. This instrument
w.is discarded because the witnesses
did not sign at the end of the wilL Common
sense ought to tell any one that any important
paper ought to be completed l>efore
the signatures are affixed.
The New York rule as to signing and witnessing
is that there must be two witnesses;
the testator must sign in their presence, inform
them that the paper is his will (he need
not tell them what is in it), and ask them to
witness it; and they must sign their names
and residences at the end of the will. They
usually sign brief memorandum certifying
that these things were done ; but the memorandum
is not strictly essential. Keep the
will, when completed, in a safe place. In
Massachusetts lately a will was contested because
rats had eaten the signature. Lord St.
Leanord's will was lost,-and was established
only by the fortunate fact that his daughter
was able to repeat the substance of it from
memory.
What is Glucose ??Glucose is the sugar
of the future. Oppose it as you will, it is
daily increasing in importance and in the number
of its users. In climates where the sugarcane
will not grow, and in countries where the
sugar-beet can not be cultivated with profit,
there is a wide field for glucose. Wherever *
corn, grain, or potatoes thrive, glucose factories
will flourish. Glucose differs as much
from cane sugar as tallow from lard, or butter
from oleomargarine. Both kinds of sugar are
sweet, although in a very different degree,and
for many purposes one can be substituted for
the other without the consumer being aware
of the fact.
The manufacturers limit the term "glucose"
to the thick syrup which neither solidifies nor
crvstalises on long standing. The same sub
stance in a solid state is called "grape sugar,"
but there is no chemical difference' between
the two. The name "grape sugar" owes its
origin to the fact that a kind of sugar found
in grapes and other sweet fruits h;is the same
chemical comi?ositionas that made from starch
by methods that we shall presently describe.
This real grape sugar is often seen as an incrustation
on raisins and ligs. Iloney also
contains grape sugar and it was there it was
first discovered by Lowitz in 1702.
Glucose can be made from any of the carbohydrates,
starch, dextrine, cellulose, etc.,
but is, generally prepared from starch. In
this country corn starch is used, while abroad
potato starch is preferred because it is cheaper.
The uses of glucose are very numerous,
although it is seldom sold to the public under
its real name ; but under the ideas of "golden
honey," and even as Vermont maple syrup, its
sale is very extensive. It is largely employed
by confectioners for making candies, by wine
dealers for strengthening wine, by brewers to
add body to their beer. Most of the sugars
and table syrups contain glucose. Of seventeen
samples tested by the Michigan Board of
Health, fifteen contained glucose. Of twenty
samples analysed in Chicago, only one was
unadulterated. Of samples obtained from all
the leading sugar dealers in Buffalo, but one
was found pure.
We do not believe that pure glucose is an
injurious substance when properly made, but
to sell it under the name of cane sugar, when
it is but one-third as sweet, is a fraud ; and to
charge the price of cane sugar, when it costs
but three cents a pound to make, is a swindle.
That it pays to make it is evident from the
fact that there are more than twenty glucose
factories in this country turning out over one
million pounds per day of grape sugar and
glucose.?Prof. Ifullock.
Grecian Beauty.?Much has been said in
praise of Grecian beauty, and the men are
handsome in every sense of the word. We
might well imagine them to have been models
of Phidias and Praxiteles. Their large eyes,
black as jet, sparkle with glances of fire, while
their long, silky eye-lashes soften the expresn.iU
mvn ii (lvpiimv annearance of melan
DiiH1 uiiu h.n> ?. W4v?..v "it -
choly. Their teeth are small, white and well
set; a tine, regular profile, a pale olive complexion,
and a tall, elegant figure realize an
accomplished type of distinction. As to the
women, they seem to have left physical perfection
to the men ; some have very fine eyes
and hair, but as a rule they have bad figures,
and some defects in the face generally spoil
the features. It is among them, however,
that the old oriental customs are most strictly
preserved ; while the men are gradually undergoing
the process of civilization, they, in a
moraf point of view, remain stationary and are
just ast they were fifty years ago. If may, indeed,
be said that, with the exception of Athens,
the women possess no individual existence
and count as nothing in society. The
men have reserved every privilege to themselves,
leaving to their helpmates the care of the
house and family. In the towns where servants
are kept, they are of the poorest class
of peasants, who know nothing and receive
miserable wages. The families are generally
large, seven or eight children, and demand a
mother's constant attention. The morning
begins by directing the work of each servant,
repeating the same thing a hundred times,
scolding screaming and even beating them to lie
understood. In the evening when the children
are sleeping, if there remains some little
time, the poor, wornout mother sits down to
her spinning wheel to spin silk, to sew or knit,
or if it be summer time to look after her
cocoons, happy if she has not to do the work
of her incompetent servant over again.
Bible Errors.?Here is a bit of information
that will do for the conventional scrapbook
which is the property of every well regulated
household. Many editions of the Bible
have been published during the last 300 years,
and into not a few of them some peculiar
errors have crept. What is known as the
"Breeches Bible" (Geneva, 1500) was so called
because Genesis iii, 7, was translated : "They
sewed fig leaves together and made themselves
breeches," iustead of "aprons," as in the English
version now used. In the "Treacle Bible"
(1508) Jeremiah vii., 22, was made to
read : "Isthere no treacle in Gilead,"etc., instead
of "balm and in 1009 the word was
changed to "rosin ;" "balm" wsis first used in
1711. The "Vinegar Bible," printed in Oxford
in 1717, by John Basket, derived its name
from its heading of Luke xx., which was made
to read : "The parable of the vinegar." The
book had many other errors, from which it lias
also been called, alter the printer's name, "A
basket of errors."