Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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.7 .~w. _____ __ VOL. XV. (KN. S. C.. TiI URSDAY, AUGUST2, 86 FORSAKING 'IlE OL,) T ils. PGENKItAI. .1IIa3ON IIAt4OOI) I *i,AI) FORi A MtIXI:1) E IstNi i. An I,say Rend Iefure the ttnte Agrietnilurni Society and the bln l: Grange at TI eir . o nt bnuner Neehing ou AngaYt -1, 1SMU. It is doubtful whether, iii all 1.11( time since South Carolina was the hunting ground of the Indian, any single lifthl of a century has witnessed within her bord ers a relative progress in material welfare equal with the last. It needs n1o comn pilation of statistics to show this. Look at Columbia, the beautiful city iii which you Ao holding this sununr meeting. Compare her in ]86i, sitting amid ashes and her population feeding on the refuse cattle of Sherman's supply train, with her condition to-day. See her waste places rebuilt, often more substantially thr n before; her homes onco more stir rounded with the comforts of life, and ler pcoplo on the streets and in the marts again steadily asserting themselves in the battle of life. Columbia in this but represents the State, and i11 the de gree of her rehabilitation does not more than equal the general progress. The uncomplaining fortitude, the illcoIpara ble energy of the South in the struggle to restore her fortunes, b roken in the late civil war, has been witnessed with admiration by a.ll,and to my mind presents as much of the heroic elemnent as any thing in her history, from Stuter to Appomattox. A(iICUL1TUt(AI. DElPCESsloN. Yet, notwithtstanding this successful progress, and at its close, our agricultu ral interest finds itself depressed, the chief product of its industry selling at best with no sutlicient margin of proiit, and often, in individual cases, at a point below the cost of production, which im perils the accumulatioln tit has heen made. The agricultral mnind is earn estly and with justice deimianldintg the reason why. It has been suggested that it is to he' faund in onerous tilllnial legiattion ald , wasteful pullie expenditure. Others, going deeper into the alnlaly:,is, have sought the chief cause of the truhle in the faulty business system upo n which , our indutstry is ba>tsed. 'here iis prllaps truth in both these suggestiolns, and each deserves attention, butt as to their rela tive and practical importance iln the col sideration of a meeting of S outhi Caro lina agriculturalists a few thoughts occur. The taxes paid to the Geieral Government, indirect tihouglh they be, are probably the largest levied upon our pursuit; but i> their levy and expendi ture we have an interest and et'ntrol in common with fifty lli ions of peaople. Indirection nakes it dilictllt to ascer tain what we actudly do p1; and ex tensive community of interest bothi comn plicates its eteet. 1uo oull special indius try, and makes the desired ch1auige hardl to accomplish. With an overwhehning1 voting majority at the polS, and with orlinarily a lasjority of 1etestItatives in the State Legislature, Stalte levies 11111 expenditures htv b een atndl remltain1 withln.)ur iinunediuate coutrol. The sill) port of (tovernmellt is at neces itv, bait every cent taken firn the taxpayter bie yond its econonlic and elheiut a(inllis tration is oppressive. Does tht pr-sent nla.nagelent. of the State (}overnlueut favorably meet the requtirelellts: of this proposition? I think it does. It is not pretelded that thert' is n r 1'ifr r - trenchment ad reom ith someVidi5211 special oppiotunlities of iobservationl it has seemed to me thaIt imiprovemlent mayfl bec sought ill thle directionl of a mI'ue simuple and a cheaper counilty aidmIinistr-a tion; of confinaing the disburlsemenalts of the charitable institutions (of t hie State, which exclusiv'e (of the intere st on ti public debt consiune one-third of the State lev-y, more rigldly to those who are propelr recip)ients of (11aty, aind ina mlak lng thec labor of conv~icts a1 sourle of iln comec, to the relicf of thet taxpalyer. Thec inequality obltainling iln the( assessmenclt for taxationl and1 tiae failire oft tile for feited land1( laws to enlforce tile collection of taxes oplerate inIjust ice lad dlemland redress. All (If theise maIly be looked to. When ini positiona to dlo so, I halve mayself urged thleml upon11 thle attentio ofl our11 law-malking power; bu ht it, hias InoIt 1been2 4 ~indicated where retirenehmenlit an ii reformn to ani extenIt appreiableti iln tis connee1c tion, cana go further lit tis timeh withlout im my judgmnent imlmi211ring t hie elliienelev of the pulblic adminlistlrat ion, orU eiutif mug e3xpenlditurmes in tile best inltersts ad the peopIle. Be thlis als it mla y, hlowever take things as5 thley tiad, anii let 11s conl sider. Thie State anid ordiaary county taxes, together with the tIwoI-nll school; tax, are, one year With1 anaother1, ab ott 4 ~~ten mills, upon01 a valation ohf prlopert v at littlo.over one-half its sellin11g ieIl-; and estimating them per clapita theyar about one and two-thlirds dolllars to the~ plopulation, Hlow mulch can11 theo bulrdenl of such a1 talx afi'ect