Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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BOU..' ? psi - r ? ?iip?? m >?..-. ?. SlHHHiMHNI>H? "TO THINK OWN SELF BK TRUE, AND IT MUST FOLLOW', AS TIIE BY KEITH, HOYT & CO. NICHT TDK DA Y; THOU CANS'!? NOT THEN DE FALSE TO AN Y MAN." VOLUME VJ.-NO 45. professional Oards._ ?'^Attorney and Oou iisellor ' ? Y L AW p AND Solicitor in [Eqnity-., Will practico in tho Courts o? Law and Equity, in tho Eighth Judicial Circuit. OFFICE IN TUE COURT HOUSE, Walhalla.-South Carolina. Nov. 1. 1870 3 Iv TUGS. M. WILKES, A T T O lt N E Y A T 1, A W -AND Solicitor in ZE?Liii-ty. -ALSO, United States Commissioner, For tho Circuit and District Courts of thc Uni ted States for South Carolina? fi??r* Omen os THE Counv HOUSE SQUAUE. WALHALLA. S. C, July 22. 1870 40 ly J. P. REED, ) ( W. C. KEITH, Anderson C. II. j \ Wal huilai HEED & KEITH, ATTORNEYS AT LAW A f;n Solicitors in lEqaaity., Have rcnowed their Co-partnership in the prac tico of Law, and extended it to all Civil und Criminal business in the Counties of Ocunce and Piekons. ALSO, A lil, nUSINE*S IN TUE UNlTEn STATES COURTS, ^,;rnri*?- Offico on Public Square, 1 tJBoiii Walhalla, S- C. July 18. 18G9. ' 41 tf fi. MCGOWAN, lt. A. THOMPSON, Abbeville, S. C. Walhalla, S. C. M'GOWAN & THOMPSON, ATTORNEYS AT LAW," WALHALLA, S. C., Will givo prompt attention to all business ooo lided to them in tho State, Comity, and United States Courts. ^ OFFICE IN THE COURT HOUSE. Tho Juniorpartner, MR THOMPSON, ?ill also practice in tho Courts of Pickens, Greenville und Anderson. . January. 1870 tf "TOSEPH J. NORTON, , Attorney a>jt Law, W WAX Bl A BJ A, S. C. d ? All business for Pickens County left with J. E. HAGOOD, ESQ., PiCK?NS ?. aa., WILL DE PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO Ootobcr 20, 1808 4 tf t. II. WU ITS' KR. Wilt TN EU SVMMES WIUTNER & SYMMES, Attorneys at Law, WALHALLA, S. C. SiaSf* Oflico on the Public Square. "Vx?fl February 1, 1870 16 tf S. I). GOODLETT," Attorney at JL a\v AND SOLICITOR IIV EQITITY, HAS LOCATED AT THE jilCW TOWN OF PICKENS, S. C. Nov. 10. 18(58 7 tf AL'X. S. ERWIN, V ( O. C. BENTLY Athens Cia. ) ] . Clnyton, Qa. ERWIN & BENTLY, Attorneys eut JLa/w, WILL PRACTICE IN PARTNERSHIP , IN TUE COUNTY OF RAI JUN, if? STATE OF GEORGIA. Oct 5, I860 62 tf WHITNER7 ^ ?TTAV?N0 located If} WlllUVlln. offore his f| .Professional %?mm io np pi f J8 PP* Of \p? placo and fturrounoing-count ry, ?^0pFipi?.--BIEMANN,S HOTEL, Feb. h WI M l7 From (he Land wa Lon:. . LIME AS A FM?rriE.IZUK. HY MOE. ISLA Kl;, OF DAVIDSON COLLEGE Having been frequently asked thc value of. limo ns u fertilizer, ?nd requested to state ?Ls specific uses ia thc economy of Ibo farm, 1 pro, J.J to Bum up the best established prac tice,. Jul ts devi ved from science, and con firmed by thc experience of thc most judicious authorities on tho subject. Limo is a substance familiiarly known to all our fanning communities, ?nd is every where valued for its varied and important ap plications-so valued that some have regard ed it "the basis of all good husbandry ;" and even so excellent a judge as Prof. Johnston declares it to be "thc most valuable and most extensively used of all thc mineral substances that have ever been inado available in practi cal agriculture." A fertilizer that can claim such n high encomium from such a source, deserves to have its merits better understood -its nature, ?ts modes of action, its practi cal results more thoroughly comprehended. Wc propose to confine our remarks to such points only as aro applicable to carbonate of lime, and its derivatives, such as quick lime, slaked lime, ?to. In thc form in which ?t is usually offered in the market, and in which, therefore, ii, is most generally available for the fanner, lime is a caustic alkali, (burnt lime.) and this caus tic quality is thc main cause of its activity and efficiency in thc service of tho skillful agriculturist. Tho food we cat is not in a condition to nourish our bodies as it comes in its crude state from the harvest field- it must bo cooked, masticated, and even when swallowed it cannot be taken up by the blood, und distributed through tho system for the nourishment of our bodice, till it has been acted on by the gastric and other juices-it must bc "digested." So with the plant ; its food, too, must, in sonic sense, bc cooked, masticated and digested, before it can be ta ken up a, nd assimilated by thc living organ ism. / Caustic lime is thc cook that prepares the food, and tho gastric juice that digests thc