The weekly Union times. [volume] (Union C.H., South Carolina) 1871-1894, March 08, 1878, Image 1
VOL. IX.?NEW SERIES! UNION C. II., SOUTH CARQMNA, MARCH 8, 1S7R
THE THIRVP.'fi rlnvivii 1 ? 1
KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRAUD.
We now proceed to show the cuoruious
expenditures for other purposes. The first
we shall consider is that of
FURNITURE.
Wo fiud that there has been paid out
withiu four years for furuituro alone over
two hundred thousand dollars, and of this
amount Mr. Berry aud Mr. Pagan, furuituro
dealers, testify that nt the present time
there is at tho State HOuso only seventeen
thousand seven hundred and fiftcou dollars'
' "' tthreo hundred and twenty-five dollars' worth
of Airniture purchased by Attorney-General
Melton, and paid fuj^by him out of his contingent
fuud, and nt this time is in the attorney-general's
of&co.
Mr. Berry saysAo furnished a large uumbor
of Committee rooms" outside of the
State House, as well as bed-rooms, lie remember*
furnishing the rooms occupied by
W.J. Whjpper, T. Hurley, T. B Johnston,
J. E. Green nud others, and some of the
rooms he furnished as often as three times !
lie also furnished rooms at Mrs. BauduM's,
for Speaker Moses, traded furniture to members
for pay certificates, and furnished almost
all the offices in the State House,
every session !
In continuation, ho states that die. ?ur^<
nished at least forty bed-rooms, but docs uot
We" r.?k reference to the evidence of Sgrgcant-at-arms
Williams, on tho sdbjecl of '
furniture. Hje .says he purchased a lot ot
furniture from Mr. Berry", tonsistiug of
chairs, tables, washstojids nd bed room sets.
Somo of tho *roomt?. thus furnished wtirc
occupied1 |>y Geq. ,W. J. Whippcr, W. II.
Jones and(Jamcs A. Bowlcy. He does not
know what became of the furniture, hut endeavored
to collect it, ^nd was told by J.
B. Dennis, James A. Bowlcy, Benjamin
Byae and Chatles Mtnort that he had nothing
to do with it; consequently lie troubled
ll i man) P nn * IT^ ? 1' -
ttwfvwat* uv uiviu tlUUUl ih. ^ 11U BUJ8 IDC
rooms over the South Carolina Bauk and
Trust Company were furnished also, aud
were occupied by Senator J- !* Owens,
T. Hurley and W. H. Gardiner, and that
he also fu/nished Spoaker Lee's rooms and 1
OTHER PRIVATE ROOM8,
nt the boarding houses of members, with
fine carpets, stoves aud other furniture, aud
that they were claimed us committee rooms. 1
He says : "I cannot undertake to explain '
the accounts of Mr. Berry. I know that
large quantities of furniture were furnished
by hiui every session, and that as soon as <
the General Assembly adjourned it disappeared,
and I was compelled, under the 1
order of tho Speaker or souie committco I
chairman, to refurnish all tho rooms as soou 1
as the Legislature met." These rooms, he 1
adds, "wero
OUTSIDE OF THE CAPITOL
building, and he believes the furniture was
stolen by those who had charge of it." 1
W. K. Greenfield testified that the rooms '
he rented wero uewly, thoroughly nud, in
some instances, most extravagantly furnished
every full, about the time the General
Assembly convened, and that the furniture 1
was reuioyed by diffcreut persons, and uot 1
by regular dealers, and looked as if it was 1
being divided up among them ; that lie rented
the rooms with the understanding that
they wero for public business, but they may 1
have been used otherwise, and that he was i
generally paid for them with legislative pay
certificates.
JOHN n. DENNIS
testifies that ho purchased furuituro for
forty rooms, iucludiug the offices of the
governor, atiornoy-gcncrai, comptroller-general,
and the hall of the House of licpre- (
entatives. Ilis evidence proves most conclusively
that a majority of the members of
tho House combiucd against the persons {
who furnished these gooods and demanded
t) bo paid for voting for tho claim. The
bills were more than doubled and certificates j
issued for them. The New York firms and
Mr. Berry received only the nmouuts quo
on their accounts. Beuj. Byas, chairman
of tho committee, who reported favorably
(on the raised claim, received a pay ccrtifi
,caLe ts the amount of 912,319 50?the re- j
..mninder man divided between.
pierr other members,
as follows: W. 11. Jervcy had $2,100,
which ho was to divide botwccu himself, T.