any~ healthy~ indusiitry~'? Now subItract fr-om the soni tuls talkeni fromt tile farmer wvhat lie must ptay for an1 this be niot suchb, and you hlave the meas21 4 ~ure of pracetical reitrenchmn1it; 1but ini t infinit-esunal proportionis of thle savinII made1 wVhien distributedi IlIllI til iii vidulll fairimers have you fontid laall;lt relief from thec widespr-eadi depre-sa,ion (of .IThiere are other lassessmlenti upioni the miduastry of the faime and( 11(ilis upon his lanm which pass5 undaer the nm.me of andI al-c colected as taxes. Theise haeing in no0 just sense taxes, blreed con fusiola ml thle poplarll muma as to the amniait of taxation. I allude1( to county and town1 rip suibsciptiOns to1 railIroads. They are simply b.usm1essil mvestmnents made bty thec county or township upon11 bus5jine.' cons5ideraItions; stock in the railroad(s is always given il r-eturnl foi- the( (lsbscip tionl and expected imprlovemenits ill tile pr-ol 'cty oIf thet susib)Clier is a1 furlther others, arc somletimecs Wise, andt s(om1e times not; but1 it is Well to elassify thenm c'irectliy. If a farmer- ibuys a nlulie, anil the puirchl'U asmoney is collhected through an o.ficer of the laiw, it is not taxes, be cause the oflicer happens also to1 be the tax collector. The farmer hlas acted in his imdividulal capacity upon11 his5 own re sponsiiliity. Theo profits of the trans pection tare not to be0 credited t oodnn government; nor its losses charged i maladnl istration. TilE REMEDY. Without ignoring, or I think under rating, the efflet of financial legislation, either Federal or State, up)oni our agri cnlturc, I aI of those who find that thc (lief cause of its )rescnt (el)reS:iol i' the faulty system 111)011 which it is di rected. Of this systeml it has been said that it looks to sending abroad every thing that we produce, andl bringing back everything that We CoIsuIe. That with it home Comm11erco iS nothing; ex ports and im)orts everything. '1'hat wiieniever our caital finds investmenlt outside the farm, it is inl raiiroads made necessary by this system, and whose oh VIOIs iliterest, lying in seculring the longest. laI of the largest freight, is to intensify it. And finally that under it the p)rodueer is given over to tho rule of thmat class of busilncs people who ate occupied mnerely with the distribu)ltioll of the products of labor, addinig value to thcm only b clituge of place, ad that the mierchant and( the trans)orter have it all their own way in it>)l crtionin)g the avails. Tliils may be too trenchant criti cism, but we are compelled to a(lmit that there has been limnch force inl it in the past; that there is too much force in it 10w; an(, until it substantially Ceases to alppily to our methods, I can see 110 tbid ing prosperity for us. We are too ex elusively devoted to agricidture, and our agriculture is conined to too limited a range of production. The stanuing in junction of the agricultural journals, ''Keep the boys on the farm," is based upon fallacy. It should be, ''Send a full proportion of them from the farm." P'u't' them to developing the resources of our forests and mines; send them to the trades and occuplattiOns which will SuPply It holne what we buy from abroad. biiikl up nanufactories of any and iverythiug for which there is demand. I nvite capita1l to embark upl)oni these in lustries by favoring legislation. Thus increase the class of 1)rofitable CoIsuIm .'rs, and make for the farmer that home market, which is for him the best of all iiarkets, and without. which he cannot liversify to its most profitable extent the products of his farm. The markets irsad, the farmer finds the circle of :om)tpetition widening as lie goes, and he s handicapped with freights to an extent hat contin1C his sliplm<n its to special tnd not always his most ,rolital lie crops. With us the list for exlortatiou elbraces for the larger part of the Shtte but a ;ingle item, cotton. Rice takes the place .f cotton in a small section, and there is ;tline talk of introdueinlg tobacco as an udditional so-called money Crop. But what we want are the consumnlers to take, mld the crops to ie sold, in the home muarket. Fresh meats, the products of the dairy, fruiits, vegetables, live stock :tre tralisported with a difliculty and at. .1 cxl)ense which limits the distance to which they can be sent, yet it is in the pr1'o(luction of the most )crishable of these that the farner finds the moc st re mnlterative results of his lhbor and the largest increase in the value of his land. An acre devoted to market gardening, near a city, will rent annually for what will buy the fee simp)1le to live acres de toted iin this State to cotton; and when live stock is the object (the least p)rofitat b)le of the 1roductS entumerated, b)ecaIse lhie least perishable and the easiest trans ported to distant markets) a Kentucky line-grass farm will rent or sell for t.htree timles as much per are ias a cotton 111111 Lbtion. \itIout going further into these gen Lral c( )nsiderations it does scul to Inc that t he progress we have made since the i 'evastat ion f the late war has I ben, not hee m)ise of, lut despite the system