Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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DRoTRD To PLtIri7 mQBALITY, RDUCATION AND TO THE GENERAL INTURlUT OF TRE COUTY. Bv Do F, BRADLEY & 00. PICKENS._S. C.9 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 1,1881. VOL. XI. NO. 12. X WIEW' OLEANINGS. Mississippi's population has increased i :200,000 in ten yeare. South Carolina's cotton crop will be '606,209 bales of 400 pounds each. There are 3,019 prisoners in the Texa penitentiary. 4 The public debt of Tennessee is 083, 000,V00. There are 70,000 head of cattle and :35,0(0 head of sheep in Mitchell county Texas. Georgia has forty cotton mills, and they pay from eight to twenty-five per cent. net on the money invested. . An eighteen pound sweet potato is among the Georgia exhibits at thd At- r ainta iExnosition. A fig bush in Mobile, Ala., is credited 'with producing annually 300 budhels of wheat. Birmingham, Ala., expects two rail roads to center there within the next three or four years. 0 The city council of Knoxville, Tenn., has passed an ordinance preventing the sale of parlor or other explosive matches with'n the corporate limits. The Atlanta Constitution reprints an oold freight bill issued for the Georgia road forty-one years ago. Dogs and ne d groes were charged $3 each. Forty-eight applications for divorce were filed at Chattanooga from July I cc to November 1, and only 110 marriage a licenses were issued. The citizens of Sparta, Ga., have yot r paid any municipal tax for over two k. years. The retail liquor licenses have more than paid the expenses of the town. The cotton crop of Alabama for the ' present season, notwithstanding the drouth and! other disasters that beset it during the year, will not fall more than ten P'er cent. behind that of last year. The largest block of marble ever gotten out in Hawkins county, Tennessee, con- n] tained 135 feet and weighed 24,000 a pounds and required twenty-four horses to draw it. A bale of cotton was sold at Waynes hi boro, Ga., a few days ago, that had 200 pounds of sand concealed in the center of it. The negro whc owned it acknowl- ti edged the sand. Three lengthy, angular women passed through Rome, Ga., a few days since to a join the Mormons, They said the mis sionary told them they could get hus bands by going to Utah. Eureka Springs, Ark., by authority of Md the Governor, is now declared a city of ce the first-class. Within two years and Ji three months from, the building of the first cabiD, it has become second in pop) ulation in the State.o 4 ~ It is occasionally a long time between drinks in Texas. Local option is en forced on the road between Benham and Crooks, and for sixty miles the lawv .hJ doesn't allow the traveler to wets his ne lips. Opie Read's "Uncle Jerry" philoso phises: De ole time nigger is passin' * away. When dese ole bones is laidfr to rest in de narrow bed of eternal sleep, t my sons, wid dar young buckish ways will be goin' roun' declarin' dat dar fodder want nebber a slabe. Ito Chickasaw (Ark.) lMessenger: On the 1)1 morning of the election we ate as nice| 4 biscuits, in which the cotton seed oil was used, as we ever saw, and we here and now declare we take no more lard |m V ~ in ours. The oil is cleaner and cheaper "' than lard, and has a better flavor. John Greenwood, of Walker's Station, Red River county, Texas, offers $1,000 se reward for the return of a boy child 1p1 nineteen months old, white-haired, blue eyed, with fair complexion, which was taken from Shawnee Prairie, in that county. The child had a very dim sear h~ on the back of the left hand, and a scar at on thie left side, a few inches below the |tc arm-pit. Jacksonville (Fla.) Union : Mr. David Dyal, of Nassau county, Fla., has gonem to the Atlanta Cotton Exposition. lie took along with him, just to show whatt there is In Flerida, what he calla hi; walking stick, which is ninety-five feet fi long, is perfectly straight, hewn to an, mu eight square, and fifteen inches in (iam-| I; eter. He also took a cabbage palmetto p stalk, sixty-one feet long to the leaves, and with the leaves is sixty-seven feet lone'; also, a pine flag..pole eighty feet| al " long, a poplar flag-pole isixty-one feet t long, and a poplar stalk forty teet long 2~ and thirty-two inches diameter, eight |-" sauare. TOPICS OF THE DAY. Ai'roR's campaign in New York cost dim $200,000. Tim temperance tidal wave is cruising bout in Iowa, THE Government paid $40,000 for the rorktown celebration. SMALLWox is so bad in Chicago that n epidemic is feared. THIREN