A. Davis, W. C. Glover, J. J. Hardy, P.
P. Hedges, Abram Smith, J. W. Lloyd, J.
A. Bowley uud Orlaudo Lovy, all members
from Charleston County, exoopt Bowley,
who represented Georgetown County.
f Humbert, of Darlington, received a certificate
of an oven
ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS,
which he was to divide betwoen himself,
Alfred Hart, S. J. Keith, S. Sanders, J.
Tjinir Vrnntr Aflnmasin -TrvV> n P llnndAuni.
w VMM * VUUUIOUUj
Hastings Oantt, H. Tarloton and Fortune
Giles.
Asbury L. Singleton, of Sumter, received
a certificate for $1,150, to divido botween
himself, E. Cain, H. 0. Corwin, E. Ferguson,
R. Gaither, 8. Gnroy, A. 8. Holmes,
Barney Humphries, 8. Melton, VVm. Littlefield,
J. P. Siogleton, Alfrod Mere, F?. M.
Sumpter Wjd Jrtred Wsrley.
L.
II. II. HUNTER, FROM CHARLESTON,
demanded and roccived for hiuisclf a certificate
for $750 ; J. II. White received a
certificate for $260 for himself; W. F. C.
Gardner, one for $1,500 for himself; 11. G.
Yocum, ono for $1,500 ; W.J. Whipper,
one for 3,000 ; A. O. Jones, one for 1,000;
W. II. Jones, one for $1,600 ; Joe Crows,
one for $3,000 ; Lawrence Cain, ouo for
$500, which witness says he bought from
Ciin afterwards, and Cniu, in his evidence,
admits receiving a small consideration on
account of this matter ; P. J. O'Counell received
one for $1,000; 13. A. Ncrltlid, one
Mitchell Goggins, one for $100; S. J.,Keith,
one for $100 ; Wm. Keunedy, one for $100.
F. J. MOSES
had one certificate for $5,000, and does not
know how many more or exactly the
amounts.
Wo have not (owing to the want of
time) ascertained who collected all the certificates
referred to above, but find that 13.
It via II n. V 1 m .r t
-'j? wuui aiiu x. nuriey collected
theirs, and chat the live thousand dollar
certificate given to Moses was exchanged
for a State treasurer's due bill for that
amount. Accounts Nos. 33, 34, 35 and 30
refer to this claim, and aro referred to in
A. O. Joucs's evidence, when the vouchors
p^ve.that mere than 817,000 was allowed
as interest on 845,000 for seventeen months.
Most of the certificates thus issued are in
ftifttafquIfifiP pjfree, becu paid;
out? ihjy'ao no4 bcitr the endorsement of
either of the firms named in them, to-wit:
Nicol, Davidson & Co., or Stewart, Sutphcu
& Co.
Gen. Dennis says that more than 812,000
of these certificates were divided between
Speaker Moses, Clerk A. O. Joucs, Nilcs
G. Parker, Tiui Hurley and himself.
Your committee find that a large portion
of the fraudulent certificates issued to pay
the difference between the legitimate amount
due for furniture and the amount for which
it was raised have been paid.
After a careful examination of the furniture
in the State House by Gen. Dennis,
ho affirms that there is not left there more
than ouc haif of what was purchased, and
very few of tho cloeks, which were of the i
finest quality, costing from 8150 to 8G00
each, and that out of sovcral mirrors which
ffost 8600 each, only one rcmnins.
From tho report marked No. 73. "Exhi-1:
bit A," to which wo referred in the evidence
of A. 0. Jncs, it appears that Bcuj. Dyas,
chairman of the committee, reported in
favor of the raised claim which defrauded
the State of at least 815,000; but uvfavor- 1
riWy ou so much of it as referred to paying '
W. E. ltose a small amount due him for
boarding the upholsterers, who were sent
from New York to place aud arrange the
carpctings, furniture, &c. Gen. Dennis 1
testifies that ''in the spring or summer of 1
18G9 \
c. P. LESLIE, !
land commissioner, purchased a lot of furniture
from Mr. Berry, ostensibly for his
office, but iti reality for his resideucc. Says
he wu3 in Governor Scott's office afterwards,
and heard an altercation between him and
Leslie, which was caused by the bills being
sent to Scott for payment. Scott swore
that lie would not pay them, but did eventually
do so from some fund or other."
