Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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Vol. ATWEDNESDAY MORNING , SEPTEMBER 21, 18 O.No38 1:n!:Y'.r::E.en.tr MonNtING, .t Nrwiberry C. I., 1.. F. & H. H. Grenoker, i'.it-):' and Propric:ors. Invariabiv in Advance. i- Th. p-1r r i! stopped at the expiration o im. for whic: it is paid. 7 : mark denotes expiration of snb crlent.. Relation of Plants to the Soil. .ta::;r t L L CnE.isrTY. 21 I N E It A L CONSTITUENTS OF Pt.Xrs.-The mineral substances whic: pants obtain fion the soil are kn''.wn by analysis of the ash Cs whl,ich thk-y yield on combus tion. T hey' coi,sist of acids ard bases, w:i enter into the com1 in of ai fi,rtile soils. The b a e i:. ::. lime, ragnesia ani x!d oInm:u'raniese and iron. hIle :!, found combined in the t!shes wi : sii liie. sulphur11tic and phphi~~ - cidsI, and are accontpa lted~ )tli)t O f' 0 Corn m anJ alt. Tle carbonic acid which is ftound in certain ashes is p)rd d i i In the combustion of the p1:ui11t. The ashes of all cultivated plan:t c- nainl the above substan res" ! in i i re..-nt proportions ac rdIn ? to the nature of the ian'. Tie pihosphatcs predomi nte int ir'.is ; 1ime exists in large pro niT n in grasses; potash in edi e .>: :and silicia in straw. Th:: : N:i:ttC composition of t :h . !, en i F pt } launts is giVen 1 the Alnpendix. In e st: : ishe reldative propor in :: !"oent Constituents w:. a I ,:-e: e I from the t eois the (uan tt the Crop as well as the comps . I n of its a1h, is of course to be b t -into this account. ('...' eN 1.; >os.-Many O! ISt ,ls'n ! t ltn s are con tattined .i th soil in extremeiv i-:1 '. : , in. Soils are prin ci " I m':osed of vegetalle mlatter" in ::.state of deca. with chty, a:e :iCarbonate of' lime. The 1 : flatter consists of' the re ains of plants of previous year-, and the clay. lime and sand are the prou:ct of the gradual crumbl'ingi and decomposition off the r>)kv erst of the earth. UsE (). %E;TAl,LE MATTER IN So)ILI.-'U wood, leaves and t\ i"r. if w ni vegetable matter is com:'ied,' fur~nish. ini their grad ual de--. - he poItashi. silica, and othero n:tts of their own skels ::- sm the framework c f na: :m T s he organie mat terzuat h;e:ne timea counv~erted int :i : nd cartisonic acid theC'c e >::-t iteI theC gase(us. foiod on whi:h :li -:rgetable life is sus V .1 t-::. 'N :,: I-rTtr. ANt) Ax inIxn M em:nI.-The addition of inor )e i ti . innaterial to the soil, in thec tU>rm if pieat or muck from iw:\m ls i- of greaPi:t dVantage, be raule U t -rtaLes the suppl y of the woupot:u:t classe-s of ma- I terht- w'.:*-il have beenl men tiin i.i inimal matter- of all I kine. h.the dIe(rmpo%ed, as in s abl :T nn'1ui znano, or in its I 0:-:.0:2 enelii- in the form of tiesh, wo ii an bonie-i. is a still f Thn.a,-:i of its Ihigher value, 1 consist.,ihe iact that while it ~ vi-l- o-t t' thec otheri subst'in in- wi-h-~ -- ang n ic veeabre I mt - tu p -t it tunhe s am-i C mr:n. h.i i il. th ctare. and most xy-n,v tine.dn muchinlr I XV:r ->.-rtnitev;?~ Use:'' w' -ru' p:ttr-Thc-la in .so.s er:s o eainv~ the ammonia ei ani tri te valuae ml,ate- C ria! . wb I old,- oterwise. be wa,!I:.!::::::' by i t h~a e dce di ng to h:ennji '!m' i-ds partcle in thet drop. ei-l shower. wiuh itb su>rs seiSaay -for d the tre 0 .1 1OIt sert ves o Ii'>Cris-Iicn the en-l am i -o I t b tnaity by ji a whi --h - oit are vanable t ga-in a r:n hod o the arhth. 1oil w 1h conainu~ bu t i smad ' proor :elar tore f ohese re' a pr''Ib is tal fdit-in I: - .-a d,w ere o il ext)nI le prprin, ande I th - .:eIta of pot to th :ba teesures t-Le en. a Vcitt -' i I' ) ii -ti carb>nn-nom.and y acolert-in it thedecy f r-etbl -matter -;a other solvents of the soil, thec are i.accessible to the plant. - Lime has the property of forcing itself into the rocky pirison of ev. ery such insoluble grain, and set ting part of its inmates at liberty. At the same time it opens the door to the action of other agen cies which liberate the rest. They arc then floated away in the wa ter which penetrates the soil, and being in due season absorbed, are built itLo the substance of the platit. AeTioN OF LIME ON MIN:RAL MArTER ExLAIaNF.