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jno. l. miilek & co., proprietors, j An Independent Journal: For the Promotion of the Political, Social, Agricultural and Commercial Interests of the South. J lewis m. oeist, pubiuher. ..
VOlTa YORKYILLE, S. C., THUESDAY, XpRIL 167l857. NO. 15,
Original Jjaeirg.
Written for the Yorkville Enquirer.
THE SLAIN DEER.
A beauteous thing in the summer wild,
Where the forests waved, and the streamlets smiled,
Was tho gentle hind on the valley's breast,
As it lay in the deep cool shades at rest.
Perhaps, some dream of the sportive flock
By the woodland fohnt, or the mountain rock,
Came over the young deer's springly breast,
As Venus o'er earth when she weds the West.
It was blest with the spring of sweet repose!?
But the huntsman's horn on the far-winds rose ;
And the horrid crash of his beagles' yell
Filled the young fawn's ear with a direful spell.
It sprang from its moss-grown bed:?and o'er
Each rippling dale, wild-wood and prairie moor
With arrowy bound hurried fast away
From the houndish race, and the coming fray.
On, on, rushed the chase?and the whoops and blast
Flew wildly o'er dell and mountain crest;
The gored steed's mane swept the air, as fast .?
Over marsh and stream with a bound he past.
Ah! rain is the flight of the swift-footed hind;
For the pack, as it faints, gathers near behind ;
And its nostrils smoke and a wild despair
Tears its bleeding heart, as it loaps in the air.
It faints at noon on the treeless plain,
And there in its grazing fields is slain;
Ah! the panting hounds lick the blood of the roe
From their foaming mouths ere they homeward go.
There is innocent blood on the trackless heath,
Since the deer by the hound's fang met its death;
A beautiful thing from the earth has past?
Since tho wake of the huntsman's cruel blast!
Land of the Great! may the chase ne'er be?
Oh, never! a prophetic type of thee;
Hunt not the deer, of Freedom back
To her mountain home, with a bloody pack !
My Fatherland! by the brave and free
"Who in other dwys nobly bled for thee;
By the sacred name of our Washington?
Keep stainless the Liberties he won!
i
Then bright in the sunrise of coming years,
The king of Millennium's day appears,
When the wolf and the lamb shall lie down in the
fold,
And Love be more valued than honor or gold.
WILLIE.
Ebski.ve College, April 1857.
_ THE MONEY KING.
The season was September, 1793. The
Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel saw the French
revolutionary bands approaching his dominions,
and waving at his very frontiers. Hastily
he packed up his jewels and valuables,
together with between two and three millions
of thaiers, and took the way to the ancient
city of Frankfort, hoping to find means of
placing his wealth and jewels of his house
in security.
Arrived at the city which had, for centuries
sent forth the rulers of the "holy Roman
Empire," the fugitive Landgrave knocked
at the door of an humble Jewish banker,
tort. me journals nau ociore miormeu i
him of the plundering of Kothchild's house,
and he naturally believed his own wealth
long since a prey to the Jacobius. Still he
determined to visit his numismastic friend,
if ouly to assure him of the continuance of
his confidence.
"flood morrow, Meyer," said the Elector, '
with a frank and hearty shake of hands.? j
"At last we have peace, old friend, but it
costs us dear enough. Before you stands a
ruined man, as poor as Job.
"What! you poor, your Highness ?"
"Certainly, for have not those confounded
sans eollottes 8toI? my wealth along with
Meyer Rothchild, richer in children than in
thalers, but withal a distinguished and experienced
archcologist and numismatologist.
The sovereign, who himself was an expert '>
in these sciences, paid much respect to the
knowledge of the Jew banker, and had ac- '
tually, a few years before, bestowed upon 1
him the distinction of the title of "Medai- 1
leur to his Court."
"Meyer," he began, as he handed his well
tilled case, "I know you to be honest and
conscientious. Here is all I possess; take 1
it, and return it to me when this tempest
shall have blown over, and when better times '
dawn upon us." 1
"Such vast confidence does me great hon- !
or," replied the Hebrew, "but your High- '
ness must not forget that the republican
army is almost before our doors."
"We are in the hands of Providence,"
replied the Landgrave. "I ask for no receipt."
The Prince re-entered his vehicle and
hurried off, without listening to the renewed
protestations of the man of business.
What Meyer Rothchild had anticipated,
duly came to pass. Before a week was over,
Frankfort was in the possession of the French
troops, and . the banker, who had been denounced
as an anti-revolutionist, and an ally
of the tyrants, found his domicil sacked, and
his cash-box plundered in the name of liberty
and the people.
