Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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MAINTENANCE IS A BIG ITEM New Hampshire Uses Patrolmen, Who Repair Every Little Hole as Soon as lt Appears. (By E. B. HOUSE, Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins. Colo.) There are two elements thut should be figured In the cost of road con struction. First, the cost of construc tion. Second, the cost of maintenance. It is the yearly average of these two that should always be considered when figuring the cost of a road. True It is, that roads may be constructed in such a manner as to need very lit tle maintenance, but. these roads are very expensive to build, and lt ls out of the question to contemplate them for the West. The other type of road Is the road that costs a moderate sum to construct and then a yearly charge for maintenance of said road. Good Road in Colorado. The maintenance usually runs up to a considerable annual cost, and it Is this maintenance that usually Is neglected by county commissioners and road supervisors. As good an illustration of mnd maintenance ns I have been able to find is'that practiced by Now Hamp shire. New Hampshire's roads are mainly graveled mads. "Most of them are rightly constructed, the I .gravel bein? wet and rolled as it Is placed upon the road, but in many places this is impossible on account of the expense and in these places the gravel is simply spread upon the road and left" for the traffic to compact. Many of these roads have to hear a fairly heavy trafile, especially dur ing the summer months, most of which ls automobile traffic, and the roads would soon be ruined were it pot for the maintenance feature of New Hampshire's road system. This road maintenance is carried on by several hundred patrolmen. They are hired from the last of March until the first of December, and their work consists In patching every lit tle nit and hole that appears, clean ing the ditches and culverts and in keeping the roads smooth. Each patrolman has a section Of road assigned him. He is required to furnish a one-horse wagon, a shovel, a rake and a light road drag. The road Is smoothed by this dm? after every rain, and if chuck holes start, fresh material is placed in them, tamped down and left for the traffic to compact These patrolmen are paid an aver age of $3.25 a day and the total cost of maintenance runs about $240 per mlle per year. The total first cost of construction of these roads runs about $4,tKK) a mile. DIRT ROADS ARE PREFERRED Much of the Wear and Tear on Hard Road Can Be Avoided by Making Dirt Track on Each Side. Dirt roads are the cheapest-and for a large part of the year the best highways that can be built Because we want to use our roads every day in the year wo are willing to KO to the expense of hard road building, but that is no reason for discarding the dirt roads entirely. . More than half the wear on the hard road can be avoided by making a good dirt track on each side. People will use the dirt road from preference when it Is passable. The life of the hard road will be greatly lengthened, the cost of repairs, reduced, and the needs of the road users better served by building this combination of hard and dirt roads. Farmer's Profit Less. Every inch of bad road-of fair weather-only road-makes hauling that much more expensive; makes the farmer's profit that much less than it should be. Increase Delivery Facilities. Every foot of good road over which wagons and trucks travel increases de livery facilities. Pull Over Roads. Better pull your loads over a road than through it STUDY NEEDS OF LIVE STOCK Dairymen and Stock Raisers Are Cau tioned to Feed Only Balanced Ration to Animals. (Prepared by the United States Depart ment of Agriculture.) In order to save feed-to see that none of it is wasted-dairymen and live stock men should study the needs of their animals and see that only the required .feed ls given In a balanced ration. This is particularly Impor tant at the present time, since an In crease In feed and more live stock are needed to supply the needs of this nation and the allies. To reduce the problems Involved in the selection of feeds on the basis of their nutritive value-which are meas ured in terms of protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents-In order to make them apply to every-flay feeding, has not been simple* In a bulletin re cently issued by the United States de partment of agriculture tables are given which moko the balancing of rations a simple matter of multiplica tion and division. It ls explained that protein, carbohydrate, and fat con tents of a feedstuff are not the only factors affecting Ita feed value. Pro teins differ In their nutritive quali ties, while some substances not in cluded In the classes mentioned are necessary to the proper maintenance of the bodily functions. The palata bility and succulence of a feed has much to do with Its value as a feed. Many feedstuffs have physiological ef fects entirely apart from their nutri tive qualities. A ration may be per fectly balanced from the standpoint of relative content of protein and en ergy producers, and yet be quite Im practicable, the specialists point out, because it Is too bulky or too con centrated. Consideration of a feed stuff or a ration based only on chem ical composition, therefore, is to be taken merely as a guide, it Is ex plained, to be followed in the light of all the knowledge obtainable about ani mal nutrition. The selling price of a food is not a reliable guide to its relative feeding value. The carbohydrate feeds-corn, oats, barley, kafir, and various others -and the protein feeds-cottonseed meal, tankage, and brewers' grains are found on the market at various prices. The feeder desires to know, with certain given prices, which ls the cheapest feed to buy-the true value of a bushel of oats, rye, or bar ley for feed when corn is worth SO cents a bushel. He wishes to. know the value of a ton of brewers' grains, linseed meal, or bran when cottonseed meal Is worth ?30 a ton and corn SI a bushel. By the' use of the tables presented In the bulletin, which show comparative costs based on nutritive values, these questions can be an swered. RAISING CALVES FOR DAIRY Young People Can Help by Caring for Young Animals-Task la Made One of Pleasure. (Prepared by the United States Depart ment of Agriculture.) In the calf club an