--rbe action of lime, which has just been men tioned, is a simple consequence of its basic properties. It takes pos session of part of the silicic acid of the alkaline silicate in the rocky grains. Their potassa and soda being now .ombiued with this acid in small proportion, are soluble in the water which pene trates the soil. The water of the soil always contain a certain proportion of carbonic acid, This acid being it self material for vegetable nutri tion, has also the property of dis solving those mineral substances which the plant needs for its sup port. By the joint action of car bonic acid and water, this transfer is constantly going on even with outt the aid of lime. But the lat ter substance very much accele rates the action, and thus adds reatiy to the fertility of the soil. ACTioN of LIME ON OUANIC MATTER.-Lime has another im portant eftect on soils, in hasten ing the decomposition of their or ;anic matter, and thus, indirectly supplying in large quantity, valu lble materials, before mentioned, wvlich these are adapted to fur iish. As this decoinpositon pro :eeds in the presence of lime, part )f the nitrogen of the organic natter takes the form of ammo iia, and part is converted into itrates, as will be remembered 'ron the Chapter on Salts. But he proportion of either is practi -ally immaterial, as botharefound . subserve a similar purpose in >uilding up the plant. All of the effects wl.ieh have >een mentioned, may be regarded griduatlly produced in everyi oil which contains carbonate of ime as a coanstituent. When it(is leticieit in quantity. they are, of :oure, increased by its addition n the foirm of chalk, inarl, or lime tone. These substances have also be effect of sweetening peaty and ourshy soils, which are rendered our from the preso:cc of too age a proportion of vegetable iatter, and thus rendering them t for citivation. B:RNED 1 ,IE.--Buiined or caus ic iume has all these efects in a iu'h greater degree, and there Jre its extensive use as a fertil ser of the soil. it should b)e used1 autiously' on soils which contain ut a small propor'tioni of' vegeta-( le matter'. for feat' that in the iore rapid decomposition whicht stimulates, it miay entirely cN aust the soil of this material.- ] f' employed in such cases5it should < e with admixture of vegetable latter, thait tho loss which it oc-t asions may be completely r'e laced. 1 EF'FEeT' OF AshEs ON SOI.s.- t 'oassa Or' soda applied in the t itstic state. or ats car'bmaltes, i are ent ire'ly anialgous elfec'ts on le soil. Th y r'endet' thle inusolui le siih:ates soluble, by intcreasinig them the pro'(port ion 01 base, I ndE ailso hasten thle dcecay and mnversion of v'eg.etable mnaaerz. - he adlmixtulre of lime ot' ashes ] 'ith guano or deccomposed mia- r Lire is to be avo)ided(, because of r ecir effect to expel the anmmonia t bich these substances eon taini. s his may be pr'ceented by previ- a isly incot'potrating thle mnateriatl ith a large pr1oporItionf of clay or' t .getable mould, which shall serve e an absorbent of the liberated v 1s. 1; CoMrouS-s.-Composts consist of 'etablI Ie and' I her ma tter, hecap tougetlhert'hr fermten tat ion andd r'tial d e:ay ini order to prepare r iem Pa' ajppli(entionu to the soil. O such mixtures, all alkaline ma- t rials, includingr lime, have an 1 iee't similar to that which theyt -oduce upon the organic matter' o 'the soil.o GrAN(.-G;nano consists of the cumulated droppings of bir'ds, b d i prmiieipally obtained from a r'tain roeky islands on the coast -' Souith A merica. In these haunts a the her-on, flamand, atnd other q a-fo wl, it is accumulated, in some o stances. to the depth of' a hun- tij ed f'eet. The deposit is usually smaller quantity, but amounts a~ the atggr'egate to millions of us. Thue mnater'ial was employed T a fertilizer by the natives of a 'ru and ChItiIi, Ion g before its in 'luction into England or the i ited States for the same pur'- ) se. Dur'EtENT VXAIIETES.-T Ih e ti alt fgano dIiffers miateria'l!v. Ii cord inig to the soirce from w~ ihi p is der'ivedI. The ammxon iacal ti Its. oni w~hich i:s agency as afer' moist elimate is of comparativcly little value. The best is obtained from the coast of Peru, where rain ecldomn or never falls. The Afri can, Potagonian and other varie ties are much inferior. AGRIcULTURAL YALUE.--Theag rieultrural value of guano lies prin cipally in the ammonia and phos phate of lime wbicb it is capable of yielding to pla.)ts. These con stituic, in the best varieties,about one-third of the whole weight. Part of the ammonia is ready formed, and part is produced in the subsequent change which the nitrogenous matter of the guano exleriences in the soil. The lat ter may be produced immediately by a chemical process, and its qu,yntity accurately determined. In estimating the value of guano, it is customary to record the quan tity of this potentia1 anuonia, as if it were an existing consti+uent. ARTIFICIAL AM MONIA.