XT. 1 1? -1 x"L . . t I
_>0 sooner, nowever, naa me vieiurs leu
Frankfort, than Meyer llothchild re-opened
his banking-house, finding, at first, credit
among the Jews, aud ultimately with all the
business world, and soon was reputed richer
than ever. In 1802 he was once more considered
as one of the most reliable baukersin
Germany.
About this time there came a short period !
of rest for the crowned heiads of Germany. >
The princes of the Rhenish Confederacy j
rested uuder the high and forced protection
of Napoleon, liaised by the will of the i
great commander to the dignity of an Elector
of the Germau Empire, the Landgrave of
Hesse received permission to return to his
dominions. On his way he passed Frank- j
yours? If I do Dot dow too much inconve
nience you, I should like to borrow a steal
advance upon the indemnity which I shal
receive in Hesse-Cassel."
"An advance is not needed for your High
ness, for all that you confided to my care if
safe and untouched."
"What!" exclaimed the Prince, "and wen
you not plundered, then ?"
"The French have taken everything I had,
and I was very careful not to excite them bj
resistance; otherwise they would have searched
more thoroughly and might have found
your diamonds and money where they were
hidden in my cellar."
"How ! Is it possible?"
"Yes, my surrender was a stratagem.?
They never found what I had hidden. Foi
the last nine years, in order to indemnify
myself for the moneys I had lost, I have taken
the liberty of using some of yours. All
my enterprises have proved successful, and
without embarrassing myself in the least, I
can now return you the entire sum with five
per cent, interest."
The Prince was deeply moved.
"Meyer," he said, "You are the most
honorable Jew I have ever heard of. Keep
my money, and continue to operate with it.
From to day for two years I want no return
of it, and only two per cent, interest."
And thus Rothschild became a millionaire.
Old Meyer died in 1812. Before he died
he had his five sons, Anslem, Solomon, Nathan,
Charles and James called to his bedside.
They received his blessing, and swore
to him to be true to the law of Moses, never
to separate from each other, and never to undertake
a great enterprise without having
first obtained the counsel and advice of their
mother.
"Observe well these points, and you will
soon be the richest among the rich, and the
world will belong to you."
The old Hebrew proved a prophet. A financial
Pentarchy was founded at his grave,
and soon erected its thrones in the five principal
cities of Europe : Frankfort, A'ienna,
Naples, London and Paris.
The deposit of the Elector of Hesse Cas
sel continued to produce rich harvests to the
heirs of Meyer Rothschild.
In 1814, at the Vienna Congress, the
Elector related to the assembled sovereigns
the story of the Frankfort invasion, and of
the integrity of the old Jew. At once the
house at Frankfort obtained the custom of
the "Holy Alliance." It was commissioned
with all the important loans which at that
time were negotiated by the Emperors of
Russia and Australia, and the Kings of
England, Prussia, Denmark, Naples and Sardinia.
In every one of these great financial
operations each of the Rothschilds had a
share.
James, the youngest of the family, received
the lone of two hundred millious, which
France needed, to make friends, of its enemies.
Disposing over enormous capitals, the five
brothers created active and energetic corresponding
agencies in every part of Europe.
They received information of the slightest
stock fluctuations in all the different aud
most remote places. They negotiated with
the most perfect security; and their operations
remained wrapped in the most impen
etrable secrecy, and were secured by certain
success in speculation of the money market.
Three of old Meyer's sons seem more particularly
to have inherit his genius. These
arc Nathan, Solomon and James.
Nathan deserves especial mention. Scarcely
of age in 1798, he located himself in Manchester,
with a capital of five hundred thousand
francs, which he had borrowed from the
paternal coffers. In four years he had
tripled his capital, removed his banking house
to London, where the extent of his business
soon assumed perfectly gigantic proportions.
Nathan served his government as intermediator
with the continental powers, who
at that time were fighting against France,
and he alone continued to exteud credit to
the Cabinet of St. James.
He was at Brussels in 1815, during the
battle of Waterloo, and immediately after it
hastened to London, where he arrived twenty-four
hours in advance of the official news
of the victory. During these hours he went
on Change, bought everything that was offered,
and thus gained at one stroke of business
thirty millions.
The invasion of 1815 quadrupled his fortune,
and despite of the most gigantic banking
undertakings, he never neglected even
the smallest matter of busiuess.
died in 183G.
