Edgefield advertiser. (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, August 21, 1918, Page SEVEN, Image 7
MAINTENANCE IS A BIG ITEM
New Hampshire Uses Patrolmen, Who
Repair Every Little Hole as Soon
as it Appears.
(By E. B. HOUSE. Colorado Agricultural
College. Fort Collins. Colo.)
There are two elements thut should
be figured in the cost of road con
struction. First, the cost of construc
tion. Second, the cost of maintenance.
It is the yearly average of these two
that should always be considered
when figuring the cost of a road. True
it is, that roads may be constructed
in such a manner as to need very lit
tle maintenance, but. these roads are
very expensive to build, and lt is out
of the question to contemplate them
for the West. The other type of road
is the road that costs a moderate
sum to construct and then a yearly
charge for maintenance of said road.
Good Road in Colorado.
The maintenance usually runs up
to a consid?rai ?lo annual cost, and it
is this maintenance that usually is
neglected by county commissioners
and road supervisors.
As good an illustration of road
maintenance ns I have b<>on able to
find is'that practiced by Now Hamp
shire. New Hampshire's roads are
mainly graveled roads. Most of
them are rightly constructed, the
.gravel being wet and nilled as it is
placed upon the road, but in many
places this ls impossible on account
of the expense and in these places the
gravel is simply spread upon the road
and left for the traffic to compact.
Many of these roads have to hear
a fairly heavy traffic, especially dur
ing the summer months, most of
which ls automobile traffic, and the
roads would soon be ruined were it
pot for the maintenance feature of
New Hampshire's road system. This
road maintenance is carried on hy
several hundred patrolmen. They are
hired from the last of March until
tile first of December, and their
work consists in patching every lit
tle rut and hole that appears, clean
ing the ditches and culverts and in
keeping the roads smooth.
Each patrolman has a section Of
road assigned him. He is required to
furnish a one-horse wagon, a shovel,
a rake and a light road drag. The
road Is smoothed by this drag after
every rain, and if chuck holes start,
fresh material is placed in them,
tamped down and left for the traffic
to compact
These patrolmen are paid an aver
age of $3.25 a day and the total cost
of maintenance runs about $240 per
mile per year. The total first cost
of construction of these roads runs
about $4,000 a mile.
DIRT ROADS ARE PREFERRED
Much of the Wear and Tear on Hard
Road Can Be Avoided by Making
Dirt Track on Each Side,
Dirt roads are the cheapest-and
for a large part of the year the best
highways that can be built Because
we want to use our roads every day in
the year we are willing to go to the
expense of hard road building, hut
that is no reason for discarding the
dirt roads entirely. .
More thus half the wear on the hard
road can be avoided by making a good
dirt track on each side. People will
use the dirt road from preference
when it is passable. The life of the
hard road will be greatly lengthened,
the cost of repairs reduced, and the
needs of the road users better served
by building this combination of hard
and dirt roads.
Farmer's Profit Less.
Every inch of bad road-of fair
weather-only road-makes hauling that
much more expensive; makes the
farmer's profit that much less than it
6hould be.
Increase Delivery Facilities.
Every foot of good road fiver which
wagons and trucks travel increases de
livery facilities.
Pull Over Roads.
Better pull your loads over a road
than through iL
STUDY NEEDS OF LIVE STOCK
Dairymen and Stock Raisers Are Cau
tioned to Feed Only Balanced
Ration to Animals.
(Prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture.)
In order to save feed-to see that
none of It Is wasted-dairymen and
live stock men should study the noeds
of their animals and see that only the
required .feed is given in a balanced
ration. This ia particularly impor
tant at the present time, since an in
crease in feed and more live stock
are needed to supply the needs of this
nation and the allies.
To reduce tho problems involved In
the selection of feeds on the basis of
their nutritive value-which are meas
ured in terms of protein, carbohydrate,
and fiat contents-In order to make
them apply to every-flay feeding, hos
not been Simple* Io a bulletin re
cently issued by the United States de
partment of agriculture tables are
given which make the balancing of
rations a simple matter of multiplica
tion and division. It ls explained that
protein, carbohydrate, and fat coo
tents of a feedstuff are not the only
factors affecting its feed value. Pro
teins differ in their nutritive quali
ties, while some substances not In
cluded In the classes mentioned are
necessary to the proper maintenance
of the bodily functions. The palata
bility and succulence of a feed hue
much to do with Its value as a feed.
Many feedstuffs have physiological ef
fects entirely apart from their nutri
tive qualities. A ration may be per
fectly balanced from the standpoint of
relative content of protein and en
ergy producers, and yet be quite im
practicable, the specialists point out,
because it Is too bulky or too con
centrated. Consideration of a feed
stuff or a ration based only on chem
ical composition, therefore, is to he
taken merely as a guide, it ls ex
plained, to be followed in the light of
all the knowledge obtainable about ani
mal nutrition.
The selling price of a food is not a
reliable guido to its relative feeding
value. The carbohydrate feeds-corn,
oats, barley, kafir, and various others
-and the protein feeds-cottonseed
meal, tankage, and brewers' grains
are found on the market afc various
prices. The feeder desires to know,
with certain given prices, which la
the cheapest feed to buy-the true
value of a bushel of oats, rye, or bar
ley for feed when corn is worth SO
cents a bushel. He wishes to. know
tho value of a ton of brewers' grains,
Unseed meal, or bran when cottonseed
meal is worth $30 a ton and corn $1
a bushel. Ky the use of the tables
presented In the bulletin, which show
comparative costs based on nutritive
values, these questions can be an
swered.