members of the next Legis. iture of Virginia will be colored men. EIGHTY newspapers published in Ne raska favor women suffrage. Tim wife of Mackay, the millionaire, ides in a carriage in Paris which cost 30,000. Tim word "grease" is no longer in de. iand. What is not butter is lard, and ice versa. THE mines of Colorado yielded $23, 30,000 last year %4,000,000 more than 1e State of Cai(rri, A WAR han been begun in Chicago or )tail grocery stores for selling beer by le bucket to minors. THE Irish National Land League of uis country has sent $127,835 to Ireland uring the past three months. STATIONARY wages, with an increased 1st of the necessaries of life, will have tendency to produce strikes. WITH malice aforethought " is what les Guitean. He is sane enough to aow that that sort of thing won't do6 THE simpler the ceremony the more Lshionable the wedding. Dame Fashion niles on the poor at last. IERLIN has a Sauer-Kraut Exchange. re thought the Germans would eventu ly corner that article. DAKOTA Territory, anxious to be ad itted into the Union as a State, claims population of 150,000. TmE Prince of Wales was forty-two !ars old the 9th of November, and he ien't sowed all his wild oats yet. SEVEN comets have bobbed up severely us year, still the old world rolls along ithout a jar in the same old rut. TALMAGE says when a boy isn't good r anything they make a preacher of m, and that is what ailes the ministry. IT Is expected that this country and exico will be in direct telegraphic mmunication with Peru and Brazil by mec next. INCLUDING magaZines and other peri icals, there are 11,418 publications in o United States. Of this number 982 e daily papers. WEIJLES, who attempted to blackmail .y Gould, is said to be respectably con eoted. That alwaye seems to let the iminal dowiu easy like. SENATOR SHERMAN wants a law by iha creditor may persue a debtor >m one State to another. He can do at now, if he so desires. THE White House so completely rn upside down by carpentems and risters, that Arthur is beginning to de air of getting into it. JEwniI refugees from Russia and Gezr my are flocking to America by the md~reds. It is expected that 5,000 will me here during the winter. Gov. JOHN D. LaONG, of Massachu tts, accompanied his Thanksgiving oclamation with an original hymn of ur stanzas, in common mneter. BnLAINE is worth $1,000,000, and yet s political ambition will not let him op ait that. "1884 " looks just as big him as it does to any one else. TnrE Chicago Tariff Convention asked r the abolition of the internal revenue, id dleclared for "a wise protection sys in." Tihis of itself is somowhat vague. Clov. S-r. Jonn, of Kansas, charges 0 Brewers' Congress at Chicago with Ithorizin~g the expenditure of an n mited amount of money to defeat the rohibitory law in Kansas. ADELJINA PATTI has condescended to rppear before the Cincinnati public in ie oratorio of the Messiah, December 3. Beer and music in Cimeinn'ati will )tinue to go hand in hand. STRANGE things get into some foreign newspapers. A Russian journal relates to its reader, that President Arthur is an Irishman who was driven from his coun. try by England's misrule. THu State Auditor of Indiania has been advised by Attorney General Bald win to open a war on the Graveyard In surance Companies of other States who have been operating in Indiana. So MANY boys in %altimore have been fatally injured th..ou'gh the handling of the " toy pistol " that a city ordinance has been passed making it unlawful to sell the article within the city limits. TaE fact is recalled that .Tudge Folger, the new Secretary of the Treasury, was one of the nine men in the New York Legislature in 1867 who voted in favor of giving woman the ballot. Luor D. FIsK, relict of Jim Fisk, writes a card to the New York Hcrald in defense of the charity of Jay Gould. She says he has always responded to her actual needs since the death of her husband. GurrIEAU may be insane, but at the same time he is sane enough to know thathis life is in jeopardy, and there is not a level-headed lawyer in the country who has a keener appreciation of the in sanity plea than he. CINCINNATI has figured largely in the Atlanta Cotton Exposition. You see, there is a railroad from Cincinnati to At lanta, and it is fondly hoped that as a line of transportation it will have about all it can uu ii the future. TirE newspapers published that Jessie Baldwin, of Youngstown, Ohio, had a quantity of gold in his house. Thieves went and blowed Baldwin's safe open and carried off his gold to the amount of $30,000. This is additional evidence of the value of newspaper advertising. GOD had commissioned Welles to kill Jay Gould, but Welles was willing the Divine command should miscarry, pro vided Gould would give him a pointer on stocks. This is precisely a parallel case to Guiteau's, with the excep tiona that Guiteau was pe-rmitted to ex ecnte the command. HENRY E. ABBEY has engaged Patti for thirty concerts at something over $4,000 a night. Those concerts will be divided up among the large cities of the conti nent. The highest price of admission, Abbey asserts, will be five dollars, with a sliding scale downard. PATrOTIsM, in Ireland, takes some curious turns. For instance, when a farmer pays his rent, a lot of patriots go and cut the tails off of one hundred of his cattle, in the name of liberty. How they propose to free Ireland with thee tails is more than we know. IFTHE word of a crank is of any force, God is appointing a great many people in this country to go about killing their fellow men. It wo~ should get in the habit of stringing cranks up as fast as they pop to the surface, there would soon be a cessation of Divine murderers. HENRY WARD BEECHER being adver tised to lecture before the Young Men's Hebrew Association, a correspondent of the Jew ish Messenger objects, because Mr. Beecher once said that the "ancient Jews hadn't much moral sense and Jacob's twelve sons wore little better than outthroata.* THE New York Christian Unilonr~paks in the highest terms of the devotion of Edwin Booth to his wife, whose death has just been recorded. " Evil-minded persons," it says, " would be put to shame if a statement of the character of Mrs. Booth's illness and the devotion and tenderness of her husband, were made publio." REwnLY we take compaisiorn on those persons who put so much faith in Mother Shipton's prophecy. Their con fidence in prophets is sadly shattered -md they certainly feel bad over it. Mother Shipton's trash, like herself, is now dead, and it should be buried very deep. Superstition has seen its best day by all odds. BEcAUSE Colombier claims to have written the Bernhardt book, Sarah Bernhardt takes occasion to remark that "if Colombier were a man she'd smash her head." Now then, wouldn't it looks just as angelical for Bernhardt to smash a woman's' head as it would for her to smash a man's ? Let the smashing go on. THE Protective Tariff Convention at Chicago recommended that the Presi dent appoint a commission " to revise our revenue system, including our tariff laws, in the interest of protection and for neoeded revenue," and passed a reso lution asking for the abolishment of in tornal revenues, In other words, it h~as asked for a revolution in the tariff s tem. MR. PRICE, Commissioner of Indian A ffairs, has at last shed a ray of light on the vexatious Indian question. He says we feed the White River murderers while we compel the Vintachs to largely care for themselves, and as a consequenco of this cause of treatment the Indians are taught to believe that if they are to get i favors from the Government they must refuse to work and commit depredations against the Government. It does look as if there was some truth in this state ment. WmiE boring an artesian well in the vicinity of Richmond and Carr streete, Cincinnati, a stream or vein of gas, was struck at a depth of eighty-three feet. < A "cap" was put on the pipe which had been driven down, and rivited to confine the gas, but the force of the gas burst the cap off. A pipe forty feet in length was then attached to the driven pipe to i convoy the gas from the building, and to f test the quality of the article a match was put to the gas as it escaped at the end of the attached pipe, when it ignited and a blaze shot out seven feet produc ing light equal to 500 ordinary gas burners. The phenomena is producing considerable excitement. COMMANDER CHEMYNE, of the Royal Navy, has delivered a course of lectures I in Chickering Hall, New York, illustrat ing how it is possible to reach the North Pole by balloon. Cheyne was an officer in three Franklin-search expeditions. He desires to be accompanied by Lieu tenant Schwatka. The idea is to go in vessels in the spring, until travel by that process becomes dangerous, and then to continue in balloons, three in number, each balloon carrying three men, a sledge, Esquimaux dogs, provisions, and instruments. The distance calculated at 696 miles, can be made in eighteen to twenty-fo*ur hours, at the rate of thirty nine miles per hour. Forced Marcbes. In 1757 Frederick the Great marched about 160 