nourishment for thc plant. Hut while this digestion operation is, perhaps, in the great majority of cases- where limo is artificially applied, its most important function, il must not bo foiuofton/bat this is n-.t its r???.'y ?db" >j limo is not only tho cook that prepares other food for the growing crop, but is itself essen tial to tho nourishment of the plant, entering into its composition, constituting ail impor tant part of its inorganic elements, besides performing other valuable offices to bc dis cussed as we proceed. These geneva! statements are sufficient to suggi-st-tho nature and character of thc work which lime accomplishes for the practical fir mer, and to show, in a general Way. the foun dation of its groat reptation as a mineral fer tilizer. Hut let us descend lo particulars. There are live modes of aol ion by which mineral manures may prolit tho growi og plant when applied io thc soil. 1st. They may themselves become food for the growing cvop. 2nd. They may digest and preparo?Jjj^oijd already io tin: soil. ^^pMj^k ord They may absorb ^iseoTfl^JfcpHBPrK from thc atmosph?re, and rot dt) tliTufforthe fut uve use of the plant. 4th. They destroy or neutralize substances in thc soil which arc poisonous or injurious to thc crop. 6 th. They mn y i lil pro VO thc mechanical condition of the soil. Some mineral manures perform one of thc offices, and some another, but l'une accom plishes theil) all. In regard to the first mode of action, chem ical analysis settles thc question; it shows that lime is present in tho ashes of all our field crops, and that ?ii some of them, as clo ver, peas, turnips, &o, it isa principil i ogro dient. Heneo lime, if it be naturally def) cicnt, may be usefully added to thc soil sim ply as a food for thc crop, and, if wholly want ing, its addition becomes an absolute necessi ty, as no crop could bo matured without it. In regard to tho second point, lime may bc considered as a specific ; tho most imjior tant service which ?t gcncvclly renders to thc plant, when applied in largo quantities, is the digestion und preparation of other manures, which, though found in the seil arc not in a condition to bo absorbed by tho roots, and thus mudo available, for iminedirte use. 13y ita caustio and alkalino properties, lime facilitates tho decomposition of all vegetablo and animal mutter, liberating their nutritive clements, and converting insoluble, into solu ble ooinpounds, thus rendering them capable of being absorbed and appropriated. Even tho inert mineral musses of tho soil do not escape tho digestivo action of lime : felspar and other minerals containing tho sil icates Of potash and soda, moro roadily sur render, in the presence of limo, their treas urea of potash and soda; and these ulkalies in their turn help to convert thc insolublo in to solublo oilicatcs, and thus supply to our cc rcnls thc element that support their stems, enablcing them to bear up against storm and wind ; it is the absence of this soluble silica, which limo ossisfs in digesting, which often oausos our grain orops to full to tho ground before they oro fully matured. As to tho third peint, tho absorption of fertilizing nlomonts from tho air, limo, both direotly and indirectly, by its own notion, ond by its pulverizing effect upon compact soils, oxerts a highly beneficial influence. True, it docs not, liko plaster of Paris, absorb am monia direotly from tho ntmophcro, butwhot is quito us much to tho fanner's interest, it coiivotts tho ammonia which moy bo forming jn. ?hp r)?U, into nitric uoid, nod thus fixes ifs valuable eleme'pfa so OS to proverb psoapo jnto the ?jr. MoreWri ye b^ryo l\ft>highest ou ' SSA'S thority for saying that when organic matter is decouipo.su-g, in tho soil, nm mot) ii is genera ted by absorbing nitrogon from tbo ?ir, ?mi thus, ns wo have seon tn nt lime promotes this ! d?composition, it promutcsulso, thc formation I of these most valuable mnniMCS from atinos- j phcrio eietnotits. In tho fourth place, it is well known that limo will counteract thc injuiious acids, both organic and inorganic, which collect in damp soils where much vegetable matter is decom posing, and which render thc sour and unfa vorable to successful cultivation. It is of tho nature of un alkali, like lime, to neutralize these acids and mnko these sour lauds sweet and mellow. Limo also decomposes and counteracts tho injurious sulphates of iron, | of magnesia, anti of alumina, all of which Sometimes ?bound to thc serious injury of ev eiy variety of field crops, and often disappoint thc