The bills of Mr. Silcox, made out in Mr.
Leslie's name, piovcd that furnituro was
supplied by tho State to some of her distinguished
"statesmen" as far back as I860. 1
Making iiaste to grow rich.
It is no longor a matter of surprise to j
your committee that members who ouly re- ]
ceivcd six dollars per diem could, iu a few
weeks after their ariival iu Columbia, obtain 1
ulegaut furniture for their rooms, aud Brussels
carpets for their floors, and rccliue on j
Oriental spring and sponge mattresses,
while their constituents wore being hounded 1
down by tho inexorable tax-gatherer to pay
the price of these luxuries. (
As a further illustration of the inordinate
J ?L!- 1 1 - > ?
urccu wi in is uurue 01 roDoers, we present
the following, for nothing, however small,
the Argus-eyed committeemen who so dexterously
played tho game of "addition, division
and silence:
State or South Carolina Senate.
1871. To James M. Allen, Dr. i
Sept. 21. Bookcase $ 200
Sept. 21. Fitting closets..,....*. 340
Nov. 21. Fitting up door frnmos 100
Dec. 8. Partitions in cloak room, 050
Dec. 8. Partitions in cloak room..,,,.,,.., 650
$2~000
By refercnoo to the cvidenoo of Mr.
Wing, a master mechanic, it will be socn
that the partitions oharged for at $U50 each
would be worth now about $25 each, but at
the time tho aooount was rendered it was
worth about one-third more. We also call
attention to the evidence of several witnesses
who testify that the account was raised
by inserting the figure <43" in the item,
"Fitting up closets," and tho figure "G" in
front of tho two last amounts, thus making
a gain of $1,500.
Wo find that under the head of "Furniture"
accounts were presonted for mules,
horses,
BUOQIES, CARRIAGE I1IRK AND IIORME
EKED.
These accounts were passed upon and certificates
issued accordingly, .
? * i ..
Iii this connection vnrrefcr to tho evjj
deuce of Mr. Pcttingill,# (under tho head
of "pay certificates,"^ who was a dealer jk
horses and uiulcs, aud who says he sold th^y
to diffcreut members, and was paid in
islative pay certificates, uaming Spealcf?5.
J. Lee and W. II. Jones, gf Georgeykwu,
as two of such purchasers, tyihAat hi also
received pay certificates for Pnorsiy food,
buggy hire," &c. J
Mr. Greenfield says he did uot all - any
buggies or carriages directly 'to tlJ State,
but sold to the members and wag /paid for
them with pay certificates. He remembers
receiving a certificate, which prdvgd to be
sell a largo portion of his &toch of carriages
and buggies if he would make out his account
against the State and receive pay cor.T
- - ?
iincarcs in paymont thereof, which lie declined.
We also refer to the evidence given
by Sallus Randall, a committee clerk, who
testified that a house of ill-f^mc in the City
of Columbia .vas supplied v?th furniture at
the cxpenso of the State* We also refer to
tho account of Mr. LyBrand, a dealer in
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,
designated as No. 37 by A.'O. Jones, as an
evidence that, whilst reveling in their Bacchanalian
sports, tho Muses were uot neglected.
The soft melody of the mclodeoti
was invoked to inspire what spirits woul4
not.
CARPETING. i
We could not asccrtaiu the actual amount
of cacnatjng purchased or used, but the
blTfsrCTWeroiT amounted to se^vraPtfeotmNMU
dollars per annum. That some conception
may be formed of this cuoruious expenditure,
wo refer to the evidence of Mr. l'urse,
who measured all the committee rooms, and
offices iu the State House and cqjnuiittec
rooms outside, and testifies that it.jvQuld require
only 1,300 yards to carpet all of them.
!?.. ?ft ?- *i- ? *
iij ivicivuvu iu iiic account 01 etcwari,
Sutphcu & Co., designated as No. 73 by A.
O. Jones, and reported from committee on
contingent account, it will be fouud that
during one session alone they sold to the
State
4,G58 YARDS OK CARPETING,
more than one thousand yards being finest
Drusscls. Gen. Dennis and Scrgcant-atarms
Williams both testify/that the committee
rooms were furnished with now carpets
every session, which were carried away
in the spring of the year. Gen. Denuis
says he knows that some of it was shipped
to Massachusetts.