Physically, Nathan Rothschild had repulsive
features. Ilis deportment was that of
the evident parvcuu. To him is ascribed
the first plan of re-uniting the children of
Kit flirt .Tnwlnn kn
A CI UCI V J liiv l/UUAO VI VVIUU1I y * * Vt\i.->pMVV.
to buy from the Turks that country which
was promised to his race. They would then,
from pure gratitude, have made him King
of Palestine; but whether they would have
exchanged their European wealth and business
for the land of the Bible, still remains
an open question. Our lamented friend,
the late Major Noah, was a zealous and earnest
co-laborer of Rothschild iu that cause.
Nathan married thesistsr of Isaac Cohen,
who had a dowry of fifteen million francs.
James, the head of the Paris house, went
from Vienna, to Paris, to establish himself
there, at the very moment when the sceptre
fell from the hands of Napoleon. lie was
the principal banker in the loans of the Restoration.
He and his brother Nathan received
the billion of war expenses, and the
two billions of indemnity paid to the allied
powers. That enormous stream of moiie^
flowed through their coffers, and how much
of it remained there has never been ascertained.
After the downfall of the old dynasty. Baron
James offered his gold-filled hand tc
the monarchy of the July revolution, and
the hand was gratefully grasped. The Baron
and his wife now obtained the often before
refused entree at Court, and the Princes often
appeared in Rothschild's saloons.
Thus, under Louis Phillippe's rule, the
I influence of the Rothschilds daily and visil
bly increased. In fact a#<0 reigned supreme,
and even art and talent contended for the
honor, and often in vain, to obtain the entree
? to the hotel in the rue La/ittte, for Baron
James was often very particular in the choice
i of his guests.
It is well known that since 1852, the pe,
culiar financier has become Consul General
' of Austria.
The secret history of the first half of Louis
I Phillippe's reign has yet to be written, but
i only one who is thoroughly acquainted with
the life and business of Baron Rothschild
will be able to write it correctly. At the
time of the coalition in 1839, for instance,
the millionaire financier alone created rain
' or sunshine at his will The Tuilerics and
the hotel in the rue Lafitte stood in the most
[ intimate connection, and the Duke de MontI
pensier was one of the regular dancing part!
ners of M'lle Charlotte Rothschild.
! The banker baron obtained the royal concession
for the Northern Rail Road, and the
demon of stock-jobbing awakened by him
; soon spread over the entire nation, to the ini
jury of small speculators and to the exclusive
enriching of the financiers, who, it is
said, divided half a billion amoDg themselves.
However, there are many tvaits and instances
of patriarchal benevolence to be told
. of the Prince of the Bank. "When the short
. harvest of 1846 seemed to threaten a univert
sal famine in 1847, Baron Rothschild at
tempted to avert the impending evil by buy
ing upon his own account immense quanti;
ties of breadstuffs in England and America.
At the hall in Paris, grain and flour was then
sold below the market prices, and the profits
of this immense speculation were to be applied
to furnishing bread for all the needy
and hungry.
A special bakery sold bread to the poor at
a very great reduction from the price charged
by the regular bakers. But the people
iu this instance would not believe thebenevolent
intentions of the doDor, railed against
imaginary usury in grain, believed the most
absurd and ridiculous reports, among others,
that Rothschild had bought spoiled flour and
had made it palatable by an admixture of
sweet almonds. Of course, they never
thought that such an admixture would have
made the bread three times as expensive.
Those same sweetalmonds of Baron Rothsohiid's
contributed a good share to the February
revolution.
Ever ready for adding fuel to the flames;
ever ready to excite the masses, aud delighting
iu stirring up mischief, the National said
of the Baron Rothschild, that he had mixed
his flour with the sweat of the people, which,
of course, would have produced very objectionable
bread. At the same time a number
of pamphlets against Rothschild made their
appearance, and whilst the people thus rewarded
his charitable efforts, their beucfactor
in reality lost heavy sums, as he could
not dispose of the provisions he had procured.
The revolution of 1848 filled the house of
Rothschild with terror. The Baron heard
that the rabble was burning down his country
houses and castle. With his natural
shrewdness, he perceived that his flight
would be the signal for an unalterable confisi
cation of all his numerous possessions, and
he had the courage to remain.
Numerous anecdotes are in curculation illustrative
of his presence of mind and firmness
during the trying daysof '48. "We will
not, however, repeat them all here. One especially
has been often told in the papers.?
It relates to a call upon him by a rough party
of lied Republicans, demanding an equal
distribution of his property. He admitted
their estimate of his wealth was correct, computed
the population of France, among whom
his money was to be equally distributed, and
paid his revolutionary assailants two francs
each, as their proper share in an equal distribution.
In 1830 Rothschild had given 15,000
francs; this was a great deal, for no one had
threatened him. In 1840 he signed 50,000
francs for the wounded and unemployed laborers.