hopes of tho industrious laborer. lu tho fifth place, that limo affects the mechanical constitution of tho soil, would be naturally inferred from what we have seen of its power to decompose tho earthly matters which contain thc valuable minoru I clements of thc soil. Lime, by pulverizing thc solid particles, renders thc laud more looso and friable, at tho same tinto that it liberates tho valuable stores of nutritious matter locked up in them. Hy its chemical action it makes stiff and heavy clays moro light and porous, while its mechanical effect is to render more compact ! tho texture of looser soils Limo is thus the busy agent of thc farmer, collecting, pulverizing, elaborating, digo-ting 1 whatever it can lind in air, earth or water, and diligently exacting tribute alike from the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, for .ho usc and support of the growing plant : it is not only itself u food, but it also acts as a digester, an absorber, a neutralizer and a me chanical i.ii prover. What inore could bc ex pected iron) a single fertilizer '! This surely isa great deal, but it is not all. Arnot g tho effects of lime Prof. Jobsten enumerates several particulars in which it modifies even the character of the vegetation. For install?e, it akers thc natural production . of the soil by its tendency to extirpate cer tain coarse grasses which infest some locali ties, and prevent thc growth of richer and more mit i it ive fluids. .'lt kills," bc says,"health, moss, and sour .?ml li....'>T i.. ...-?, '?.?iijia up U n .. cet ami tender herbage,mixed with white and red clo vcr, more greedily i alen and more nourishing, to the cattle. Indeed all fodder, whether natural or artificial, is said to bc sounder and more nourishing, when grown upon laud to which lime has heon abundantly applied." - lt is said also that it "improves the quality of almost every cultivated crop :" all kinds of grains, peas, turnips, p?tateos, &o., aro found to be more suitable, for fond when grown on well limed soils. It is claimed that it also "hastens the maturity of the crop," causing the small grains to mature froid len to four teen days earlier on limed soils than on (hose unlinied. The quantity of limo necessary to these results when applied to cultivated lands, depends upon so many conditions of soil, cli mate and cultivation that no general rule can be given. Wo learn from experiments carefully con ducted in England, that "the quantity of pure lime contained in thc crops produced upon ono acre during four years rotation amounted, on an average, to 242 lbs." This gives us about sixty pounds portiere, actually removed from the soil every year in composi tion with the vegetable nial ter, and which was necessary to its growth and healthy dc vclopment. Wo thus sec how much of this element may be needed for the actual nourish vient ol' the plants, and how rapidly soils, not abundtilltly supplied by nature, must become exhausted of this essential ingredient, ii' it bc not artificially applied. Under such circumstances lands, which otherwise might bc highly productive, may become sterile and useless. Put this statement only includes thc limo necessary for a single one of thc five uses specified above, ?nd that one ordinarily de manding a less quantity than either of the others. If to this be added thc amount suf ficient for all thc other purposes, wo may ap preciate moro fully tho quantities sometimes profitably employed in eountrios whoro agri culture is oarricd to tho highest perfection. According to Possingault "soil which is with out a considcrublo proportion of tho calcare ous clement,.never possesses a high degree of fertility." A simplo calculation will show thatwboro no limo is prcscutin tho laud, it will require about-IOU bushels per acre to give the small proportion of only one per cent, of lime for a depth of 12 inches below tho surface. Pew soils aro thus wholly devoid of limo, and much smaller quantities will sullico for all tho purposes of agriculture. Bossingault informs us, that, in England, clay lands re ceive tho largo amount of from 240 to 300 bushels of hine per aero, and lighter lands from 1?0 to 200 bushels. This must bc but onco for a term of many years. In Franco tho amount applied is greatly less, about 00 or 70 bushels per acre, at intervals of soven or eight years. Johnston tells us that in Great Hntuin a doso is on an avcrego from 7 to 10 bushels, per aero, a year. In Flanders, whoro agriculture has achieved its greatest triumphs, tho quantity used is not so largo, only 10 