--The con stituents of the ammonia which w'e purchase in the form of guano at so gre at expense and bring from distant regions of the earth, exist in unlimited quantities at our very doors. Four-fifths of the atmospher3 is nitrogen gas, and the ocean is an exhaustless reser voir of hidrogen. But, strange to say, the chemist with all his skill, cannot, except by circuitious and expensive methods, effect their combination. The discovery of some cheap and ready means of accomplishing this object, aould transform the face of the earth, by the unlimited quantity of fer tilizing material which it would supply. This result may, per haps, be reached by patient inves tigation. But no sudden triumph >ver nature need be anticipated. Improvements in agriculture will, as a general thing, be only real ized by the earnest co-operation ;,f' scientific and practical mon, in laborious and oft-repeated experi ment. ExIIAUsTIoN oF SoILs.-Whon soils become exhausted of those substances which form the mine ral food of plants, the growth of regetation ceases. It is never ab solute, but consists in a great reduction of that portion o f heir material which is in a con lition to be appropriated by the ;rowing plant. Such soils are radu:dly restored by rest. A ;radual decomposition of their in- l oluble material occurs by means f agencies which have before )een mentioned, and the soil is hus restored to its original con lition. These effects are very nuch hastened by plowing in such grow.th as can be obtained. Rye, >uckwheat and clover are among he plants best adapted to the >urpose. Vegetable matter is thus .dded to the soil, which, in its de ay, hastens the decomposition of'! he soil itself. D)EJCIENcY OF ONE OR MORE' o)s-rrrUE-rs.-The comp larative xhaustion of' some one or more of he constituents of' the soil is a] auch more frequent occurrence.I t is commonly the r'esult of tbc I ultivation of' the same crop du-; ing many successive seasons, and he consequent reduction of those < iaterials which the particular ilant requires in largest propor ion. D)eterioration of soils f'rem his cause is repaired by an arti-| eial supply of' the filing ingre ients. It is more wisely guard. K d against by such a rotation of' rops as shall make diti'erent de -ands upon the soil ini successive earis. LuriNaNCE OF Fmaiiv.-- .1 hle creect of' decomposing animal intters on the soil has beeni al- 1 eady considered. They return be very material which was ab- I tr'acted from the soil, with the I ddition of' nitrogenous matter riginailly derived from the air by 1 be growing pilannt. In an enlight ned( system of rural economy, the r'oduIctio)n of these materials in rge qnantity and their careful reservation, is therefore an object f'naramoun t importance. The ad itonofypsum 01' dilute sulphu le acid to~f'ermenting manures, is f' great ad vantage in retaining acimr ammonia in the form of sul hate andI preventingits escape in > the air. When additional ammo iaL is req'(uired(, it is most cheaply btained in the formof'guano. The hosphates, whose quantity may t e often increased with advantage. ' re best supplied in the form of ~ muper-phosphate of lime." Other laterials are less frequently re- I aired. For' further information 'ithe subject of'the precsent see- d on. the student is referred to orks which treat especially off gmicultural Chemistry.a 'StrEner PosrrATE OF LI ME."- P he method employed in the arnufactunre of '-superphosphate P 'lime," has been already given ' the Chapter on Salts. As in c Sease of guano, its agricultur d dlue depends on actual or potes- r il ammonia and p)hosphate of~ h no. In proportion as the phos-' n koric acid is in a soluble form, K e value is much increased. Il in Tiexas. a sister's beaui is cal!- li The Two Thinkers. In one of the villages of the _ewcastle coal-miniug region wasi the humble dwel!ing of a very humble man. TI'be little,old.fashion ed kitchen was the home and study of a very poor man, of whom the world then knew nothing, but has snee kuown a great deal. He worke(l in a coal-pit. He never learned to read or write till he was mighteen, and then went to sclol three evenings in the week. But he had eves. and what he saw with his eyes he thought upon. Ile carried it home, worked it over in his mind, and when occasion called, could use it in a manner that astouished his neighbors. I will give you an iustance. One of the coal-pits was -flooded with water. The engine bad been frntlcssly pumping f o r nearly twelve months, and came to be re garded as a total failure. The