RAISING CALVES FOR DAIRY
Young People Can Help by Caring for
Young Animals-Task la Made
One of Pleasure.
(Prepared by the United St:ites Depart
ment of Agriculture.)
In the culf club an effort has been
made to centralize the energy of the
boys and girls In raising and caring
for dalry calves. Tho objects of the
calf club are many ; the chief one, how
ever, Is to develop in the boys and
girls a desire to engage In live stock
husbandry and at the same time teach
Dairy Club Boys Taught How to Se
lect Good Milk Producers.
them the value of thrift Many plans
of organization have been used in these
clubs, but the best (?ne seems to be
a plan that provides for the calf to
be raised by the boy or girl and event
ually added to the milking herd of the
parent In thLs wuy the Juniors are
Instructed in all the essentials of the
raising and curing for calves and didry
cows, instead of the care of the dalry
cattle being a tusk It becomes a pleas
ure. The extension department of tho
state colleges and also the department
of agriculture assist in this work.
DUAL-PURPOSE ANIMAL TYPE!
Some Breeders Incline More to Dalry
Breeds While Others Prefer to
Develop Beef.
(Prepared by the United States Depart
ment of Agriculture.)
As there has been u constant ten
dency for some breeders to incline
more to the dairy type of animals,
while others prefer to develop the beef
tendencies, there has been, and prob
ably nlvrays will be, a wide varia
tion ju the types of dual-purpose ani
mals.
TO CONSIDER WHEW BUILDING
Three Material Points to Be Weighed
by Man Who ls Planning to Own
His Dwelling Place.
There are three points to be weighed
in relation to the expenditure of money
for a house. First, tho initial cost; seC
AndY tho amount required annually for
maintenance; third, the "marketabil
ity" of the investment
Materials in the order of their dura
bility may be roughly classed as fol
lows: For exterior walls-first stone,
granite, field stone, limestone, sand
stone, marble; second, burnt day,
brick, terra eotta; third, wood; fourth,
artificially mlied suri a ring, synthetic
stone, concrete and plaster.
The best materials for roof coverings
are: First tile; second, slato; third,
asbestos shingles and asphalt shingles;
fourth wood shingles; fifth, tin.
Tho wall material requiring most la
bor-granite or field stone-entails al
most no carrying cwt Brick and terra
eotta are almost equally durable, and
where field stone ls not plentiful are
cheaper. .
Wood Is perishable If not cared for
but with a liberal allowance for main
tenance in the form of paint will last
Indefinitely. The man-mixed materials
are. because of the human element un
certain. Some synthetic stone is trust
worthy-some not The same is true of
plaster surfacing*. The amount re
quired for repairs may be said roughly
to vary as indirectly as the original
cost As to details generally speaking
the cheaper materials, which mean the
lower "first cost" require a larger an
nual outlay for upkeep, while the bet
ter and more expensive ones, while they
Increase the first cost greatly reduce
the annual burden on the pocketbook.
DONT FORGET FIRE BARRIERS
Their Value In the Event of a Pos
sible Conflagration Can Hardly Be
Overestimated.
Too much importance cannot be
given to the problem of fire stopping
throughout the house. Whether or not
lt is demanded by the building laws of
the town or city whore the building is
being erected, an owner should see to
it that this is done in a thorough and
workmanlike way. If done properly,
lt confines a, fire, should lt start in the
cellar (which ls a common place for
fires to start), to that part of the
house, giving the firemen time to get at
lt The partitions being thoroughly
stopped, there will then be no need of
firemen going through them with their
ai es. The fire stopping is composed
of ordinary brick and cement and is
put In wherever possible in partitions
and along the stairways. The point is
to plug up all draughts, thus keeping
the fire in one part of the house
Harry Irving Shomwny, in House
Beautiful.
Dictionary Slavery.
The fact is that the highest lingual
Intelligence today prescribes no such
dictionary worship as that of the petty
potentates of schoolroom and print
shop. The usage of a people is what
makes and animates a language, and
those words become a recognized part
of the language which are approved
by the leading writers and opeakers of
the time. But these writers, by habit
an?l education, are themselves prone
to dictionary slavery. They hesitate
to take ap a new word and dignify it
with usage. Therefore, when they
want a new word which our dictionary
doesn't provide they go deliberately to
the French ! This takes the curse off
the crime of coining a new word in
English !
Aside from the cheap and pedantic
practice of lifting words from a for
eign language to fill ont the gaps in
Our own, our language has today no
constant source of replenishment but
slang. Shakespeare went to the root
forms of classical literature to secere
him his materials for words which
the language did not afford. We, be
cause of our dictionary fetish, can go
only to the sporting page!-St Paul
Pioneer-Press.
Ofd-World Industry.
No one exactly knows the origin of
lace. Both Flanders and Italy claim
Its creation. Probably it was the nat
ural evolution of embroidery.
One often hears the term "pillow
lace." Of this it may be mentioned
that the phrase refers to lace made on
? pillow for the reason that lt brought
the work to a correct height for the
maker and also because the lace re
quired less handling In this way. And
a kindred much heard expression,
"needle point lace," refers to that in
which the design ls formed with but
one needle and one thread.
It has never been well imitated by
machinery, since a machine cannot sat
isfactorily produce a buttonhole stitch,
and this lace is largely formed by but
tonhole stitch and like loopings.
Lost a Sale, Too.
The lady with the fluffy face ap
proached tlie shoe salesman anxiously
and said :
"I want a No. 3 shoe, AA last."
And the clerk, glancing at her feet
replied :
"Y"s'r. ; but perhaps you'd better
bring the child and let me fit her di
rect."-Richmond Times-Dispatch.
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