upon wliclh we have \ worked; that the depres siton we are lablorinig unider is the legiti mate conisequecnce (It that system; and that as long as we adhere to it we will ('oitiniue to have our per'iods (If ('lation and1( free expen iditure whieni the price (If oiur single nmney (roll, from cauises p eriodls otf despondency ove '1 ramnped resources, when it is do(wni. Wie (cannoit, it is tiue, escape the vicissitudes (If sea sonls, nor eivadIe the( primal0 curse; buit we must 110 longer loo0k .so exclusively to foreig mi varkets, uorI in anly any:1 mark1'et suispIend (1ur1 fate upon11 a single'hirl. We miuist, bly diversifyinig the pur11suits of our pelei, enlarge thme home mairket, that alone fully rep)ays the farmer's hirmi we nmust recognize the law~ oif chaniees, whicb is as rigid as aniy oIther impI)osedl upon11 nature. Like thle inisur ianee mni, We mu11st spriead ourii venitures oIver1 aL broad surfalice to hope toI r'eliz/e a reaisonIably certain pIrofit. (Cire(instances someictimles forbidl a miixedl husbanlIdry and1( compel iadhierene t', the (lnet crol s,ystemi, but in no( sectionm (It this State do( such limitations exist. Ini tihe (coast region, bes5ide thme vailuaible crp of rice and sea island cotton, easy ecess to large centres of poliationl umike muarket gardeing more or less practicealle on every farm, and the uiaturail pere'nnial plasturlage of cheap, iuimproved ighiland(s andl swiamp, Coam b ined4. with a el imiate reqiuiring no( winter she(lter' for stoc'k, gives oplportunities tin surpas~'-sed eveni oni time Westerni pllains for time addhit ion otf pastoral far'mling. In the lmiddIle sect ion (If thme State, bletweeni Iii-watter ando thme falls (If thieriver's, and1( in that parit (If it whlich more1t (especially ('o1nst ituts th le cottoIn 1helit, 01n abnlost any on Ide p latatt .en1 nmy 1bet grown ('eh Soulte rn il stapl11I thalt is planitedi, andi all ofit h le cteeats. Thea soit seems1 speciailly a1dapted'4 to r'o(t ('1ops;I5 gardien vegeta hh-s and fri.its (o well. Thue soil, ai sandIy loan.1, i.: nt~ sol welil adapted to the liuanly 'i euivated( uirsses, bult vala Bermuuda is naiturialized. F0.; ia pas5ture glass the latter' is uneqalled' (In such h ave shoiwni thalt, hiigly feit ihz ed, it nariy r'esults. 'Theme is no1 que1(.1ion (If the sulcc(ss (If thle Means graiss forii hay unlder slimiilar' cir'cumstancles. IlTe vai with siich facility inI this ;egillnI tait, 111111r tIhe systemi of prieserin~.g by~ e'nsi huge, the ntecessity of hay frn n madows for hlome use( is done away oithI. G oing~ above the fails oIf thel rivers fromn thence1. to) the moulntaiuns, everywheinre are tol be1 found pIlanitations5 with bottom Imand enloulgh for hIav and c.>rn, level lanmd enotigh for small gj-ii and cotton, and1( bIrolken hillsides, once fertile but now less remunerative under tho lough, yet p)roducinlg good natural nastinmg -a canIblo of being b)rougtt, niidcr the hoof of the shep, to the highest condition of grass production. Tie soil and elimate of this part of the State are naturally adapted to all the grasses that are culti vated. lnl situations away fromi water courses, (and they are few,\ where alluvi al lans sttlicient for lme;tlow are not found, the general character of the country renains the same, and, as in the middlo re gion, ('tnsilage mauy sllhuppleetilet iany defic iency in l:my prodnet. Such a::e the varied agricultural capa bilities of our State, and the exhibit is nu der rather thiaii overstated. It is only )ec.tuse of the excitsive attention giveii to ci ton ithat tlihe im pressi iii ever eould have obtained that the cereals and grass es were in>t. suited to our sutrrouunlings. 'Tie er >p of Cornl grown by Dr. Parker, near ('o lnmb i:, 1im0d the crop of oats of Colonel Wylie, at Lancaster, remain re 51pct ivel,, the largest on reconi, the corn cro) reach ilig 2t1I) 1ushrel and the oats crol 181 b,'hls 11r acre. I)r. Rave nel's crop o f Bernuda hay near Charles ton was tetr. tioutsiand poiunds to the acre, excecdi 'g m ore tihan four-fold the average crop if the United States. ir. Clhlds, within live miles of where we are sitting, profita ly grows and sells with the Means gras s $10,000 worth of hay per aniuni. Ct )lonel Rioi's growth of lucerne in Fairfi old yielded tent cuttings in the season, i d by actual measure ment twenty-five .eet of growth. The Egyptian millet, a .luxuriant and valua ble forage plant., is cut from six to seven times and gives a to4sl growth of eight to ten feet. 'The market garth ,na near Charleston are unsurpassed any', here. Within the last four years the gro wth of watermelons for market has been introduced along the line of the South Carolina Railroad in Aiken and Barnwell Counties, and the profits have been such that this year five thousand acres are dcev. ted to the crop. Last year one farmer, Mr. Wethersbee, of Baruwell, sold one hundred carloads for ten thousand dolla in, finding his market in Charleston, New York and Cincinnati. lie informs me that his net return, the expenses of )1 -oduction being inchuled with cost of n iarketing, was something over .