miles 20 days; and again, after Rossbarli, a little greater distance in 15 days, but lost 300 men through exhaus tion. In 1760 with 40,000 men and 1,000 wagons, he accomplished about E0 miles in 5 days. The same year the Austrian General Lascy, with 15,000 men " knocked off" 180 miles in 10 days. Prince Eugene, of Wurtemberg, to re lieve Berlin, made a forced march on ( the 4th of October, 1760, of 36 miles 1 day. This latter does not approach the feat of the Sixth Corps--35 miles in 19 ' hours. It may berememnbered by many of those who served with the Army of the Potomac that Birney's First '(Red Diamond) division of the Third Corps had won for themselves the nickname 1 of " Birney's Foot Cavalry," and this ' title was subsequently applied to the Second Corps after the Third Corps was combined with it. In regard to the Third Corps, Army of the Potomac, the writer feels that it deserves equal pre eminence with the Third Corps of the French Army under Napoleon in the campaign of 1806. Of the latter orgarni zation, Marshal Davoust said to Napol eon during this, the Jena campaign, when the Emperor expressed is ad miration of its achievements and his grief at its heavy losses, " Sire, the soldiers of the Third Corps, will ever be0 to you what the Tenth Legion was to Ciosar." (Alison, ii., 457, 2). The ac tivity of the Third and of the combined Second-Third .Corps rivaled that of Ondinot's Grenadier's, in October, 1805, when they actually outmarched cavalry, accomnplishing 12 leagues a day, and contrib~uted chiefly to the capture of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand's col umn, which had escaped from Ulm. In the pursuit of the Sixth Corps kept up with the cavalry on the 6th-so says Col. Archabal d Hopkins, Thirty-s'eventh Massachusetts Volunteers, in his account of (Little) Sailor's Creek, 6th of April, 1865-an dit is cl aimed that the Fifth Corps had likewise equaled the speed of the horsiemen, prior to the concentration at Jetersville, evening of the 5th. Tcio infantry, both of the Army of the Poto mac and of the Army of Northein Vir ginia, justified Lieut-Gen. Baron Am bert's magnificent eulogy on the foot soldiers, whom he styles " the sinews of an army." Gen. Roche-Ay mon says that cavalry is to infantry what poetry is to prose, and, he meant exactly what these words express. It is not a bad comparison, inasmuch as the world might go on without poetry, while it would be utterly impossible to get along without prose. Moreover, good poetry is very rare, whereas exoellent prose is not. Poetry, too, while all very fine, is at best no more to real life than what dessert is to a dinner.-Thc United Serice. 61ambling. Gambling in any form is, in the end. disastrous to the one who is not " with the bank" No matter what its appar-~ ent indncements may be, the loser is the investor, the gainer the person who holds aut so many inducements to the unwary. I[t is stated by those who have made some kinds of calculations that, on an average, the investor tands from one chance in five to one in twenty of gain, ing anytihing. Tt does not pay as a mon etary transactioni ; it is ruinous morally. (liva all unmaea of cha&'nco a wido bnrth. Falling Stars. Astronomers divide meteors into sev 3ral classes-aerial meteors, as winds, xornadoes, etc.; aqueous meteors, as ogs, rain, snow, hail, etc.; luminous neteors, or those due to the action of slements in the air, as rainbows, halo, )arhelias, mirages, etc.; electrical neteors, as lightnings, auroras, etc.; and gneous meteors as shooting or falling itars, star-showers, bolides or fire-balls, ,erolites or meteorites, etc. In present isage, says Professor Newton, the term notoor is generally limited to the last group, or to the igneous meteors. The noteorites are all evidently fragments, lot separate formations. They are, says he same authority, in the heavens, to ome extent, at least, grouped in streams 6long the orbits of known comets, and ience have a common origin with them. Che continuity of these streams, the louble and multiple character of Biela's mud other comets, and the steady dimin ition of comets in brilliancy of success- I ve returns, seems to argue a continuous >reaking up of the comet into fragments I >y some cause, probably by the sun's mat. This view is strenghened by the act that the meteoric irons and stones )riig with them carbonic acid, which is mown to form so prominent a part of he comet's tail. It is now univeissally 6dmitted that igneous meteors are caused )y smaii bodies which have been travel ng about the sun