Women and Wink.?Of the worst foes
that wouiau has ever had to cueountcr, wine
stands at the head. The appetite for strong
drink iu man has spoiled the lives of more
women, ruined more hopes for them, scattered
more fortunes for them, brought them
more sorrow, shame and hardship, than all
other evils that live. The country numbers
teus of thousands?nay, hundreds of thousands
ot women who are widows to-day and sit
in hopeless weeds because their husbands
have been slain by strong drink.
There arc hundreds of thousauds of
homes, scattered all over the band, in which
women live lives of torture, laboring through
all the changes of suffering that lie between
the extrcmo of fear and despair, becauso
those whom they love like wine better than
they do the women they have sworu to love.
There arc women by thousands who dread
to hear at the door the step that once
thrilled thcui with pleasure, for that step
has learned to reel under tho influence of
seductive poison. Thcro are women groaning
with pain, while wo write these words,
from bruises and brutalities inflicted by
husbands made mad by drink. There can
bo no exaggeration in the statement uiadc
in regard to this matter, because no humac
luiti^iiiuuviuii i/iiu vrcuvuanyuiiug worse man
the truth, and no pen can portray the truth.
Tho sorrows and tho horrors of a wife with
a drunken husband, or a mother with a
drunken son, arc as near tho realization of
hell as cm be reached in this world at least.
Tho shame, the indignation, the sorrow, the
sense of disgrace for herself and her children,
the poverty (and not unfrequcntly the
beggary,) the fear and the fact of violence,
the lingering life long struggle and despair,
of countless women with drunken husbands,
arc enough to make all women curse, and
engage unitedly to oppose it everywhere, as
the worst onomy of jhoirsox.
CIIA Hon A KOIl ANI.MALR.-~It is difficult
todootor brute animals, because they cannot
tell what is tho matter with them; aud probably
threo-quarters of tho attempts made
to relieve them only make matters worse.
Generally they are sick from over eating.
It is not unoommon for a horse or oow in
. I 1 1 A 1- -?
iiiu puatuiu iu uut iw uiuuii green eiuver or
apple* ; or something olso disarranges their
stotnaohs; or in tho barn they will got into
tho meal barrel, and suffer from tho effects.
In nil suoh cases tho remedy is pulverized
charcoal. Take it new from the wood fire,
grind it, and pour it down thoir throats.?
H nevor can do any injury, and in hundreds
of oases it has afforded speedy relief.
There is no animal that ovor-eets so often
as a pig; and, as a rogulativo of his djgeslivo
powers, thero is nothing so good as
charcoal. It should always be kept in the
pig-stye, and in small quantities fed every
few days, and it is worth mo}* than the
same bulk in oorn,?JRc.
LAMAR'S TRIBUTE 10 TUli SOUTH
The following is the eloquent conclusion
of Senator Lauiar's recent speech. Althqfhgh
wij cannot endorse his views as to
silver, we qball not quurrcl with hiui. lie
is uu luuor to the Scualc, to Mississippi
and the South :
Sir, go ail t0fc way back in this country
and where have you found the steidy advocates
of free trade, the opponeuts of extravagant
taxation, the opponents of moneyed
monopolies, the opponents of those who arc
not capitalists, but who by Congressional
plunder seek to make themselves capaitlists
in the passage of acts for the curichmcut of
great monopolies ; who but tho Democratic ,
-" ST1"1*"' Uliwau of ai'iary ?l??n in iRIn nutn. 1
iry, tho farmer of the West, the merchants
of the North and the planters of the South?