or 12 bmhels every threo years. In this country tho experience is similar to Ku ropo. A practical funner in Schuylkill oounty, Pennsylvapia,writes: "Thoquantity (of limo) depends on tho kind of soil and after treat ment. Heavy ohiy oan boar 100 or moro bushels to tho nero, while, on light soils, from 60 to 80 bushels will onSwor yory woll." Another report from Chester county, Pon. sylvania, says that, 'limo is mostly spread on thc sod ut tho rate of 30 to GO bushels to tho nore, once in each course of crops," ?ind to show 11 io practical results, it is added, "near ly ?ll our land for miles around, was formerly Worn out old fields, which would produco nothing, but thc application of limo unlock ed the hidden treasures of the soil und ren dered available, as food for plants, thc inert organic matter which it contained. This, ac companied by Judicious cultivation and prop Ci lOtation of crops, hus ontirely ohanged thc appearance .of or?r neighborhood. Scarce!}* an old field is now to bo found." I Iou. T. G. Clemson, who was formerly connected with thc Agricultural department of thc United States Government, remarks that so small a quantity as a bushel to thc acre has produc ed good effects. j Governor Hammond, of South Carolina, ono of tho most successful, as well as intelli gent planters thc South has ever had, was accustomed to boat lime, in the condition of shell marl, twelve miles un tho Savannah i river, for thc use of his plantation, and np- 1 ply it at the rate of 200 bushels per acre. The writer has witnessed on his light, sandy, pine lands, thus limed, a yield of 38 bushels of corn to the ? rc, while the same kind of blind in an adjacent.field,not limed,wouldscarco ly nvcragc 10 bushels. These statements show, ut once, thc importance of lime as a fertili zer, und the marked dillicrenco in thc quin- j lily which experienoe h as show u to bebest suit ed to tho soil nnd climate of tho several countries mentioned, and points out thc ne cessity for a thorough understanding of tho whole subject, in order to a judicious applica Mon of it. To apply to the loose and sandy soil of Flanders, tlie 200 or 800 bushels, per acre, which the Englishman finds desirable on his compact clay lands, or on his cold and tenacious heath meadows, would bo a sad mistake. Enough has been said to show that, com paratively, large quantities of lime are found to bo useful in thc experience of all tl cse countries, whero scientific agriculture has successfully worked out tim highest practical results ; but ouch individual must reflect for himself upon tho principles involved, and upon their application to his particular case. It may bo said, in a general way, that larger portions may bc profitably udded to still' and heavy cloys than to light and sandy localities ti lyet and tnaishy lands, than to dry and niel li, \V;--5o,r:b 10 ?**?.?(? ri rich loam, in which veg etable mater abounds, than to poor and ex hausted fields. Indeed, as the primary ob ject of using limo is to digest the organic substances already present, rather than to act as food for the plant, there being generally enough for that purpose naturally in thc soil, it becomes a point of the first importance to have this organic matter abundantly present, and wherever this condition is fully met, os by'the roots, grass ami leaves of freshly clear ed ground, or by green manures ploughed in, or by barn yard compost, wo may confidently | use thc lime with a liberal hand, but if these conditions bc not complied with, damage and disappointmcntJwill follow, instead of tho rich rewards anticipated Moro lime, also, may bc safely applied in cold, than hot climates, and to land subject to deep tillage, than where ploughing is always shallow ; for it is plain that a less quantity will snllicc to supply the soil, if only four inches deep, than if it bc ploughed 12 inches. Wherever, then, a system of high culture is proposed, both the ory and practice suggest that wc beginnt first with a heavy liming, proportioning thoquan t i ty to the quality of the soil, and especially to the amount ol' organic mutter it contains, and that this be followed at the close of ev ery rotation of crops, embracing a period of several years each, with lighter Innings The Flemish rule, which gives the smallest quan tity of any of the examples quoted above, requires 10 or 12 bushels, per acre, at the close of every three years, making an aver age of 3 or 4 bushels annually. This in Viandera yields the best results for the invest ment. In France and England, experience bas