At the same time his son Alphonse,
who had just come of age, at ouce wrote to
the Provisional (Government, petitioning for
his right, of citizenship.
It is said that just at the moment when
James, almost overcome with terror, was
hesitating between the safety of his person
and his millions, Marc Caussidicre made his
appearance before him and said .*
"Citizen Rothschild, no weakness. I
pledge myself for you !"
'I he banker drcampt all night of that man's
j red scarf,- the pistols in his belt, and the great
| cavalry sword that dragged at his side. Rut
! when he saw on the next morning, that
j measures had been taken, not only to proI
tect his hotel, but also all his possessions in
! the neighborhood of the city against any atj
tack, lie discovered that the words of the
S Prefect of Police were more tliau idle wind,
j Iu less than a year after this, Caussidicre,
| banished, and without any means, came to
London. Here he received a letter from
; Paris, as follows :
"Sir:?Permit mc to place at jour dispoj
sal the sum of thirty thousand francs. This
; little capital may enable you, upon the hard
j soil of exile, to enter into some kind of busi!
j ness. You may return the sum in ten or
1 twenty years, or whenever you like. This
j is a small recognition of the valuable services
! you have rendered to the country."
'Ever, yours, ROTHSCHILD.'
At first Rothschild was very inimical to
' the Government of the second of December,
i He would most probably have been sent to
' Mazas for this, but his position as Austrian
Consul General protected him.
lie had often bceu bitterly reproached for
? never claiming any thing for the benefit of
1 his poor co-religionists,
i "At least," it was said to him, "give them
i the profit of one single speculation on
'change."
He approved of the idea. A maDcouvre
of 'bulls' which he organized one fine morning,
followed up immediately by a manoeuvre
of 'bears,' left a net profit of 850,000
francs, which he at once devoted to the erection
of a Jewish Asylum in the rue Picpus.
By his total absence of courtesy and manner,
the sovereign banker has created more
ill-feelings than the loud ring of his millions
has ever created envy. He tnkes a great
pleasure in humiliating men of talent. A
short time ago, however, on such an occasion,
the impertinence of the man of money was
properly and spiritedly reproved.
Cremicux, who had never seen his moneyed
co-religionist, met bira one day in the
synagogue, and having occasion to speak to
him upon matters concerning the congregation,
introduced himself without ceremony,
and commenced to speak upon his business.
"And are you really M. Cremieux?" asked
Rothschild measuring him with his looks
from head to.foot.
/. T7 T 1 .1 J- J 1 C
"j.es i>aruii, 1 nave aircauy uouu uiyaeu
the,honor of mentioning my name."
"Certainly ; but I thought M. Cremieux,
the famous advocate, should be bigger than
you are."
At these silly, as well asimpertinentwords,
Cremieux bit his lips, but proceeded to say
what he had to say upon business, and Rothschild
gave clear and distinct answers.
"But arc you really Baron Rothschild ?"
said Cremieux, interrupting him.
"What! do you chance to doubt it ?"
"Certainly. I thought the great Baron
Rothschild should be a better bred man
With this anecdote we will close the sketch
of this family, and especially of this man,
who, despite of the envy of the aristocracy
of birth and of genius, and simply by his
shrewdness and the might of his millions;
now for forty years past has controlled the
destinies of our country more than any other
power.
(Ljmce pairing.
THE OLD DOMINION.
Virnrtntn Viae Vinrno thia cnhvini/rt nlmf.ct
from time immemorial, and we have had the
curiosity to trace or inquire into its origin.
It grew out of the loyalty of Virginia to
Charles I, and Charles II, and her refusal to
recognize the protectorate of Cromwell. During
ihp gfnijyplft between Charles I and the
Parliament, Virginia, uuder Sir Williroa
Berkley, as Governor, then containing 20,000
inhabitants, remained true to the King,
and the colonists, by a solemn act, declared
"that they were born under a monarchy,
and would never degenerate, from the condition
of their birth, by being subject to any
other government." After the unfortunate
monarch had been beheaded, she acknowledged
the authority of the fugitive Prince, i
his son, and actually continued the provin- I
cial government, under a commission which i
the latter scut from his retreat to Breda to <
Sir "William Berkley. According to Clarcn- i
don, Sir William Berkley was so assured of
the loyalty of the inhabitants, and so im- !
pressed with confidence of ultimate success,
that he wrote to the young Prince, "almost
inviting him to America." Inconsequence I
of this open defiance of the power of Parliament,
an ordinance was passed declaring the '
refractory colonists notorious robbers and <
traitors, prohibiting all intercourse with ]
them, cither by the people of England, the ]
inhabitants of other American colonies, or
foreign nations; and a fleet was finally des- <
patched, under Sir George Ayscuc, to re- <
duec them to submission by force, if they <
should refuse to embrace the pacific over- 1
tures which a commission, accompanying the I
expedition, wore authorized to propose.? '
From Bardadocs, Capt. Ayscuc sent Cnpt.