(i,00t). In the samte section of these counties, on the Ridge in Edgelield, and at othcr- points, orch ards are cult.ivated for the home and Northern umarkets with ei c nent success. In (ireenville and in other counties the culture of the grape upon a large scale is no longer an cxperilenrf. In short., whenever individuals or a neighb)orlood have broken loose from old-time tradi tions, the al>ility to successfully vary our agriculture has b_ eel conclusively shown. (11ASS .ND LIVE sTOCK. The summer meetings of our secieties have largely the character of experience meetings, and it is in this that in the judgment of many lies their chief value. Having been r(liested to do so, somue details inl my ownI experience of coil verting a cotton plantation irnto a farm of nixed husbandry, with grass and live stock as the leading features, will be submitted. As in all new depiartumres, mistakes were made, dillicultics elcount tered and losses incurred with which it is unecessary to trouble you; liit to save some younger lrother of the piloiugh, who is dissatisfied with exclusive cott nmi culture, from traveling the same path, resultimg methlods will he lreely giveu. The cxperimet was comnmned in 1878, and nmde ini the lpper lart of the State, on Sahuda River, twelve miles hv rail from 4he town of Newb,errv. '.tie lluitatioli containted near li thousiaid acres, of which about. one-half was creek and river bottom. Of this last ab 'out 30) acres had been cleared froim lifty to a hiunidred years and cropped chieflV in corn, without mnure. ''he high hlinds were hilly, their original growth Iiwere (oak and hickory, and the soil varied from a red to a whitish clay, with mlore or less lioo surface rock. T'im Se hiigh landis lad been nearly all cleared, cuilti - vate~d with little attentjin to preserving the land, and whlen beginming to fail turiied out to be grown uip in pines, to lie algaini cut dowin anid cuIt ivatedi. 'This process hiad been repieated at least thriee timies simnce the land was ini original forest. As a slave tlantation, it I imd b ieen prolitable ; a fter dmalncip at ion,un der an ill-devised systemi oif temmit ry, it had 1been un priotitablle anid th e properut v biecalmei much imupairedl. 'Te bilini imgs lad beeamie <iilapiidated, fences almost c gonei, dielches tilled, and the airab le him d cultivated ini patc'hes, a vigorous growt h of yoiunig lines over mo st of it. he uces talishmiient of ai miiadow, the restiontdiion oif ai piortion of thle aral e land to giood tilth, and the cutting down of puinies and shrubs oii the balanuce to piromo te the growth of natural grasses for i)xistuiraige, the alteration of old bunildings and the erection of many new ones, together with the putting up oif Iirst-class fences, consitituited the permaneniiiit oiuitlay. Live stock, tools and impihlemients haid also to be puieliased. THlE MEAJiOw. 'The mieadowv conisists nolw of seventy five acres of first river bo(ttomli, bing a pure alluvium. Stump~s and sprouts woero carefully erad:ttd, the hand flush ed close and deep with narrow onie-horsec ploughs, Be3rmud(a grass root.s sown broadcast and( ploughed in shallow, then heavily rolled t(o niake the surface as smoi(oth as possilde. 'Thle hest t imie for this work was found toi be from aftir frost in the ji.iig till li0t usilner wveathier set ini. Tihe anniua! weeds that spirunig up with the graiss were cut anid lakd~'( by hiorse-piower andi ciarted ioil the' land. Th'e mecadow is oIrdiini ly suib ject Iio frequent winter aiid occasional suniunilir overflows. ft hats received noi oitheir fer tilization, excep)t ini sonic small experi menltid ilats, none of wh ih ha Iive giveni satisfaction. 'The suninier overfhliw, if couumig just bef ore a harvest, is injuri (ous; if bieforeo the grass is tallt enocughi to lbe mashed downi by the sedliimnt de po(sited, aiid time (nuigh fior siub sequenamt rainis toi cleanmse the biles, they3 arue, li ke lhe winiter fresheits, adi vanitaigeious. When i the whole or aniy parlt of a (1rop is nioid ie d biy a freshiet it is p erfectly cleanised b,y riunniing it thiiough a niachinue com hihung a whippiler andii fan arranigemenit. Aftir flue mecaduw is fully set, say aifter tha secondll ,yiar, iniclinig the occasiion to live thusamnd pooiiils of1 merichiantable haiy my lbe ixpectedl accoiring to -eal wmis friomi sucih ai meadowv. Ampulei barun roo,Iima is ecessary tii nmikinig goodi hay; rauiroad or witir facilit ies for transplortai tioii to markellt are esseiitial. tiny, hlilky in n)ron)ortioni to vailue. will not beir' trllsportatioln for any distauco over 1 highway, tnd local railroad freights ap proximilte too closely thlo cost of cou veyanice by wagon. Water carriage i. best, and cheapest. 