indicated a much larger amount. It need scarcely bc added that the ultimate net profits of liming must depend, among Other things, upon tho cheapness-mid facili ty with which limo can bc procured at thc required locality. All these points must be oarbfully weighed, if wo would accurately balance tuc aoOOUUt of loss and gain. Hut ono thing is certain, that wc of tho desolated South aro hopelessly ruined as an agricultural peoplo, if wo do not now avail ourselves promptly of all thoso artificial aids which 'aro applicable to our case, and which have combined to make other countries agri culturally great. Tho same practical Wisdom, energy und earnestness, which hitiyo made tho marshes and sandy plains of Flanders the gurdon of Europe, can convert tho abused I and wasted regions of tho South back again to even moro than their primeval fertility and beauty. If tho application is to bo made to clay or boggy and peaty lands, or to such as have largo supplies of inert vogctablo matter, tho limo should bc slaked and applied immediate ly, in a caustic state. When it is 'cquirod on lighter lands, it should bo "uir-slakcd," or allowed to slake slowly and spontaneously, by absorbing moisture from thc atmosphere, as this gives it in a finer powder and somewhat milder form, and therefore, less Hablo to in juro tho tonde: herbage, but for general pur poses, especially when tho soil is light and poor, it is host that tho limo should bo com posted with rich vogctablo mould, or such decayed vegetable matter as may bo availa ble : in this form it may bo moro regularly scattered, and its caustic power being some what masked in tho oompost, it is less liable to do injury, at tho same timo that it acts moro promptly and efficiently upon tho grow ing crop ; this inoreasod uiBoienoy in the composted state is due to the fact that tho r digestive processes which limo ordinarily car ries on in tiic soil, have already begun in tho compost heaps, thus offering food for ready absorption. On this account, too, thc longer it lias been in this state thc more fertilizing it becomes. It may bc added also, with ben eficial results to composts of fresh animal matters, as it so controls tho fermenting pro cess ns to causo the valuable elements to forniy compounds winch oro not subject to evapora tion, while, if lime bad not been present,these same clements would have entered into com binations which aro highly volatile and liable to escape: it should never bc mixed, howev er, with animal manures which are airead// decomposed, as it expels tho gaseous fertili zers existing in tho mass before the lime is added. When properly composted with veg etable Qr animal matter, limo may be applied just as any other rich manure directly to the growing crop, whether it be tender grass, or clover, or grains of any kind : but it* it is to bo applied iu thc condition of slaked limo it will not produce its full effect ot once upon tho soil, and, therefore, os long an interval os possible should intervene between the plant ing of thc crop which it is intended to bene fit-as, for instance, in the carly fall for thc benefit of winier and spring grain. Some authorities, ns Warring's I?lemon's of Agriculture, and tho American Muck Hook, by Browne, with much plausibility, urge thc uso of a .'lime and salt mixture" as containing moro valuable qualities, both for manuring and digesting, thau limo itself. This mixture is obtained by slaking fresh burnt lime with water thoroughly saturated with salt, using the materials in thc proportion of three bushels of lime to one of salt. The limo decomposes tho salt, giving tts chloride of lime and carbonate of soda, both valuable agents in promoting thc fertility of thc soils. To secure tho more perfect com bination of the lime and salt, thc brine should not all be applied ot once, but nt intervals of a da}' or two, in order to give time for thc changes to take place moro thoroughly ; und even ofttr the s'aking is completed, ten or twelve days should elapse before tho mixture is used. There can be doubt of tho value of this compound, especially in cases whore salt would bo n desirable manure on its own ac count. For evident rcosons lime, when intended to benefit tho land generally, should always boos evenly dis?'tbut.otf). and os thoroughly i iieorp?M m. ..' ..t.i. tho Sun .... t,voatulc; tv should not, however, bc ploughed in very deeply as it has naturally a constant tendency to descend in the soil ; and because, also, while near thc surface, it is moro costly reach cd by tho air, which is essential