pit "was drowned out." Oa Saturday afternoon he weut over to examine the engine more carefully than he had done before. One of the nwn vsked him. "Wel, George, what do you mak' of her?" "Man," said George, in reply, "I could alter her and make her draw: in a week's time from this I could send you to the bottom." "What do you know about en gines ?" cried the man scorufully. But the superintendent, bearing of it, determined to give George's skill a trial. In three days he had altered the engine, and in two days more the pit was cleared of water and the workmen sent to the bottom. Ifow did be do it? He was not bred an engineer. IIe had no, books to teaeb him. It was be. cause he was a thinker. Ie had seen engines just as the other men had; but he (lid what the rest did not. In his spa,o moments ho set his mind to work about how they were built, and all the whys and wherefores. In this way he saw the cause of the difficulty and how to remedy it. Look at him. Ile is planning, and drawing and studying, instead of spending his time at ale-shops and cock-fights. See the wheels. and cogs, and axles, and bits of lnachinery about tho room. IIe has no books to guide him. The knowledge of other men was be yond his reach. His little son is interested in all that interests his father, and his father ezplains to him pretty much all he knows. Robert goes to 3chool. At thirteen his father sends him to the academy at New rastle. Bob bunts upall the books which tell about machinery. If be could only carry them home to his father I But that is againMt the rules. What did he do ? Iie Look the painis to copy all the pic tures and diagrams of machinery which he thought would interest md help his faither, and wheni he went home on Saturday he ex lained them to him. While Robh ar-t was still at school, his faither >r-oposed to him during the holi lays that be shouldl construct a sun-dlial to be p)laced over- their ~ottage door. "I expostulatedl withi him at first," said R?obert, af' ~erwards, when lhe had becon-e fa nous, "that I had not learned sunf icienit astronomy and mathematics .0 enable me to imake the neesa 'y calculations. lBut he would have io denial. 'The thing is to be lone,' said he,' so just set about it Lt once.' Well. we got Ferguson's tstronomy, and suuhled thme sub-I eet togrether. Many a sore head had while making the calcula ions necessary to adapt the dial, o the latitude of Killingworth. j lut at last it was done, and we nade a very respectable dial of it; mnd there it is, you see," pointingz f o it over the cottage (100r, "still , 1uietly numbering thle hours whben he sun shines." The date carrecd y pon the dial is, "Au gust 11th. Would you know what all this t ed to ? It laid the track of the t irst railroad and built the first lo- e omotive. The nman's name is , ieorge Stephenson, who drove the t irst steam horse the world ever , aw ; and his son is Robert Ste. f henson, who planned the largest t ridge in North America, that over - he St. Lawrence River at Mon. o real, called the Victoria Bridg~e; d wo names that the world will not t oon let die. No beginning cosid have been t: ass promising than that of' George o tephenson. Born inm a poor con- h ition, yet rich in spirit, he wasp om the first compelled to relya pon1 himself. Whether working b s a brakeman or an engineer, his jn iind was always full of the work hand. Wheni a workman. he ut his br-ains and labor into his T ork; and when a master lie put|n baracter and consr-ience into it. s You may go to school, boys, and o yad ever so many books, but un- a ss you learn to think, you will si ever be able to turn your knowl- w lge to any good or great account.u will he as loose ends in y-our f: :ind, never- ready to use, adding.tl ttle or nothing to your ef!!eiency d The Fortifications. The failure to carry the fortifi cations of Paris at once must, it seems to me, erove highly disas trous. The k reneh capital is a fortified city of the first order. Every meaus known to thescience of engineering, all the aids which experience could give and the skill of clever generals suggest, have been applied to the works around Paris-works which have been shown with pride for some years past. Yet, in modern warfare, it is still an open and disputed ques tion how far, if at all, the best de vised tortifica:ious, the finest sys tem of bastions, salieuts and cur tains are superior to the earth works which may be thrown up in a few weeks' time. Even the strongest fortresses have fallen again and again. "Ilere, Sire," said Vauban, handing