1en1 the location is not adapted to imarketitg the hay, only enioutglh should b0 hatrvested foi winter feed of live stock, and the rest grnAed oil' for1 summliler patsture. Indeed, the best iushantlmen ('onteid that if justice is done to the land no tay yhould ever leave the farm on which it is grown, except, ii tih shape of tleslh 1and bones. So far, with ily lieadow iii a few hun dred 1 etof a Iiilroad, an0(d sp(ecial con veinences for shipping, tle hulk of the hay haus gone to iitaiket, anil it is the lairge(st and1( mo(St remunleratli'71Ve martlket crop of the ft.im. I. havte hot be'en1 able, Sowever, to Itattugeou1:,ly send it for salte farther( thain to to Wns 'fr)4m c ixty to 11(i ludred 10ils away. iternuda, from its tentacity of life 1an'd front its well knowii elaiictii ias a pst in11 hin (i cr(ops, should be put for a meadow only when it is intended( to stay; anld Iwhee its stay inlg <1ultits are of ilnliense valute In1 (o marisul wvitlhl g1rs5ts that require rc s4('edin1g nI11( resitting 'vtry fewt- yarls. ultivtion, how\ever, is t sinu extent necessatry. liaurrow'ing bne1lits it, tand at tho roulgh scarii(itie tn eve ry otl t-r v1'71 withl at Nlharp eutlinlg inlstriloent 'that dotS n1ot dlistutrba thll sinl)othunss of the sod is odesiralk. TIn1111 far the ri'.er overilows secii slilcieint to k(e1p the nueadow product.ive. 'he seveitli ii eigith crops have been the largest, reaching each over 5,20) pomniuis er acre of hay, weighed when cured and balled for market. l'Olt\. 'IT'he seeond r'iver lo\v grounds ol this; place tire a cold tenacious clay, reqtuiring thortught drail1age, and fronl long culti vati(tin detuiett Iii liuml us. En tighi of this is set apart for corn cultiure, and the r'emailder t' "n into permllanent pasture Producing withoitut munure from twenty to thirty bushels to tee acre, fifty acreS annually under the p lo('t'i is enough in the general scheme. 'J 1is lii tere' ilternates with as niuch more eitt-er in tiprinlg oats or ii weed fallow, thus add ing to instead of decreasing the s1(1ply if InIttius. More thau one year in wee'l 1al lov iijuire s the Iilthll for the next s'ic tecding erop 1bV the litd 1ecomtin g ho f<ml. Corn is a puoor iurket crop, tr1(on blesomre andl waiste'fl to handtle, and no more, ihterforc, is growI tlion enn ie prolitlbly ld. Very little of the blades is gathered for forage, sometimes none. It is too eXpensive and is not needed cx celt as a change to hardworked or sick Ilolses. Spring oats ar'e pli- 1 in ittatition wvlit cornl (In th e se5'o11 l ow gro unds; faill oats onl highblitn ro mtation with cotton. lil the cottuln rotat tite ld is sown idownVI intulediartcly 11uon harvest itg the oats i11 1te1ts, fertiii:.cd with eithei a1sh clemleit or kaintit. Whiei the pet: tire nuittnre.d, hogs, aind no1 otther stock, are plsturei, not. tItti closely, 11p0 themi. h'lie value of the peas to the hogs is esti matted at aiouit the cost of the pea atn( ash element crop, leaving its ammliorat ug value as clea'r gain. ''he cotton re ceives two lundlred( lishels of compo1s in the dr'ill, wh ich is foundl to bet al muel ils :Ill lie a<lv:litttgt4isly ;;lideul to the aire in lliit, wiy. 'lir' oits ('14<), 11eithl ' spl'IICi lul no uf ll, r'eClIVl's 1 t]1u111e. Tl.'t' crop is thlehed as s<on its hirvest ('(, lotlh to seclre eeil nlily in fetding the grinii lt<l lI e:ueftl1 Iosing to save thie stralw in1 tin- bsst eondit"ion for win ter forage. ('ut whii not over-ripe ai1 51red5 withoit or wit hi little rii, it is valuialble. Slt, in1 ltting it awav, makes it imoire paltabr.hlt to stock. 'Thie vicld of( ots luis vric ied with seas ons rom lii wetntv'-1iV to fot Iy-seveni bushiels idile in 1ei7gti is Etiiate jtheiaverage Iih itoft i iot it ithe South I t t1lo lunslt li n '~ (t.'i (If nete an iitii- cost. >roduct kipn ait'9 elts per' i ound.ii iMr. 1-lItderon,ii f i,t the sso ere agrid urei-( in w hioga, it iuotd asping he rip fii 9lat yea ii cmits at tui seatoeta, l~>e sutei of iline t:iadi'he pertli uthltt c'roli.: tais ltre trhat.that in ttcri, :atit thei Soth cotn- c oubt -llstind iate of] is noleiits on the'thastis of tlit rth of live ution.k, land ofrte itto ties oft xpenl-st, hlweer,~I ar e itiettan wito a lhir ti)'hav 11( os ler(p<illi ' leyes.~* ' is'i In Jhuumond's tiad-Hooki >f Sutah Car.otina tr ltiven into itail itre iOxpte nd lf t wu-crp tgrown intis 1uiy lniiingtNewborr olfti t400 noe of lent ladn '.'in Fli ld (If tlit pttound to~ the we; thett-it ot i cenm the lasl1os titd yith-es limi pon.t the sam ose iei liketi for-t ; nyui own itisfacetio ai -arefly nsaerutihthter.ro o h'isN farm; tihl, btterAN ta usal, susi-iit pounders of iitt tha acriand tie etti--J i etnts per poand. iTllmsli(i iLie bhow rthat,ithy midtdlngs rulingi 5 tlthromitt t 0etsa the e I sleports :otiton it itse.l enn r b rops proitabh :trop.( Analyzig theot) ut aitmof ees, -tn myg accontas fi i thth 6-0i cents tidifr pldioug aimat. The fodr soiling, and rye and red clover fr iz ; ing, aro sowi. Though good for this pni1rpo8(, ryO dloes Iot>t L( a1s well 11a o1 the 1(IY l411s of the lower coullltrY. J3arley is highly renunerative for e:t-ly sprilg soiling, and r1 (l((Ver ls)w.' at:; a 8eparate (rop) onl Il usre la nd hans J1(-ver failed to catth, 111111 toes as w'ell a I 11U'e CVel' seell it ill Vi'ginia or 1\enl tucky. 110111 fort y to h Ity a1C(re'8 lre now sot asid. for these crop,s. 1', S(1'1L2 (1V. . here are, as stated1, seventy-flve aere:s in Iea(dOw, 011 hullndre(d 1e1i'r's in ('(orn cult(ulre, Ii fty being )lmtc(d alt e1intte years8, Cightty- ncrre in fth'e(ott((n and( ouIt rotattion, a11( :uay liifty 11(res in smatll er("op s. 