in their orbits, but iow come into the earth's atmosphere, Lud, in general the shape of broken ragmnots of stone. The outside is isually covered with a thin black crust, vhich is evidently due to a melting of he surface in the atmosphere. There iave been found at various times and laces, loose iron masses that are as aumed to be of meteoric origin, because ht ir peculiar form, theirpeculiar chemi -al composition, and their peculiar rystaline structurn are like those of the ron masses that havc been seen in sev wal instances to come down from me eors. Shooting-stars are seen on any -lear, moonlight night.; they leave be iind, many of them, a bright cloud of )hosphorescent light ; the meteors and heir trains have various colors-white, reen, blue, yellow, scarlet, etc.; the luration of the flight is generally less han a second of time, but the brighter mes may last several seconds. The me eorites contain no elements, so far as we Wow, which have not been found on the aarth, but these elements are com )ounded differently from any terrestrial ninerals; sometimes they reach the mrth, and again are consumed in their wurse.- Clicaao Inter Ocean. An Ingenious Rascal. The theater of Ofen (Buda-Pesth) was he scene of his debut, though this was nade in a loge, not on the stage. It ap )eai s that a certain Hungarian countess, vell known for her riches and beauty the same spirited lady who seconded ker brother in a duel) graced with her wesence the performance at the Aresa, >r summer theater. On one of her fair ingers my lady wore two splendid diai nond rings, exactly like each other. )uring an entr' acte there prese'xnted iimself in her box a big fellow in gorge mus livery-six feet of the finest flunkey maginable. Quoth he, in fiuest Hunga 'ian :" My mistress, Princess P-, has ent to your ladyship, to ask the loan of me of your rings for five minutes. Her mighness has observed them from her >Ox opposite and is very anxious to have me made after the pattern." Without mi instant's hesitation the countess aanded a ring to "Jeamos," who bowed with respectful dignity and re tired. Thme erformance over, the two great ladies net on the staircase, and the countess egged her friend to keep the ring at her sonvenience. " W hat rmng, my dlear ?" D~enoucrment! Tableau ! The " pow lered menial !" was no flunky at all, ut a thief, and the ring was gone. rThe0 police were informed of the impudent ~rick. Justice seemed to have over aken the culprit ini a very fewv strides, ~or next morning the countess, whlile itill en robe-de-chrnnbre, received a let ~er informing her that thme thief hmad bkeen saughut and the ring found on his par son. " Only," added the note, "' the mian stoutly dlenies the charge and (de ,lares the ring to be his own. To clear up all doubt pray come at once to the police station, or send the dlupjlicatte ring y bearer." To draw the second ring rrom the finger andl intrust it joyfully bo the messenger-a fine fellow in full police uniform, together with a hand me "' tip,'' for the glorious news, was bhe work of a moment. Only wvhen myh lady an hour later betook herself radiat to the p)olice-station to recover her jew als, a slight mistake came to light. Well, my rings? 1 could not como to mxyself the instant I got your letter." " What letter, madam ?" Dcnouement!. rableau No. 2! The thief had got them both.-London Globe. THrE remarkable dI1Bcoveries of Jonner, Pasteur, and others, showing that somel~ of the most fatal virulent diseases may be rendered comp larati vely harmless b~y inocculation with a weakenued virus, have led to the suggestion of the pos5 tib~ilty of cornbatting t uberlclos(is in the same manner. It is now quite gen orally believed that this (disease, iZ smallpox, chicken cholera andl anthirax, is duem to the very rapidl increase of cer tain minute organisms in the bodly, anid it seems reasonable to hope that inocu lation with its weakened germs may produce as favorable results as have b~een achieved in the cause of the other rmaladiesi. This is an important prob hem for sciene-' to solve. A COORAaO town is called Jamifull. its motto is, " Preserve us all," and its children are all saucy. IIENRY WAnn BERCH[ER says that Ood in eps a list of rich men who cheat their RUMORS OF THE DAY. A GOOD port-rait,-$5 a bottle. NiAoARA FAIns-and what's to prevent it? Enm PEnKNs is rail mad, spelled back wards. DoEs it follow that a woman raises thunder beeauso she puts lightning in her bread ? IP You want to got rich, mount a mule, because when you are on a mule you are better off. WE should think that scarf pins would get sea sick. They are s, often on the bosoms of such heavy swells. SONG Of the Sioux Chief as he leaves Lhe wigwam of his Laughing Water: "Oh, Sioux-anna, don't you cry for " Do You know who built the ark ?" Lsked a Sunday-school teacher of a little treet Arab; and the little fellow re )lied : "Naw l" OMAGo has a violinist who plays with As foot. But nobody but a resident of Jhicago would play with his feet.