the keys of Verdun to the King, "is a fortress which all my art would not suffice! to take;" yet Vauban lived to see that very fortress taken three times. It was this same Vauban who first conceived the idea of sur rounding Paris with a double for tilled enecinte, and to make it play an important part in the defence of the country. Thus we see that during and since the reign of Louis XV the state of things which ex ists to-day was not onl conceived but freely discussed. Louis XV refused to grant the money neces sary for the commencement of the plans proposed by Vauban, and it was only in 1833 that a system of permatnent fortifications was be gun. In that year Marshal Soult 1 demanded from the Chamber of 1 Deputies a credit- of thirty-five millions fbr the purpose of putting Paris in a state of defence. After much trouble the money was granted, and seventeen pentagonal 1 trts were established, eleven upon the right bank of the Seine and t six upon the left. These were the ordinary detached easemate forts, ] of no manner of use at the present I day, and east aside as early as the year IS 10 for the present perfected I system. This consists of two lines . of fortifications surrounding the t city; the first a series of detached 3 works, capable of being provision- f ed and of being used for the pur- r pose of retarding the enemy; the c second, the most complete line of V works, arouud the entire city, t which ever resulted from engi- t Lceriug skill. The fortifications t of thissecoud line are all bastioned, o and comprise, first, the zone of fire, i >f about three hundred yards, I :leared of all things which could i shelter an enemy, and within u which no means are loft for the sonstruction of earthworks by ttight; secon, the military ground, >r zone of fortification proper, em Dracing con nterscarp, fosse, escarp. hie giacis and bouquette, with al most ever-y other- term emp)loyed n engineering. The line is a zig mag, wit.h sharp salient angles ; it. :on nects the strong bastions with bach other, an d i>rmus an uu br-oken ine reound the greater parPt of the sty. A nythcing more formnidable ( han these works wouldl be difficult d o0 imagine. Necessarily the line s broken at the points where the ft mbllic roadls diver-ge, but here the si ine is doubly strengthened by a b eries of ouitworks, mounted with 11 leay-crnnon, thle aplproat-hes to r ihaecovered by both ease- e: nate and barbetteC guns. The ti >ast ions are really filly armed and si quzippe'd f4>rts, with, casemIates and oi :iophobes Iiri msketry ; and upon si lie whole line gunis are mounted m~ n brirhette, and there are broad oc lacis wvhere batteries of how it zerQ, b jEld guns or of the deadly mitrail- gi 3ur could be used with terrible tl freet. The ditch is nearly twenty it s~et in width; the walls of the fo earp, on an aver-agt-, along the ar urtain, ten feet in height and four w se in thickness-the bastions, of l ourse, b ei n g hiher. thicker, til t.ronger- and more heavily ar'med n( han the rest. Thus we see that in he zigzag allows oif a double fire I pen any given point in the zone. al rhile the same point is swept by er wvo or more of the bastions. With sin me experience in the matter of er wrtifications, I am free to confess at 'mt this line of works seems to be en tterly beyond escalade, and when TI nee beneath the walls, (if he ever by Oes get there,) Ido not think that eo ]e Crown Prince would be rash a iough to order an assault. Upon te. lis formidale line of works guns all calibre are mounted, the eavy cannon sweeping the ap- ini roaches to the town. To attempt of siege within the radius covered r these guns would be simply wvl urder-ous. To establish a comi- rei ete blockade beyond their range to ould require a million of men. se< here wo'uld be a line of eighteen ha iles to maintain, placing the be- kn eging army beyond the sphere be action from thesc forts, and to uin tempt such a feat is simply ab- no LIrd. The most that could be done of ould be to concentrate t.he force sol pon the principal avenues leading th: em the city. And here, again, bri ec besiegers would be at great wi sadvan tage. Rarning entirely crc ound the citr. nn: sufficientiv protected, is a circular railway, by which the French could tiirow large bodies of men upon any given poiut in a very short space of time, and with its aid the etfect of sud den sallies, nearly always success ful for the time, is greatly increased. CAN PARIS BE BoMBAaDED? It is an interesting question to consider how near the enemy may come, and what