Dennis, with a small squadron, to land his I
force and drive Sir Wm. Berkley out of Vir- 1
ginia; as to whose proceedings, on the arri- J
val of the fleet within the capes of Virginia,
historians widely differ. Beverly, Oldmixon, >
Burke, and Graham, assert that he made a 1
great show of resistance with the royalists, '
? . P 1 .* ? 1
wno consuiuieu a majority 01 trie popuiauuu, <
assisted by the Hutch ships in the harbor; 1
but Bancroft, citing contemporary authori- 1
ties of the highest value, says that no sooner 1
i had the Guinea frigate entered within the I
waters of the Chesapeake, than (quoting 1
from Clarendon) "all thoughts of resistance |
were laid aside." Bancroft further men- :
tions, as characteristic of Virginians even at '
that early period, "that they refused to sur- i
render to force, but yielded by a voluntary I
deed and mutual compact." This deed of 1
surrender stipulatcd for a complete indemni- ]
ty as to all past offences, and that the colo- I
nists recognizing the authority should be admitted
into the bosom of the English com- 1
monwealth, and into an equal participation '
in all the privileges of the free people of
England?and, particularly, that the Pro- i
vincial Assembly should retain its wonted 1
functions, and the colonists have as free trade, I
as the people of England, to all places and
all nations, and "be free from all taxes, cus- <
toms and impositions whatsoever, without <
the consent of their own assembly"?thus i
early insisting on the principle that "taxa- I
tion, without representation, is tyranny."? i
Berkley, a true and loyal cavalier, disdained |
to make any stipulation for himself with those '
whom he regarded as usurpers; and, without
leaving the colony, in March, 1652, with- |
drew to a retired situation, where, as a pri- .
vate individual, be continued to be univcr- 5
sally respected and beloved, biding his time, i
? .m . ! ik. ~.??i? I
unui a couDier-revutuuuu iu iuu muvuci j
country should summon him occe more to <
defy the republican forces of England, and
restore tne ascendancy of royalty in Virgin- 1
ia. - i
In the interval between 1G52 and 1660, 1
the burgesses of Virginia successively elected 1
Richard Bennett, Edward Diggs and Samu- 1
el Matthews, to the office of Governor, un- <
der allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, and on |
his death, in 1618, to his son, Richard Crom- <
well. But, on the death of Gov. Matthews, j
in 1660, the people, prompted by discontent( <
with certain commercial restrictions imposed
by the Protectorate, did not wait for a new
commission, but elected Sir William Berkley
Governor and by "an obliging violence,
compelled him to accept the government."
ITc, however, refused to act under the usurpers,
or to yield to the wishes of the colonists,
unless they would unite with him in risking
life and fortune fortheexiled King. "This,"
says Beverly, "was their dearest wish ; and,
therefore, with a unanimous voice, they told
him they were ready to hazard all for the
King." This occurred before the King's
return to England, and was the result of
signal and unexampled loyalty. Berkley
then acquiesced in the choice of the people,
and assumed the helm; and, thereupon, he
forthwith "proclaimed Charles If, King of
England, Scotland, Ireland, and Virginia,"
and caused all process to be issued in
the royal name. Thus his majesty was ac
tually King in Virginia before be was King
in England?and hence, has Virginia ever i
since borne the honored title of "The Old
Dominion." On the restoration of Charles
II to the throne of his ancestors, he sent a
new commission to Sir William Berkley,
and granted him permission to visit England.
He was received by the King with kindness,
and tradition narrates that the King, in compliment
to the colony, wore at his coronation
a robe made of silk sent from Virginia.
The Massachusetts Historical Society has
in its possession, a coin having on one side,
"a head, and the words Georgius, III. Rex;"
and, on the other side, a shield, on which
are quartered the arms of England, Scotland
Ireland and Viryinta?the whole surmounted
by a crown, and encircled with the words,
"Virginia, 1773." A similar coin was dug
up, some years since, in Virginia, when a
description of it was published, apocryphally
ascribing to Charles II, on his accession to
the throne, the quartering of the coat of
arms of Virginia, as an "independent member
of the empire," with those of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, in token of gratitude
for the loyalty of the colony.