'The rcelltinder1 is ptermal nit" pa1stur(' or forest. (t' this near ft)ta'res is rrcently cultiyatt'al 11m, (both hot toms1 andl highhl:li, or highblunt knon with us as ''ol Ichl!," nipon which all the' Short-l('aV('d in( huits bet"n ('u t downt and1( the' y'oilug decritons 1I.sa left. for shadit. 'l'his constit uites the slller paisttles. Its ('nltiv:t ioln) e ut>mists ill keepling; down'l shr"ub gr((Wth 11n1111 an - 1ntllt sp(ring scorchi'g (il of (h tal g;raas. Underct th1is treUlnilt theI I soil If naturall grasses li:ts st'ili i n p111 r(oVet I. It (': m ri11s, intchling (atltle, she('p, hogs m110 colts, soe:t' 1ie hlunitlle t tm,2of sto)k. A selnratelyI\ fenced( pa1s1tlt' is neceesm'y for thc luigs dluringf the 11mnhiin: 5easo,1. In iitt, wVilter tihe gleaitgs of the corn Iiels, the af'1(1-riniath! of the inte:a1(W 11114 the enneblrakes of the swaluu} forest, (wliclh ar not. grazed iin 51111111 um er,) are at v'alutable resoutrcc. su11:1;1'. Conileneing with Ilty nmt jye nl1 Ii f[y S< 1itIltowal ewer, 1 tl d t:tineks1111( Were r 'edt to theni andut l l 'l t Iltr Iro(;(ny foI) r four yearcU'. T'wn a11 purne bre4 tiothdlown' 1mekl was; p411utit the' flock andl recenltly at K)hropshire has been(1 addled, the broant-tiled1 bcin\u itllitwu t" the sttnle extet. 'T1h nloiber ('f breeding ewes 11 inlllcrealsed to ne1' three hundred. ''hese were fotuntl to be too mlly, andt two hI111red1 ad1(Ipte1d as the right niunlber with ulilt furt h1r 11r Vision of slecia Il ptstunage. '11he Iliok hms bcen kept p rinri!tily fur the J1Lainh 0111rket d111(1 the 1' rouc111' of 1(1 ila s4r ollt'y' ob,ject. lilrrnl ('es i.l nle1 fur sale; br1eedling ewes ha:Ve be(n gener" ally' kept as ln la:,tb hey tw I' ar i(.. In ri th 221 tltrete sh f1 h:i lt'e 1e1 l st hvl,t tiogs, t1e byt' h, th[i. 'lhere aIs1 1b4en I little seahl and( other(di,ealse of a1 sp,oradlic einaracter. No (pIdem'lie of :t11y k:ind(; $01me deatuhs fro ccideni, w.nie fn,u 0ld age, and1 : litw fr"om ui1n2('1n eaulses. T1he loss of grln sheep fru1n ll these cause's huts vartieds I l1 r In : t ),lr (('nt.,, with an1 avera' o1 less tn :> p'er t'ent2. The mlunelcr of h1151h(5 relared ill )(roJ,u tion to ewes has aV'ra1,' (I i 'r cn tt. 1rom Cr1'istmae till m11bt le If' It ( p ilm( Ilodck receiv'es as unmeh h15 1' i, ll tt.a 'le 1 11t ighlt, wtith, 1 1 sm !, :1 1,int e:' cotton 5ee11 ne n:iht 114(i1t OR' Iwar'e tur nipJ slicel up1W the ncxt. 11 other' tiuos it sbtsist ulLipont the list12 urg( ht''ci . r(' inditt'd. From1 ear'ly sp ring;, unt i ChIristu 1ts the shetep arC lturdllcd in open I IOVabl e11s; i 1'1nter ttte ltare 1 1rdell at night iil uon li t er' with she'ds p2r1'te't!i that they can utse at ph-tasm-'(. Cttle h:tr }>een br'ed chietly'lt h> el 1lt1( il 1'l'' 11 2~91111 112 l i ' '14 :2''(' 'It: 2 t a11' ll the i 111k 1)tI 1t h:(n- (!:I:: . {ecently1 a d:airy' i fr lw' :,al t hfabtt("r ha1s bn un(ler{tak(1n witht:tc 1s 1thu:; tfar1. H1ele( c(11 11111 rowlt w re 11 i 1t at I)'\voni ll w111 tithi at I;rahm n lin en"(I. T.2I'' hal-rd-Il hci'ters w'ere brel It ' si)1. h o lts 1 2 1111 I t i ll I;t 11il 'I .-.tti:, it' horn2111' hull w12Ilith litniIIr, : t' no0W at Jlure-b,red1 )-vou is l,tin1r1 l: .I fT'he rIsult hits b1e4'n1 raptid1 impn>ovtIe1tnt anIo haunlsome her<1 of 1'ner!lpurp,;' catttle. o lurther rotsn, s! i I , . . . ti l t ed.12( J'il von Oll' l s 2 i.2 le I i' ('222 futunl. Abou1 It ('I2t lwl' of11 2:itl ke t. 'Ih sra1e > 'n .,nw se 1222i keepsI f ern It12 :21Iu2 froni th 2ennebrlit 'Th,.x2 withi thell shetep 11 2221 . I ur In , h2 b112 is lug b122n1 hOt i af2(1 t ir lt I i. ut u(lni. Te ize of11l9' iJm i n iii 1222 11.9l 11: ciic l t< 12lu1t'9 < 2 22,11 jy, i'i i , , ttrtlls' u 2 1213 t !ut''I''t lI ly tunlrOtt 21h21 1is n)etl u poit,k119. :1 t i 1211iwi wrib e2 t o12lbe1~ the 1( equilentof a2ti1(:t 1(11 112r 12igh122 hun'ded1 tond 11 f JItIr. .t -2e Wet' tiier, andth permo iuiencys. of thin.c work he done promptly and as thorough ly as po,ssible, it will, including material, h,e about 8 per cent., and the remaining 7 per cent, will express the insidious ellect of uge wlich repairs short of re ('litrulction eannot reach. Th'1esecalcu hitolls are based upon careful and judi 01o115 use, and shelter at all times when iot in the ield. 1Al1Io1lEn5. One active and reliable negro has clarge of all the live stock, including work aiiunnds when at plsthue. lie has a colle to assist him. Other lahborers arc n>t alhl>wed to keep dogs. About three fourthts of this man's time is thus occu lied. Ikside the manager, one whit4' nu1 is foreimant anl. as sistant; six negro lb11or(1, inclinilg stockmnll, are em J)oyed b)v the year. Jol labior equ'(liva lent t4 the work of four laborers for the ycar is hired at diflrent seasons, as tiedetl. CONO! US ION. Undor this systemn separato accounts with eacl crop show that, por acre culti V1a ;1, l1V iS the mlost piroitable; oats net\, eottotn next, 1111(1 then corn. Of Ihe live stock, inl lrolortion to capital ii \et " in e:at'l , hogs, sheep, cattle, coIl!I, Itmve' pr1OVen rennrtnerative in the 0nit'r 'ied. lah1 prodtct of the farm, IttWOVer, Sup p nlements thle other, and .1 1i1 b)y n1o 111eanls suire that a larger devel opimenit of anlty one woul(d not, under preisent .onlditionls, injuriously aflect its standing as given. What has been writ ten of this experiment" is based Ipon the diatat of the preV"iouts eight years. 