to those di gestive functions which constitute its chief Value. When quick-lime is added in largo quan tities to soils naturally wet. and which have nut been sufficiently drained, thc lime may form into a mortar, and become hardened to such fi degree as to obstruct tho free passage of water and air, as well ns thc roots of thc plants. Undi r such circumstances, of course, the lime would bc an injury, and the remedy for thc evil, thorough draining. On soils which aro light, dry and poor in vegetable matter, a heavy application of limo would also provo injurious by rendering the land too open, and by its chemical effect causing the crop to "burn," ns it is called. In each of these cases if the lime be added in a well composted .stifle, nil thc evil consequences arc nt once averted, at thc samo timo that addi tional supplies of warmth mid nourishment arc given to stimulate tho growth of vegeta tion. Indeed, thc opinion is maintained by some tlmt lime may be indefinitely added without injury, provided we, at thc same time, proportionally increase tho organic ele ments of the soil. Whether this be correct or not, it is certainly true that what is ordi narily spoken of ns thc exhausting effect of lime, is only the effect of tho larger crops which it causes thc soil to yield, and which, of coui.so, requires moro of thc clements ol thc soil for its growth and maturity-what is needed under such circumstances is not less lime, but moro organic food. It fre quently lins happened that even so valuable a fertilizer as lime has been wholly abandon ed in particular lucidities in consequence ol unskillful applications, or hasty infercneef from p;ut'ial ex pos tmen t.:. Of course where nature abundantly supplies tho soil with th if important element, artificial additions would bc waste of time and money. So, in like manner, when limo is applied, ns in some paris of langland, ut the rate of from 40 tc (JO bushels to tho nero at tho end of each ro tation of crops, embracing a period of 4 or 5 years, it would bo no argument against 'he moderato uso of this ngont, if nftor a lapso ol yours, theso largo additions should produce nc scnsiblo effects whatever in consequoneo ol tho soil having become fully saturated. And, again, tho time which is required for unoom postcd limo to toko its effect upon tho soil if a fruitful 8ouroo of disoouragcinont and often abandonment of this valuable fertilizer. An experimental farmer, reporting his results foi thc first year writes, "I opplicd 100 busheb (of limo) tt tho nero on n corn stubblo and planted again in corn, but saw very littlo prof it to tho crop." In reference to tho saint soil and the sumo liming at tho end of tlx third year ho wtitce : "For tho past two sea sons I hnvo mowed tho finest of grass." Limo, though a most eflicionl and vnluablo fertili zor, is slow In developing its finest results indeed it soarccly exhibits fully \tt true char acter, unless when applied in tho composted stnto, till tho scoot.d or third ^oar after itt application, t Limo is also distinguished for the penna nonoo of its effcots as a fertilizer. Thoro ii known to chemists a mysterious power calloc 1 "disposing affinity/' for tho wont of ? bettet J name, by which ono ?ubstanco while iu th? 1 presence of another, is induced or influencer' to enter into combinations which it would not form in thc absence of tho influencing body. This is the tit? turo of many of tho changes brought about in thc soil by lime, and it is by virtuo of this disposing power that it con tinues to act and retain its peculiar qualities asa fertilizer. Tho permanence of its action is further iucrcoscd by its slight solubility ; at tho ordinary temperature it tokes about 760 pounds of water to dissolve ono of limo even in thc caustic stato, and still less can bo i dissolved after it has been acted on by tho i carbonic acid of thc air. Thus it remoiua I for a long time in thc soil performing its im ! portant offices. It is said to produce sensible j effects upon tho crop after tho lapse of 20 or . JIU years, and some insist that a good supply, once added to thc soil, never wholly ceases to j be felt. This persistence in thc effect of limo : is a high merit, aud ono which insures to ; thc farmer, sooner or later, if judiciously used, an ample interest upon his investment. We have already seen that when lime is to bo applied in thc slaked condition, except in thc case of stiff clays or rich vegetable I mould, it should be slowly "oirslnkcd," bc ! cause, in the latter case, it is not only moro completely