defunsive advan tagos may be gained by the series of detached forts beyond the circle of fortifications proper. No one of these forts could hold out, per haps, if a very larg force was massed against it; but no one ofj these could be !akeu -without ter rible loss. Even whououeof them was silenced or taken.tho position would be hardly tenable, for the uns from the inner line would over every foot of the ground, ud sweep the field around with aital effect. These forts silenced, Lhe serious work would begin. Vaubau's object was to make forts ,ornething like MUartello's towers. for the sole purpose of enibarras sing and retarding an enemy; and uo one can deny that they are ad nirably adapted for this purpose. 1though not proof aginst modern irtillery. The battered and crumb ing walls of Fort Sumter showed { :hat while such fortifieations could e destroyed and taken, they yet ave great powers of resistance. [u connection with this topic it vill be interesting to consider how icar the enemy can come. and to alrulate as to how far his fire will ,tfeet the valuable public buildings >f Paris. It -is said that one or ,wo shots were thrown into Pe ersburg from a distance of very car five miles; but such sbots nust be exceptional, and only from st'ablished works. The Germans an hardly sit down hero to build atteries, and they have no field ,uns which can do execution over hree English miles. Well, the 'uilleries, the Louvre, the Palais loyal and most of the other pub ic buildings, are that distance rithin the fortifications. The russians could not bring their rtillery closer to the outer forts han twelve or sixteen hundred ards; and even supposing these arts taken, they could hardly uaiutaiu a battery wvithin the zone f fire from the fortitications. This could give five good miles from he centre of the city, even if all he French troops wore within be lines of circumivallation. No no need fear, therefore, that t1ese t uildings will be destroyed by a - ombardmuont. One or two, per aps, like the Pantheon, situated f pon a height, might be liable to et a few shots. The Surrender at Sedan. ENERAL DE WIMPFFEN's ADDRESS To lis soLIIERs5-TIEE FRENoLI wJTIIOIUT PRoVISIONS OR AMMU NITION. PARIS, September 9. The following is the address of' eneral Winpilen to the soldiers, - :ted Sedan, September 3: S%l&irs - On Th ursday you 7a mught against a force greatly t iperior in numnbers, from day- 1 reak uintil dark. You resisted I ec enemy wit h the uitmost brave- I wheni you hadi tiredl your last e urt ridre, were worn out with a ~htin:r, and not being able to re >ond to t he c-all of generals~ ant n ti'ers to attemp1t to rejoin Mar- b mal Bazaiine by the road to Mont- a edy, yon were foree(Lto ret rent 1 Sedan. In this de'spdrate effort, t] it 2000 men coul be got to-t ther, andi your general deemed a, e attempt, utter-ly hopeless and ti impracticable. Your general a und, with dleep regret, when the tI my was reunited within the d alls of the town, that it had sup- fl ies neithor off'ood nor ammnuni- t< ;coul neither leave the place >r defend it, meansofexistence be r alike wan ting for t he population. T? hvas, therefore redlneed to t ho sad ternatlve of treating with the to emny. I sent yesterday to Prus-.~ mO headquarters, with full pow s from tihe Emperor, but could not w first bring mnyself to accept the a nditions imposed by the enemy. iis morning, however, menaced m a bombardment to which wem uld not reply, I de-cided to make it resh attempt to get honorable ra -ins. I have obtained condi tions C3 which we are saved much of'f a possible annoying and insult- ca tbfrmalities which the usages " war generally impose. 111 Under tho circumstances in i iich we find ourselves, it only kr rnins for us.officers andl soldiers, of4 accept with resignatio nthe con- to [uences of this surrender. 'We eV be at least the consolation of fr own a seless lmassacre has a m avoided, and we yielded only der cirenmstantes against which by army could fight, nam ely, want M food and ammunition. Now,W dier-s, in conclusion, let me say Soi Lt you are still able to render lIiant services to your sountryv, thout being needlessly slanigle I: General Commande-inia LoN>ON. September 13.