-NAw York Telegram. A POET who was fond of oyRtcrs shelley. Ditto, ditto, ten pins-Bowles. Do. do. soft-shlls-Crabbe. Do. do., >ottles-Suckling. IT is said that a girl who wears No. 2 ilioes and beautiful hose can be scared nto believing almost every little bit of wood or stone she sees is a mouse. - Uoston Post. "A LARGE part of our happiness, lays Mr. Beecher, "is due to our mis Pakes." The-printer who got bounood or setting up "infernal" reception for 'informal " reception may coincide with Ur. Beecher, but we doubt it. DID'RT ever thou gaze on a lovely maid, All glorious, radiant, fair, And think na thou aaw'st those rich red lips Of the " unkimed kisses" there? Because if thou did'st not, this is a good time to begin'st. -- Steubenvillo (Icrald. Tost Hoon's most successful poem was bhe "Song of the Shirt." A great many American poets don't sing that sort of a long, because the subject is in use seven lays in the week, and it hasn't time to e sung about.--Steubenville Herald. 8H E weair finest dianionds anwl laceus, And is worth half a million, they say; Her met socialistic inirnees The fashion and wealth of the day; Her face is a model of beauty Her praises are sung o'er ainI o'er; But. what art- her wealth an(d ler booty, When a foghorn can't equial her snore? - Detroit Free Press. A WOMAN may offer in excuse for her red nose that she laces too tightly, but what sh!1ll a man say ?-Exchangc. 0, he cun offer the same excuso. He also gets too "tightly " by so-lacing himself. -Norristown Herald. ALTHOUGH thle marriage of Miss Nellie 3rant toA Mr. Sartoris, of England, was ,riticiseud in this country at the time, NTellie did well. Her husband has an neomo of about $10,000 and one baby a Fear.--entucky State Journal. A BALLET dancer is not good for much inless she learns her business in toe toe. -Boston Courier. If her teacher knows liis business heel teach her to keep in itep.- Yawcob Strauss. Must she put lier whole sole into it ?-Steubenville He(raid. Hxnx's a p~ositive fact that occurred in one of the public schools in this city re centl~y: A sinall boy was asked to name some part of his own body. He thought for a moment and then replid: ''Bowels, which are live in number-a, e, i, o, ii, and sometimes w and y.-Philadelphia Blulletin. " WAs it the drum major brave ?" asked 0one soldier of another. "Of course," stid the other ; "how can I get up the necessary excitement, if fife nothing to stir me ?" "Oh, well a man musket courage somehowv," said the first; " I su1ppose most any one cannon occa sioli." "Yes, that is the general order, anid I'm a bayonet," sid the other : " though I wish I'd never be nun." On the Safe Side. A Michigander who was ridling along the high way necar Charleston, Virginia, a fe w days ago, came across a negro who was grnhbinig out a stump near the mealow fence, and, after a few questions about farm products, the Wolverine asked1: " What do you get for taking that stump out?" - Jist fifty cents," was the reply. "hIow long have you been working at it ?" " Wall, nigh 'bout a week, I reckon" " And how much longer will it take ?" " Wall, I spects I could finish it to nmorrer, b~ut I reckon I won't do it afore idahiy." "' Whyv ?" " Wall, heah ami de plot. If I finish it to-morrer an' git my money I'll be biounld to drap down to Hallton an' bet on a hioss-race ant' lose it all. Ef I wait till Friday I kin hah do moans ob gwine inter de circus att Charlestown. I knows my weaukness, boss5, an' so I'ze gwine to sot heuh an' dig a leetle an' sleep a leetlo, an1' chopq off do las' root when 1 heah de0 .ircus~ huo'ns blowin' on top do red skulo htout ' hill." The Medical Student. No, sonny. When you read about a med~ical student walking the hospitals you must not infer that he takes the hospitals out walking so as to exercise them. It moans that he studies the cases that are there. There are few students who walk a hospital who don't believe that they could run one if they had a chance.-Oincinnati Saturday TDA Lawis has saved two members of at brassi band from drowning. Ida's poplallrity is rapidly decreasing since thms rash act.