'I'he unl) p'ee('('dented rains and freshets of the last t wo( months of this year have b)een ditiigin gly felt. there as elsewhere in tlis an5d loljua'eut Staitnes. It. is tot) early to slauk positively, hut I. have reason to think that in the face of a collon eullumity the result will confirmtt the ldage I lht ''It. is best not to carry all of ((url eggs inl the same basket.' ('O ( l'l":I N 1 I(W110 iO"I' I'Y. Mei rchant of , t tht ('npiln Iln m' i onnt 'I'ITemn (/ntt ant nre Careful. (\V w J :int n No t in 1'ittsburg Dispatch.) 1 no (1e('1' lu 1 iigs Can he seen abiOlt flw ('apitatl during the last days of the us.ion. ( )11e of the (lueert'st, is the erttwd of ollt '(ctor5. (oing to C'oi 1es 1iSIy le ani lonlor, but it canillot lie sail to ui:tk' 111(11 lon1oitb)le. 'l'he aver u;;e of lead 1iea t s in ('ongress is quite as great us outside. ( )n the last days of the s ssi.n you will find a swarI of florists, livery stable imen1, hotel and boarding 11httuse keelers, conlsi.abiles and profes 510na5l 'ollctors, swlrinillg thelcorridors, looking after (elin(uent. members and tryin$ oct t4 (stell themt iii the halls. There are nituilbers wiho systeinatically rob let-1 :uil lu1th erlashert and all sorts of trudn-1 right anid left. Nothing cain 1le:llly done wVilth a ntmmber of C'on re fir oihbtinin'g l.ton"ey lnder false p5 ins( , thttugl. :t is It jailabale olftfese I 11e11 ('om)ulithed by eoim111oni pcolle. 1Th1 onlyv remledy is to make the transac tio0 kliowni. if the records of the Con gression ial' dead( beats could ho printed1 a gootid luny people ll wonld b astonished. '1he 11151 reekless prodigality in luxu 11, sulch as carriages, flowers, wines, t' gurs, iec., is the usual life of the (Ion r(5sional h eatt. Th'1ere areo poor men01 : 1 n h11lre w 1( \ holhave en tered to t iw S' 111/111 t41r wuith I he ilea that men hIbllig 5111 11(n1rabI:le lositiolts must 4"i ne. .ty 144 holas1 5, who IaV(: tried in a it4 t t"ilet wti is due them. These t i m ; u l ytt 1t."IiiI sutl "r Ifor the n('cessabries tf1 , li: uhl h 'ongrssiote nldebtors m11 :lingLIt 1tnen of weatlth in high living. 'I I I . it -at 1i at-a1us' o (lir (ou :1 tell a n-111u Itotry of b ogtls rheeks, dlupli 'i 5t 1ra141 1 t1' ill 4i1 11v 1 t obl ligat uionls--a 1. 4141" ''4I 441.hi4', to prinet. ' alThe tit.'': ba relula tag eveythe uAr .4hop 11 II, wou4ldeshnt repeay the ill r. 41 . I wash ol in t he iilice at ia ' ih other day,2 a bouitli' a ll for, a coupe when a4 Nortlrng Congress I !ht 1n't got (in, (h-nera11l" id that : 111ut, 4,hhu 4'hly. "Norylilverythin A I11l tlleli as44lw 'inhetgrment awa the '(Iii1oi l io I w lili 111t4 e ive tole. -4414 41~ ', alliiight,"ie i irlma lrd; i "we'v. ut1410 s of1(4 1arrage ltity he's ai deado bi It 1(044r4 pai ii for li1 anytiieg. ofy t14 1i114hlll illait hini ither to) .mu~ Il.e0 Th1e4 alft ther an!" r ' <-tl re nty11-i 4 uch Jiijiiltr Con-r il 1 ,1 <iit,ler aI tInb:r wlie've Staes . ilie xxften\li I-ti 4'ilt ofj iluI. ir eo Th 14 11 y ar Ith worAit eutomer11stain that I han 1l4iwir cllot. you.4( can'iarest cand 14unish 14 theI; youIII lui't n garnshel their 114ah 44111rieshi. lIrste give1t itm ts41 lveS \111ar verldy it refll andlit ing ( - 1I 0' 14 i ', ~ 'iS e liVilou!" t,Ye 144Ii ear 41o111hty' o the story of- airoy hit factory ii geiralic tha let o fi. li Sl(t f14(w a wonerfllinl i. Anew hote lt b. en lb-d1 this urwikl' touse, tile be1ing buils ('4t4 l f4 41'i Y11 ., aI I t a' le t o11(f 1 25,00 toir i : i,00 As fornir Troy1414 lanypoirl ise tin-44II eptist ((in th i 1 ventur, al1Sthugh win,v I II 4' is th14)stens il poi. e tor. 's l ir 44anoI is 4Mrs.I~ lIin1r1he1 Churchill. She145 torw adtg hmhnashsadCn TIlE IIEAT EVOIUTIUN T'IAL.1 Dr. Woodrow (leared of the Char4e of Here.y A Statement of the (ase. (From the Auguta Chronicle, Aug mt 19.) This is the first formal arr.ignment of Dr. Woodrow in a Court of thp Ohurch authorized to try his case, although .his peculiar teachings have been -reviewed and criticised in every assemblage of this denomination. He has been'oleared of the charge of heresy, and escapes even the admonition which was the ni1dAt form of punishment ho could. have re e' '"cd, and which, I believe; would have been the penalty selected by the prose eution. The case will be taen, on c9m l)lait, before the Georgia Synod, wnich meets at Sparta in Noveml)er, and as this body has been against Dr. Wood row, the verdict of the lower Court may be annulled. But annulling a verdict of not guilty does not establish a verdict of guilty, and a now trial before the Pres bytery could have but one termination. So much, then, for Dr. Woodrow's ecclesiastical chtaracter. Three of the four Synods controlling the Theological Senary in Columbia may, and proba bly will, vote to turn Dr. Woodrow out of the faculty in