-Bis marck's official report to the King, dated September 2, describes his interview with Napolcon, at Sedan. Napoleon wanted better terms of capitulation than the Germans of fered. Bismarck refused to discuss the subject, as it was a mili tary question but was willing to discuss terms of pcace. The Em peror replied, that as a prisoner, such discussion was impossible. lie referred Bismarck to the Gov ernment at Paris. Bismarck re plied that the situation at Paris offered no entering point for peace overtures. The Emperor propo sed that the French army be al lowed to pass into Belgium, and there surrender. Refused. The Emperor stated that he deplored the horrors of war, but had yield ed to public opinion in declaring war. The Emperor war not al lowed to see the King until the capitulation was completed. China advices through Russia are unfavorable. The Chinese are preparing for war. Further out rages have been committed on missionaries. BERLIN, September 12.-The King; to the Queen, Sunday night: "The citadel[of Laon exploded af ter surrended, just as the Prus iiaus were preparing- to enter. 350 men were killed, inclucing 200 >f the Mobile Guards. Many were hockingly mutilated. There must have been treason." Ro.ME, Soptenmbcr 13.-Immense posters have been stuck up on the lead walls proclaiming an univer mal Italian republic. The proclaina ion is signed by the Republican Revolutionary Committee. The Italy Daily News has a des ateb tLat the arrangement for ccupation of the Papal States, has )een coneluded. A plebiscitum will )e taken whether the people desire ,he Pope or King as civil ruler, he decision to be binding on both arties. Meantime, the Italian roops will hold Roman territory. f the result is adverse to the ing. he will withdraw. Naples rges the King not to he:itate to nkc Rom the capital of the ation. The official Jonrnal at lorenco justifies the occupation ,s necessary for the Pope as for taly. The Journal hopes the Pon itf will occupy the guardianship f the Italian Government. PORTLAND, MAINm, September 3.-One hundred and fifteen owns give Perham 5,242 majority -a Republican gain of168. Linch, vhose district was the only doubt al one, will cortuinly be elected. he towns yet to hear from gave ,291 Republican majority last ear. BANooR, MAINE, September 13. -The Democrats are rejoicing ver their first nlsjority in this ity. SAN FRaNcisco, September 13. -Thme Oregon Legislature has een organized. The Deomocrats Ii all the offices. THE CUIRmAssiERs' LJAST CHARoE. -MeM1ahon bad already lost the attle. We must keep charging, te. enfans," said the Duke, turning o the Colonel and the few around im. The Colonel touching his at, rep!ied : "Marshal, in the< tate in which we are, to charge is 1 ertain death." McMahon. with a ight shrug of his shoulders an hvered low. yet audibly: "What matters, Colonel; but let us em : race each other first." Not 1 rother word. The Marshal aved his hand, the Colonel gave t me command, and onward they iundered; once, then forming t lain for a second time; again for I ie last. Out of that magn ificen t -ray there wore but 105 men in 6 to last charge ;n'ety-seven went C >wvn woundedi o- killed, eight re ained, and of these eight one lis the story. THr~ SJNKING OF THIE iRON-CrAD, t !E C.WTAIN.--This immnense Eng- r *h ship, the finest afloat, went down a: the caverns of the deep, with '] arly all her crew. She foanideredJ a the Spanish coast. The Oaptain a us 4 272 tons burden, and armxed with it ~attery of six 300O-pounders. It was wved by engines of 900 horse-power, ra d manned by a picked crew of .500 o mn. The armuor which encircle:I it,as I: turned out with its fatal easing. a ngedl from eight inches on the mnost ti posed portion of her hull to seven. h .mr and three inches. as the hull be: e me less exposed. This huge man-of t~ rcwasiregarded a master-piece of t< ehnclskill, and was deemed in-t Inerable. But like some strong s ight, weighed down by the weight his armor, the "Captain'' yielded the weight of the waves that broke er deck and went down with its ight of human souls. It seems that ew only of the crew were saved. iapoleon is accompanied in his exile c Gen. Castelnau, the Prince de la ti sko.wa, and Counts de Genlis, de C iubert. Reille, and Pajol, all of his per al staff. in Iliford, Pa., fulfils the prophecy of ah-"Inu that d4y seven women shall lay d of one man :"accurate statisics show thuat place to contain a proportion of ofl en temnah.t n~ man." nd ADVERTISINC RATES. Adverti,ements inserted at the rate ofS1.50 per square-one incb--for 6rst insertion, and s1 fur .caeb ubsequent insertion. Doubae culunn advertisements ten per cent on above. Notices of meetings, obituaries and tribute. of respeer, same rates per square as ordinary advertisements. Special notices in local column 20 ents per line. Advertisements not marked with the anm bar of insertions will be kept in