pulverized, but also of a milder j character, as thc caustic quality of about one j half of it is neutralized by combination with tho carbonic acid of thc nir. As n labor saving consideration, this slaking process should toko place in tho field, since, thereby, from one fourth to one half the weight, und a large in crease of tho bulk, etiui-cd by tho slaking, will bc saved from transportation. To effect this it may be piled up in heaps and covered with earth in the field, and left till it completely crumbles to powder: tho covering of earth protects it fi om heavy rains which might convert it into mortar, and also i fi-om too free access of air which tends to .chango it back into tho shite in which it was before it was burnt. When prepared for distribution this may bc accomplished by drawing it cut from a cart into little heaps, from live to sereu yards apart, and in quanti ties proportioned lo the amount wc desire to apply, per acre, ofter which it can be evenly scattered. Some to accomplish thc distribu tion more regularly, check off tho laud into little squares of convenient size, and apply ing a given quantity to each square. Such is a general statement of thc facts that seem to best establ' .bcd in regard to limo asa fcitilizer. . . 1> mou hn ,1SftfM' ?- ?nnc'?810"/!0*" COnvO--" nient reference, to sum up thc most impor tant points of a practical character. Id mc, then, is useful to thc finner ns food for his crop-as a digester of the nounal, vegetable and mineral manures in Iiis soil as nu nbsorbent.iodircctly,of valuable manures from tho atmosph?re-ns a neutralizer of in jurious acids and other poisonous compounds -as r pulverizer of his st i fl clay soils, and ns a general stimulant which improves both thc quantity arid quality of his produce. The quantity of lime to bo used depends on thc character of the soil-on tho abun dance of organic matter-on the kind of cul tivation-on the character of the climate on the quantity already pr?sent in thc soil, and on thc cost of lime in thc market whero it is used. Thc modo of application depends on the object chiefly aimed at. If to pulverizo com pact tenacious cfajj/ lands, thc caustic, water slaked condition ia best; if to act upon the mineral matter of lighter soils tho milder, air slaked form will do tho work; but if to digest organic matter, or to serve thc general purposes of a manure to enrich tho soil and give it warmth and energy-lo stimulate tho plant and promote a prompt development, or whatever else may bc doomed necessary, tho composted btate is greatly preferred. Hence, every farmer should have his cat tic lots and horse stalls abundantly supplied with leaves, straw, grass, and organic matter of every kind, to bc trampled by his stock, and ultimately thrown into compost hcop9 with limo and vegetable mould, or peaty matter, which will absorb all tho gases that might otherwise escape Tho quantity of limo for theso purposes need not be great.-? Wc have seen that, though in many cases largo amounts may bo profitably applied where it cnn bc cheaply obtained, yet even very small quantities aro highly useful, and experience indicates that tbeso small quanti titics, frequently repeated, oro moro benefi cial titan larger amounts applied but onco. Let each farmer then do what ho cnn, cvon if his offerts ore confined to a few norcs, for tho timo bas como when our pcoplo must abandon the old-system of extensivo planting, and concentrate their time, energy, and means upoii comparatively small nreas of land, which, to bo remunerative, must bo stimula ted to its highest oapacity by all tho applian ces of scienco and art. MISCEGENATION.-In tho Atlanta District; Court on Wednesday, fivo miscegenation onfloH wcro dispo&ed of. Thc Judge sentenced Williom Hibbs, a whito mon, convicted of living in fornication with a negro women, to poy a (ino of one thousand dollars, or to bo imprisoned in tho onunty jail for tho term of I six months. Martha Johnson, Hibbs'negro i paramour, to pay two hundred and fifty dol lars, or threo months imprisonmen Wil liam Harris, negro, convicted of fornication with a whito woman, to pay two hundred and fifty dollars, or six months on tho publie works. Mury Harris, bis whito pnramour, to pay one thousand dollars, or MX months on tue publie work?. jig* Wo lenrn that tho Hon. H. B. Car penter has gono to Vonsyl vants, to assist in stumping tho Btsto for tho Domoorntt?, in tho fall compaign for Ptato officers Tho De moornoy thom have accepted tho "New Do parturo" as tho bfud? of vueir opciaiiuiH SUCOOHS to thom.