The loyalty of "The Old Dominion,"
which once had a king for its source and object,
is now (notwithstanding her ancient
and still undiminished devotion to 'compact,'
and indeed, in perfect keeping therewith,)
transferred to the Union, in all its original
brightness, purity and strength ; and she is
about to render her identification with the
Union yet more complete, by accepting the
UruaJvliorKjlitp-fo* tlto-iwtww'* <rP"*trcr
Mecca of America, the tomb of Washington.
Charleston Courier.
LONDON LABORERS.
The late arrivals from England bring us
tidings of distress and destitution among the
free laborers of London, which has no parallel
in this country, except among the laborers
in the free States, where similar scenes sometimes
occur. With the double object of
teaching our people the value of their institutions,
and to show our friends in free society
that there is ample employment for all
their benevolent impulses elsewhere than among
the negro slaves, we present the following
glimpse at the beauties of free society.
The miseries of the unemployed classes in
London continue to make themselves painfully
apparent. The several police courts
are besieged daily by applicants for relief;
and large groups, wc learn, parade the streets,
chaunting words of distress, and bearing a
public declaration that they are out of employment.
The proceedings at the Mansion
House may be taken as a type of what occurred
at the other offices. Three parties,
describing themselves respectively as a grainjr,
a house decorator, and a bricklayer,
waited upon the Lord Mayor on Wednesday,
to make application on the part of themselves
ind others. Here are their statements:
The bricklayer said he had not been to
the parish, and did not want to go, if there
was a possibility of getting work, or keeping
rway at all.
The house decorator said he had a wife
ind child, and having been out of work for
four months, had only been able to support
them by pledging and selling everything belonging
to him; except the clothes on their
backs. Yesterday, being at the last push,
he went, with 150 others, to the work-house,
where they were set to break stones, and at
the end of the day he got Is. and a quarten
loaf, but most of the men who were single
*ot only 4d. or 6d. and a half quartern loaf,
after being all day without anything to eat.
That was a very little, and the stone breaking
had so blistered his hands, that he could
not goto it again, for if he did, his hands
would be in such a state as to make it impossible
for him to do any work at his own
business for three weeks or a month, even if
be got any. The poor fellow here held out
his hands, the palms of which, as he had
?aid, were blistered all over.
The graincr said he did not appear so
much for himself as for the others, many of
whom, who had been twelve or twenty-four
hours without food, were growing very Doisy.
He had done all he could do keep them quiJt,
but they were growing desperate and
threatened to have food by fair means or foul,
unless something was done for them, and ;
that quickly. A good many of them were
inxious to emigrate to Australia if they could
get a free passage, and land to cultivate
when they got there. ,
What a startling and instructive contrast ;
to all this is presented by the institution of
slavery in the Southern States! At the very
moment that the free laborers of London
were howling through the streets, and be- <
seeching the Mayor to give them work, our
slaves were quietly resting in their cabins, i
with no maddening hunger torturing them
by day, or corroding care to disturb their ]
slumbers by night. Both classes of laborers i
were without work, but one was pinched ]
with hunger, frenzied by the sufferings of i
wife and children, ready to starve if honest, i
jr to plunder to satisfy the cravings of hun- i
ger, while the other was comfortably housed, <
jlothed and fed, saw wife and little ones en- i
joying similar comforts, and was totally un- i
joncerned whether the morrow should he j
- ^^
clear or cloudy, as, in any event, his sustenance
was sure. Without work the free laborer
starved, the slave laborer feasted; the
former howled as he ran through the street*
seeking work or bread, while the other sang
cheerful songs, or danced to the music of
the banjo, as the wood burned in the chimney,
shedding warmth and light around.?
Which, let us ask the abolitionist, had the
better portion, the free laborer with his poverty,
hunger, physical and mental anguish,
or the negro slave with his plenty, contentment
and comforts ?
Such are the contrasts constantly presented
by free society and slave society. Whatever
fanciful sentimental notions may be entertained
about freedom and slavery, no observant
man can deny that the free laborer is
infinitely below our negro slaves in all physical
comforts, conveniences and enjoyments,
and that slavery avoids a thousand privations
and sufferings to which the free laborer is
subjected. Is there nothing in all this compensating
the slave for his subjection to the
will and control of another? Is self control
so valuable Jthat it must be retained at the
risk of starvation ? Must a man perish for
food, after seeing his wife and children perish,
sooner than submit to the government
of a master ? Does the master's care of the
slave, at seasons when there is no work to be
had, and when free laborers starve, give him
no just claim upon the services and willing
obedience of the slave ?
Richmond Enquirer.
ENDORSING NOTES.
There is a moral in the following well
considered remarks from the Philadelphia
Ledger, which should be often pondered.