Why, sir, were not the planters of the South
at the time they were denounced as bloated ]
slaveholders, as an effete aristocracy, always
considered as the eye of the Dv;Uiocracy
of the North ? They stood by them, and
with Jefferson and Madison and Jackson
and Polk. They always kept in tho interests
of labor the power of capital from in- |
terlaciug itself with the power of govern- (
im-ui, anu mcy uiu uraw tuc very ilistiuc- |
tion iu their influence and their power iu |
this government. (
I can never forget the closing hours of .
that power, for 1 was hero and saw it pass
from the hands of Southern Democratic |
statesmen iuto those who now wield the des- (
titiies of this country. I remember here (
on this floor the then distinguished Senator
.from N<UL J?ork (Mr. Seward,) who has |
since become more conspicuous in the c-?cnt ,
ful times that have occurred, declare that j
power had departed from the South ; that (
the sceptre was now taken from her hand, |
aud that thenceforth the great North, by .
reason of its superiority iu numerical power t
aud roll of sovereign States, would grasp |
this power as her own prerogative aud be- j
come responsible for the administration of
the whole government. I am aware that I
listeucd to hiui with impatience and perhaps i
with prejudice, and thought his spirit was <
too much that of exultation, not realizing ?
the magnitude of the great uudertakiug t
which was auout to devolve upon linn und 1
his associates. It. struck ino that lie did
not have the sadness and solemnity which
touch the heart of every gicat man when
coufrontcd with the great events and great
responsibilities involving the iutcrcsts of
untold millions.
I shall never forget the answer that was
made to hiui by a Southern Senator who
sat near where my friend from Indiana
(Mr. McDonald) now sits. lie was surrounded
by a circle of Southern Democratic
statesmen, which, inability aid purity, will
uevcr be surpassed in the history of this
couutry, whatever may be its glory?which
glory, I trust, will be always great among
the nations of the earth. There was .Jauies
M. Mason, whoso square aud massive simplicity
of character and purity, stand monumental
in our annals. There was his accomplished
colleague, Robert M. T. Hunter,
whose clear and broad statesmanship found
fit expression in a scholarly eloquence that
drew iuto the same admiring circlo his
fricuds and opponents in the same admiring
friendship. And then there was Mr. Slidell.
shrewd sud wise and prudent, aud by his
side sat j. P. Rcniatnin. whoso astuteness .
and skill, eloquence and learning, have since i
won him fame and fortune upon that high l
Olympic field of mental conflict, the great j
courts of Westminster. There was Robert |
Toombs, who never spoke without striking \
at tho heart of a big thought and kindling j
the ideas of all who listened to him. There |
was Albert G. Brown, from my own Stato, <
who never had a sympathy outside of the i
wants and feelings of his own people ; who t
yet was never overawed by their prejudices j
or swerved from his course by their pas- (
sious. t
There was another, Mr. President?shall .
I not be permitted to mention his name in
this free American Senate, which has been
so free to discuss and condemn his errors '( \
?one who has been the vicarious sufferer J
for his people; who has been in prison coll, '
the solitude ot whose punishment should '
lift him abovo tho jibe and jeer of popular 1
passion, whoso words will ever remain as J
tho sad and the grand momoranda, not of 1
triumph, not of defiance, but of earnest '
purpose, the siucore motive of tho gr^at
struggle for representative liberty aud con- '
stitutional government. Among these and '
surrounded by them this Senator spoke to his 1
associates in terms which I have never read 1
from that day to this, but which arc stereo- 1
typed upon uiy memory, and which, if the
Senate will permit me, 1 will repeat : i,Sirs,">
said he, addressing his Northern associates,
'wlint tho Senator says is true. The powir
has passed from our hands iuto your hands,
but do not forget?it oannot bo forgotten ; (
it is written upon the brightest page of history?
that we, tho slaveholders of the
South, took your country in her infancy, 1
and after ruling her for sixty of the seventy '
years of her existence, wo returned her to
you without a spot upon her honor, match
!_ 1 1 . 1 ? f t 1
it-ss iu ner spieuuor, incomparable in ncr
power, tho pride* nod admiration of tho
world. Time will allow what you will do
with her; but no time can dim our glory or
diminish your responsibility."
Sir, it is not my purposo to say what has
been done with it; the arraignment of the
Senator from Indiana (Mr. Vodrhccs) is
still before the country. There is testimony,
however, by a witness who uiay be regarded
as more impartial than he ; a judge sterner
than he. 1 will read what he says. [Mr.
Lamar here quoted from the reuiaks of Mr.
Hoar, one of the managers on the part of
the Ilou3cof llcprescn'.ativc-8 in the Belknap
impeachment trial, in regard to official corruption
in the Federal government, Now
York city and various States ; the cxpulsiou
of members of the House of Representatives
for selling cadets-hips, etc , and resuming
his argument, said Mr. President,
we, the successors of these men, are here today.