accordance with the recomnmendatioin of the (eneral Assem bly. That', of course, will sever his con nection with this institution. Dr. Wood row's point was that he could not afford to resign under fire, and that, as he has been cleared of teaching error by the Court having jurisdiction, he will remain until ho is removed by the formal order of the Synod. As Dr. Woodrow has two large publi cations in Columbia, and as lie occupies the chair of natural science in the South Carolina Collegc, ho will remain in Co lumbia at all events. The features of the trial were full of interost. The two persons pitted against each other were prominent men. Dr. Adams, of Augusta, conducted the prose cution in a spirit of candor, courage and high ability. His argument was said by Dr. Girardeau to have been the most masterly presentation of that side of th0 question that has yet been made. I saw no evidence of malice or intolerance. It was the clean work of a man who did his duty in the most direct way, and did it well, It was not an enviable position that of lrosecutor. It was a contest with )r. Woodrow in his own field, among his old friends. No man knows bette)." than Dr. Woodrow what he does believe, and no man marshals his proofs so com pletely. It is hard to fasten error or to un pute heresy here. Dr. Woodrow says he believes the body of man was formed by successive steps through sueceding stages of lower animal life. The objectors say he does not give full credit to God. Dr. Woodrow says he recognizes God in the whole development from begin ing to end. The objectors say God created man out of dust. Dr. Woodrow insists that the exact )rocess of creation is not told in tho standards of the Church or in the Bible; that science is not forbidden to try to work out the problem, and that the Church should not set up arbitrary or iliber"al balriers. The personal character of the accused had its olect upoii the case. Members of the Presbytery had been associated with I)r. \ood(row for thirty years. They refused to believe him a dangerous man to the Church. Others of the ,younuger ministry had studied under him at Oglethorpo University and at Colum bia. They did not incline to the belief that his teachings werc heretical. All recognized him to be a pillar of intel lectual strength in the l'resbytery. It was not easy to secure a verdict of guilty against this sort of man. D)r. Woodrow's hiand(ling of witnesses was wonderful. lie has a trained and subtle faculty. Ilis mind is alert, and his output this tinme was l'iner in thread mag evidlence from thme stand than in making his appmeal to the Court. Hie is a skilled debater. The examination of D r. (Girardeau b)y D)r. Woodrow was tho keenest contest of the trial. It was clash of flint amnd steel, edlge-cutting anid sp)ark-thirowmlg. it was quiet and( in tenise. Both mien arc masters of contro versial forces. D1 r. Adams pr'oved the better advocate; D r. Woodrow tihe more adroit attorney. One is impu)llsive and( eloquent; thme other arid logical. D)r. Adams is full and florid, amnd his eyes shine with fire and nervouas force. Dr. Woodrow is quiet and collected, lie is precision itself. ii is face is pale, his eyes clear and pas sionmless1 and( his demeanor indicates cool determi nation. Bloth men 1 holtievo wocre born abroad and( arc of Scotch extraction. This meet ing might have suggested the array of Caledonian extremes. You might almost see Bruce and .halliol personified there. I was glad to note thme exchange of friendly courtesies ini the train this after noon. The personal relations are not disturbed. I think Dr. Adams has sus tainedl his reputation and( made frionds. eveni of his op)ponents. D)r. Woodrow has, of course, gained all the official ad vantage of the trial .ud proven his~ strength in his home Presbytery. Th'le vote on thte indictment stood as follows: Yeas (Guilty): Ml~inisters 4,, elders 5i; total 9. Nays (Not Guilty): Ministers 4, elders 10; total 14. A n Oh110 EIen. A dispatch fronm Springfield, 0., states that the decision of ti't school board, that colored children and1( wthiite children. shall attend seplarato schools, has made thme colored1 popultioni indignant. This is wrong. They ought to be too p)roudi to get mad. If the "'p'or white trash"' oif Ohio don't want to associate with the des cenIdanItS of African kings, let thoem go oil' by theimselves and lead the lives of "'p'or white trash."-Brooklynm Eagle. Now that theI gentle mosqfuito) hast reacihed tihe liveliest stage of her busiiness life, it shoiuld lie ia comifort to refined minds ,andl tendler b)odies to r'ead tihe app)lended extract fr'om Thloema: "I was ams much diecctedl by tihe faint hium of a mosquito 'naking its invisible and unimaginable tour broughi my amparatament at~ earliest dawn, vhern I was sitting wvith mny doors and whi.. lows open. as I could be by any trumpet lhat ever' sangr of fame It was Ilomer's equ1iemi;, itself anLI Ill iad am}ss Odyssey in lhe auir, singing its own wrath and wander. ngs. Th'iere wasi somuethaing co'2end about, t; a stdmg adlvertisemueo, all forbidden, >f the everlastinug vi'lpr and t'ertilhty of tty vend."