"It was well said, by a very shrewd observer,
that there are some things which
every man has to learn for himself. It
would seem as if the folly of endorsing what
is called accommodation paper was one of
them. Tens of thousands have been ruined
iu this way, yet tens of thousands continue
to practice it. Many who endorse paper
with impunity for years discover, at last,
that they also, in spite of their assertions
that they would never be loser by it, are
lirniif?tif tn Kontrnntou Kw if. Sir Walker
Scott, who had gone on from year to year,
adding acre to acre, farm to farm, woke one
morniDg to hod that he was rained through
his endorsements on Constable's paper; and
the rest of his life?a life shortened by ex?? ?
lnhai fcm duutlti Hrt to cat
rying out the favorite dream of his ambition,
but to liquidating the debts thus contracted.
Even Burnum, whose name had become
synonymous with shrewdness, fell before this
delusive habit. A calm observer is almost
led to believe that there is an infatuation accompanying
the practice of endorsing notes,
which lulls sagacity to sleep, else how can
we account for the fact that so many able
men have, so to speak, gambled away their
fortunes on this mercantile rouge at noir.?
No man ought ever to endorse an accommodation
note. The financiering which raises
money in this way is radically wrong. Generally
regarded as the cheapest, it is really
the very dearest method; for the friend who
endorses for you is sure, somtime, to want an
endorsement in return; and he who once begins
to endorse for another, has put his fortune
at the risk of a hundred casualtise beyond
his own control. It is a game of hazard,
which once commenced, hardly ever can
be stopped. Money can be got so readily
by endorsing, that the temptation is great to
enter on speculation that would never otherwise
be thought of, and hence it requires
the coolest of heads and the most prudent of
operators to resist becoming too extendent
when a habit of exchanging endorsements
has been fallen into. Nine men out of ten,
sooner or later, get beyond their depth.?
TT..-J /vn n n si 4 1* s"? r> inoAliiAnntr
limu tiiuco v;uiuo vu| auu iucu iuouivcu^j
follows as a matter of course. It ja always
wiser to raise money ou bona fide securities,
and if these cannot be had, then to curtail
one's business as fast as possible. Where
two men are in the habit of exchanging endorsements
they are really in partnership together;
but a partnership only of risks, not
of profits; and worse yet, a partnership in
which neither can control the other. So far,
we have been speaking of cases in which
there was a mutual consideration between
the parties, an exchange of endorsements;
but what shall we say of the man who endorses
from motives of private friendship,
and not as a business affair at all? Hundreds
of such men there are who endorse
notes for social intimates to whom they
would scarcely sell a bill of goods on credit,
simply because they have not the moral
courage to say no. It would be wiser, *in
such instances, to give the applicant at once
whatever you can afford to throw away?for
then you know where you are; because if
you endorse for him, he may involve you for
a larger amount thaD you can pay; and be
sure of one thing?when you pay, as most
likely you will, it will be at a time when
the payment is especially inconvenient. No
private friendship, however close, justifies
? .1 ? i i*_
one man in asKing anotner to enaorse ior
hiin. He who takes offence when refused
an endorsement, is unworthy to be your
friend, for he is ignorant wherein true friendship
consists?that relation giving no man a
right to ruin another. Take advice in time,
and don't give or exchange endorsements, if
you would escape sleepless nights or avert
probable insolvency.
Helics of Feudal Days.?The custom
of uncovering the head and taking off the
hat or even simply touching it, is a relic of
the old disarming?the removing of the helmet
to indicate that the party thus exposed
himself to the mercy of the enemy. To take
off the glove was in like manner to unganntlet
the hand, the mere removal constituting
in offer of friendship. Even now it is considered
uncivil to shake hands with the glove
on. Shaking of hands was formerly a token
of truce, in which the parties took hold each
of the other's weapon hand, to make sure
igainst treachery. It waf also a token of
good will. A Frenchman, a prisoner in Eng.
land, once made a most ingenious use of this
custom. Having been "put up" ^gainst k
negro boxer, and knowing nothing of boxing,
he availed himself of the shaking of hands
before the encounter, to crush the negro's
hand in his iron grip. It is said that a few
years since, a brutal fellow in Connecticut
crushed a friend's head in like manner,
though he did it in spdrt.
The bow, it is said, which is now a mark
of politeness, is bnt an offer of the neck to
the stroke of the adversary, while the courtesy
peculiar to the ladies' is the form of going
on the knees to sue for that mercy whioh,
in earlier ages, it was difficult to get. The.
hair pins worn hy ladies are reduced poign
ards. In some parts of Sicily they are still
worn of such a size as to be convertible into
weapons. The ear-rings were anciently
badges of slavery, and were soldered so that
they could not be removed from the ear, their
form indicated the owner of the slave.