By ft policy which is a noteworthy
to mingle wUli * t li c^repr&KtotativeaTrom tho
States of,this Union in a common oouncil
for the good of this country. We conic no
longer ns representatives of the capital interests
of the South. Wo come, not as
lilies of the laboring men of the North, but
is laborers ourselves?every oue of U3 and
ill our constituents taught the stern lesson
if the necessity of earning our subsistenco
by the sweat of our face. But, Sir, wo
jouic with our convictions unchanged as to
tlio nA^AC?ltv Ap fV*?. 1'^ ? 1 1
--~j v/? ?...? muuiiug ciass ocing prelected
in all their rights aud all their interests,
lor when they siuk the social iabric of
society must sink and crumble with them.
But we come believing that they arc honest,
that they are self-reliant and true to their
obligations, and that what is their duty to
Jo they will feel it to their interest to do.
We have differed upou this great question,
but of one thing the world may be assured,
lll'4l no SoUlllCI U Ocualur, npiiocnling ilt*
Southern people, will give a vote upon the
one side or the other which is not designed
.o protect the laboring classes of this country
dike with its capital, or, on the othcrhand,
.hat will uot preserve untarnished the sacred
lonor of America. (Applause in the galerics.)
?
Smalt. Things.?In order to make faming
a decided success in the South we must
iducatc ourselves ia the way of giving more
ittention to the small thiugs connected with
he business. In other words, we must
iriug ourselves iuto the habit of "making
svery edge cut," and saving every thing,
? uiuvki huh lusigiuucaiic, Uiai comes WJthn
our reach. A strict adherence to this
ulc is what makes it pay at the North?
he main profit coming to the Northern
farmer grows out of his savings of small
things?a cent here and a cent there. Ouo
hundred of these ccuts make a dollar, you
ice, and very oftcu we might save a hunIrcd,
and not uufrcqucutly several hundred
jf them in a single day. where we now pcrnit
them to go to loss. One hundred <x day
vould be 3305 added to your year by profits,
ft hich would be no iusiguiticunt atfair, especially
to the person running his business
>n a somewhat small scale.
In times past, when everything was flush,
vo were able to get along reasonably well
vithout concerning ourselves about small
hings, so we allowed them to go by the
ooard, as beneath our uoticc. Finally this
became a habit with us, and we took upon
ourselves a kind of false dignity relative to
small things?thought it undignified to givo
them the least attention. Hut those flush
times arc not hovering, over this section of
jountry now, and hence a change must bo
aiadc, and the sooner made tho better for
is and for the South in general. To make
t mill I... .... ?~~l- I ~
V n.it vw uu t?Dy 1U9&, IIUWL'VIT. it cannot
30 inaugurated by one fell swoop, as it
were?the individuals making up our Turning
population must briug it on gradually,
jy comuiencing to practice it thcmsolvcs,
;ach throwiug ofl his false dignity without
egnrd to what shall be said by this "digniary"
or that. Each for himself alone most
idapt and live up to that adage which teach-.
;s us that if we "take care of the dimes
,he dollars will take care of themselves."?
Mobile Tribune.
Hints for the Orchard.?Pruning
before Planting is of great importance.?
Mo matter how carelully a tree may be taken
ip. a large share of its fibrous roots arc lost,
ind the top should be cut back in proportion.
Tho tree as reccivca from the nursery
will probably have four or five branches,
ind if pluuted as it is, only a few of tho
uppermost buds on oaoh brauch will start.
It should be out back to leave but three or
P 1 * *
ivui uuus un uncn urancn. INovices liesitatc
to do this, but it is all important to tho
future welfare of tho treo. At the same
tiu.c all bruisod roots should be cut back to,
souud wood.
Mulching newly planted trees is often
highly important, whatever will prevent
evaporation from the soil will -answer. In
some localities stones arc the most availablo
mulch. Uso bog-hay, pine needles, straw,
or whatover will covor tho surfaoe.
Oil Trees may be renovatod by cutting,
out the orowded branches, manuring, and
giving tho trunk and larger branches a
wash of ley or soft soap, and scraping.
Crop* in (he Orchard.?A young orchard
may bo cultivated with manured crops, such
[is potatoes and root crops, but when the
trees conic into bonring, they need all tho
soil to themselves.?American Agriculturist.
It's tho cooper who does n staving business.