effort has been made to centralize the energy of the boys and girls in raising and caring for dairy calves. The objects of the calf club are many; the chief one, how ever, Is to develop in the boys and girls a desire to engage In live stock husbandry and at the same time teach Dairy Club Boys Taught How to Se lect Good Milk Producers. them the value of thrift Many plans of organization have been used in these clubs, but the best one seems to be a plan that provides for the calf to be raised by the boy or girl and event ually added to the milking herd of the parent In thLs way the Juniors are instructed In all the essentials of the raising and caring for calves und dairy cows, instead of the can? of the dalry cattle being a task lt becomes u pleas ure. The extension department of tho state colleges und also the department of agriculture assist In this work. DUAL-PURPOSE ANIMAL TYPE! Some Breeders Incline More to Dalry Breeds While Others Prefer to Develop Beef. (Prepared by the United States Depart ment of Agriculture.) As there has been a constant ten dency for some breeders to incline more to the dairy type of animals, while others prefer to develop the beef tendencies, there hos been, and prob ably nlvcays will be, a wide varia tion, iu the types of dual-purpose ani mals. florad?wn TO CONSIDER WHEN BUILDING Three Material Points to Be Weighed by Man Who ls Planning to Own His Dwelling Place. There are three points to be weighed in relation to the expenditure of money for a house. First, the Initial cost ; seo and, the amount required annually for maintenance; third, the "marketabil ity" of the Investment Materials In the order of their dura bility may be roughly classed as fol lows : For exterior waua-first stone, granite, field stone, limestone, sand stone, marble; second, burnt clay, brick, terra cot ta ; third, wood ; fourth, artificially mixed surfacing, synthetic etnne, concrete and plaster. The best materials for roof coverings are: First tile; second, slate; third, asbestos shingles and asphalt shingles; fourth wood shingles; fifth, tin. The wall msicrlal requiring most la bor-granite or field stone-entails al most no carrying cwt Brick and terra cotta are almost equally durable, and where field stone ls not plentiful are cheaper. . Wood ta po ri stable if not cared for but with a liberal allowance for main tenance in the form of paint will last Indefinitely. The man-mixed materials are. because of the human element un certain. Some synthetic stone Is trust worthy-some not The same is true of plaster surfacing*. The amount re quired for repairs may be said roughly to vary a? Indirectly as the original cost As to details generally speaking the cheaper materials, which mean the lower "first cost" require a larger an nual outlay for upkeep, while the bet ter and more expensive ones, while they Increase the first cost, greatly reduce the annual burden on the pocketbook. DON'T FORGET FIRE BARRIERS Their Value In the Event of a Pos sible Conflagration Can Hardly Be Overestimated. Too much importance cannot be given to the problem of fire stopping throughout the house. Whether or not lt Is demanded by the building laws of the town or city where the building is being erected, an owner should see to It that this is done in a thorough and workmanlike way. If done properly, it confines a, fire, should lt start in the cellar (which Is a common place for fires to start), to that part of the house, giving the firemen time to set at it The partitions balng thoroughly stopped, there will then be no need of firemen going through them with their ases. The fire stopping is composed of ordinary brick and cement and is put in wherever possible in partitions and along the stairways. The point is to plug up all draughts, thus keeping the fire In one part of the house Harry Irving Shuinway, in House Beautiful. Dictionary Slavery. The fact is that the highest lingual intelligence today prescribes no such dictionary worship as that of the petty potentates of schoolroom and print shop. The usage of a people is what makes and animates a language, and those words become a recognized part of the language which arc approved by the leading writers and speakers of the time. But these writers, by habit an?l education, are themselves prone to dictionary slavery. They hesitate to take up a new word and dignify lt with usage. Therefore, when they want a new word which our dictionary doesn't provide they go deliberately to the French ! This takes the curse off the crime of coining a new word in English! Aside from the cheap and pedantic practice of lifting words from a for eign language to fill ont the gaps in Our own, our language has today no constant source of replenishment but slang. Shakespeare went to the root forms of classical literature to secure him his materials for words which the language did not afford. We, be cause of our dictionary fetish, can go only to the sporting page!-St Paul Pioneer-Press. Otd-World Industry. No one exactly knows the origin of lace. Both Flanders and Italy claim Its creation. Probably it was the nat Ural evolution of embroidery. One often hears the term "pillow lace." Of this lt may be mentioned that the phrase refers to lace made on a pillow for the reason that It brought the work to a correct height for the maker and also because the lace re quired less handling In this way. And a kindred much heard expression, "needle point lace," refers to that In which the design is formed with but one needle and one thread. It has never been well Imitated by machiner}', since a machine cannot sat isfactorily produce a buttonhole stitch, and this lace is largely formed by but tonhole stitch and like loopings. Lost a Sale, Too. The lady with the fluffy face ap proached tlie shoe salesman anxiously and said : "I want a No. 3 shoe, AA last." And the clerk, glancing at her feet replied : "Yes'f? ; hut perhaps you'd better brin',' the child and let me lit her di rect."- Richmond Times-Dispatch. Je lb Let The Advertiser JOB OFFICE DO YOUR PRINTING We ara equipped with the most modern facilities, and can do your printing in the most up-to-date man ner on short notice. Our New Linotype Machine will set type from the small type to the heavy display type. All kinds of work done in the most ap proved manner. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED Send your orders to The Edgefield Advertiser