tll forb and charged accordingly. Special contracts made with large adver tisers, with liberal deductious on above rates Done with Nestness and Dispatch. Terms Cash. Legal Intelligence. [From the American Law Times for September in advance of pub licationt.] In our State Courts Reports for the present month will be found a number of adjudications of unu sual interest. The nature of the writ of manda mus, a remedy which is becotning more and more usefil; is ably di cussed in the case of The &ate ex ret Townsend et al v. Mc1cer, &e, and a decision arrived at which will gratify not a few of our read ers. The gist of the opinion is that a mandamus may issue to compel a transfer of 11. Rt. stock on the books of the company, and this, even, if the company have not adopted regular by-laws. In Powell v. Lash, the 'doctrine of tantun precscriptum, quantum poesessum is very happily applied to a case which is likely to furudsh a val uable precedent. A had en joyed a twenty years' user of a dam, and built another six fee* from the first, which being sotine - caused the bed of the stream to fill with sand to the damage of B. B sued, and in the appellate crort was sustained. .ile effect of a partner signing with a seal the firm name to an executory contract is discnssed by Judge Sharkswood in Schmert v. Slereeve. The Court hold tbat if the contract be good without the seal, the latter may be rejected am surplusage. Gates v. Preston, adjudicated 'in the Court of Arppeals of New York, will not, we apprehend, seem eon elusive to all who read it althbou a careful examination will show that is good law. A judgment of a Justices Court, obtained by a surgeon for professional services, is held to be a bar to an. action for malpractice in the performance of such service. In Detroit v. Blakely a doctrine is enunciated which is directly in contravention of what has been very generally accepted as i.rrdis putable. It is declared that a eit! rannot be held liable for a persona1 mnjury resulting from a defet in its streets. The ruling will ap pear most unusual, aod yet the reasoning and interpretations are is lucid as they are bold.' The learned author has eviden tly given the subject most careful ttetion,~ tnd reached his conclus16ng onlg after a review of pr'bably all the important American cases whfek atre supposed to lead in anoether' :lirection. What may be the effect of this remarkable opinion remnains to be seen. It is not improbable that is miay prove to be produeth'e of ;reat results. The eases contained in our UJ. 3. Courts Reports arc also of great ~onsequence. The opinion of Chief Juste .Thase in Head v. Talley, defining .he responsibulity of fiduciaries who intc invested in Confederate >ouds, is one of the most -impor ant delivered since the close of he war. I n Bigler v. WFaller et a 1, t he esse >f Rlanger v. Abbott, and Ward r. Snith, are construed, and the rule aid down that as a general prin ~iple interest does not accrne be ween beligerents, although in ome instances it mav. The date ~f the comnmencemten~t of the war, n d its termnination in Vii-gi-nia, nre, iso fixed ; but it is asserted. a atct which is not generally under toed, that the "-date of termina ion applicable to all caLscs'' has ot been settled. T hie ruling in he Thorington ence is, also, ex lmed. From the recent opin ions of the upremne Court we givea the esses iV Neal i'. Nea!, and Igdlow v. -orest. In the former it is dlecided that rhien there is a parol gift of landI eompanied by possession, and he donee makesvaluableimprove tenmts, specific perfoirmance will, pon proper proof; be decreed. 'he opinion further furnishes trmo useful instroetion as to mendments in equity proceed igs. Bigelow v. Forrest ireats of the emoval of actions under the apt f 1863, declaring that this act re ites only to actions which are ~rictly personal. The fifth sec on of the "Confiscation Act" is' eld to bar those cnly whose prop. rty has been seized, and the es tte taken under the act is defined be an estate eqnal to the life Cs. ite of the holder at the time of iz ure. Judge IIill's opinion in Ring v.. teamer 1?. E. Lee, establishes that iere must b.e an atctual deliverv render a common carrier liable r loss of batggage. It is chiefly seful as going to show the general trrent or authority at the p)resent me, and the departure from the r>mrmon Law. Other valuable information re ting to legal topics will be found the pages of this number. The Turcos in the French army ent 'heads and gouge out eyes. P'rfect rils. says an intelbueent German.