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS.
The labor of compiling a "Newspaper Record,"
containing a complete list of newtyffpers
in the United States, the Canadas, and
Great Britain, with the statistics of the newspaper
press in the principal countries in Esrope,
has been accomplished to such perfection
as the many changes and rapid increase
of newspaper property will permit The
data contained in a volume entitled as above,
have been gleaned daring the past four yean,
and have appeared, in part, in the "Ink
Fountain," the publication of which, as a
newspaper, has been interrupted by theUni-;
ted States Government, on the ground that
it was not a newspaper, and that exchanges
made by and to it must be charged postage.
An essay on newspapers by Mr. W. T. Coggshall,
State Libraian of Ohio, is appended
to the "Record," and furnishes much infor>*
motion, exhibiting careful and elaborate research.
We make a few extracts from the
work.
mi v % ? * *
me wooie numoerot newspapers published
within the United States and territories
is 3634. Of these there is published in Alabama,
83.; / rkansas, 22; California, 87 J
Connecticut, *2; Delaware, 9; District of
Columbia, 17; Florida, 18; Georgia, 73;
Illinois, 22; Indiana, 242; Indian Territory,
1; Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 183; Maine,
65; Maryland, 65; Massachusetts, 219;
Michigan, 178; Nebraska, 4; New Hampshire,
43 ; New Jersey, 77; New York, 918;
A7..+L Owmliuaj 00.' Qhiu, 002, Oregon, 8;
Pennsylvania, 419; RhodoIsland, 30,^
Carolina, 53; Tennessee, 148; Utah, 1 ;
Vermont, 33; Virginia, 137; Wisconsin 88.
There are 50 newspapers published in
Canada, 5 in the Sandwich Islands, and 2
in New Brunswick.
The first paper published in North America
was on September 25th, 1690, by Rich*
ard Pierce for Benjamin Harris, in Boston
but it never assumed more than the character
of a pamphlet. The first weekly publication
deserving the name of newspaper was
published by John Campbell, postmaster of
Boston, and a native of Scotland, in 1704.
It was called the News Letter. The next?
the Boston Gazette?appeared in 1719.?
The third?the American Weekly Mercuric
?also in 1719; and the fourth?the New
England Courant, by James, brother, of
Benjamin Franklin. New York first rejoiced
in a newspaper in 1725, when the Gazette
was established. Rhode Island first
had a newspaper?the Rhode Island Gazette?in
1732, Connecticut in 1775; New
Hampshire?the New Hampshire Gazettein
1756; Vermont in 1781, and Maine in
1785. The first daily paper was started in
Philadelphia in 1784, and the first semi-,
weekly at Boston?the Independent Chronicle?in
1788.
In England and Wales there are 272
newspapers (daily and weekly) published,
of which 28 are printed in London and 19 in
Wales. In Scotland there are G8; in Ireland
113 newspapers published, and in the
British Isles and Jersy 17?total 468. Presuming
that the population of Great Britain
and the United States and her Territories
are now abont equal, the statistics we have
given show that 3166 more newspapers are
published in this country than in the European
dominion of Queen Victoria.
The first paper ever published in England
was called the English Mercurie, and appeared
in London, under the auspices of
Lord Burleigh, on July 23d, 1588 ; bufthe
best authorities says that the Weekly News,
published also in London, in 1619, has the
best claim to. priority of age. The first semiweekly
was printed in 1665, and the first
daily in 1709?both in London. This herald
of the millions of sheets which now teem
from the presses of the world was very appropriately
called the Courant.
If we exclude the unauthenticated assertion
that Lord Burleigh's paper, mentioned
above, was the first daily ever printed in'the
British Isles, then we have the Edinborg
Gazette, which was first published in 1660,
and is generally considered the oldest paper
in the world.
The statistics of the circulation of the English
papers show that they do not begin to
compare with us in that respect. The most
extensively circulated paper in England, the
London Times only excepted, does not print
*! ftAAA /? .1 1 1
wuniD zuuu per aiem 01 tnc nutnoer we aaily
publish of the Journal; and our daily issue
exceeds that collectively published of
five of the principal London papers, viz; the
Post, Herald, Nsws, Advertiser, and the
Chronicle.
Chloride of Lime for Steeping Seed.
?In Germany it is considered.of great efficacy.
Beans steeped four hours in a solution
of a quarter of an ounce of chloride in
a gallon of water, were up and in rough leaf
before other sown at the same time were above
ground; and an equal difference was
observable with other vegetables. Those
who are ambitious for having the earliest
vegetables should give it a trial.
9GF Choose ever the plainest road; it always
answers the best.
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