Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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Mighty G erm a ny Sy Admirai con Koester, of the German Mavy HE carrying out of our naval Urogramme is necessary to protect us against the attacks of nations, which view our economic success with jealous eyes. We require these suc cesses bectuse the steady increase of our population compels ns to devote special attention to the growth of our over-sea Interests. Nothing but the strict fulfillment of our naval programme can create for us that importance upon the free world-sea which it is incumbent on us to demand. It is said that Germany cannot bear the burden of double arma ments by Zand and sea. The steady Increase of our population compels us to set ourselves new goals, and to grow from a Continental into a world pow er. Our mighty industry must aspire to new over-sea conquests. The number of our merchant ships must be increased. We must dignify our colonies with more importance." Our world trade, which has more than doubled in twenty years-which has increased from $2,500,000,000 to $4,000,000, 000 during the ten years since our naval programme was fixed-and $3,000, 000,000 of which is sea-borne commerce alone, can only flourish if we con tinue honorably to bear the burdens of our armaments on land and sea. The German nation in 1900, after mature reflection, adopted the naval programme Meantime our national fortune has grown by at least $5,000,000,000-the esti mate of'$500,000,000 a year is none too high-while the population has in creased by 8,000,000. Thanks to strong land armaments Continental Ger many .has enjoyed the blessings of peace for forty years, and has raised her self to great affluence. Unless our children are to accuse us of shortsighted ness lt is now our duty to secure our world power and position among other nations. We can do that only under the protection of a strong German fleet, constructed according to the provisions of our naval law-a fleet which shall guarantee us peace with honor for the distant futre. M**\ ff wtii^rftiTi?Vii V*\ European Superiority ? Speculations on the Cause of Hurts to Amer? ican Pride - 1 By Padraic Emmet Smith ? ?tt*M*to??M4yw* WI/- ********** ?) MKK1CANS sometimes compiadn of tue supercilious bear ing shown by a good many Europeans, and particularly by the inhabitants of. the British Isles, toward persons and af fairs American. This European disdain is an undeniable reality and 4s directly due to the infantile enthusiasm and awe s?own by the average travelling Americans, and partic ularly by their womenkincl, in the presence of anything which has no counterpart in their own country. A crazy old edifice marred by time, a chinless dude with a title, a dirty little town which has been mentioned in history, anything to which a rag of aristocratic sentiment can be tied, suffices to excite their wonder. A manager at a London hotel once told me that an American girl that day had collected the shells of some nuts which an earl had been eating. Rich Americans in Europe have the reputation of being unmitigated snobs. Mediocrists from Europe, whom the average European does not know, are lionized here and mobbed by "society." A few months ago a humdrum Teat by the brother, or rather the horse ot the brother, of a British lord sent a Madison Square Garden "society" crowd mad with enthusiasm. What wonder that Europeans are supercilious? What wonder that they should be surprised and delighted at the social humil ity of Americans, and that they should believe that everything here is below the level of the smug mediocrity of which they are themselves secretly conscious? V? & & ytf - Neurasthenia- the 1 American Disease Cy Henry Van Dyke URIOUSLY enough, it was in France that the best treatment of this disease developed, and one of the famous practition ers, Dr. Charcot, died, if I mistake not, of the complaint to the cure of which he had given his life. In spite of the ract that nervous disorders are common among Americans, they do not seem to lead to an unusual number of cases of men tal wreck. I have be"*n iooklng into the statistics of insan ity. The latest trustworthy ligures that I could find are as follows: In 1900, the United States had 100,500 insane per ? "ats m a population of 76 millions. In 1896 Great Britain and Ireland had 128,800 in a population of 37 millions. In 1884 France had 93.900 in a popula tion of 40 millions. That would make about 328 insane persons in 100,000 for Great Britain, 235 in every 100,000 for France, 143 in every 100,000 for America. Nor does the wesr and tear of American life, great as it may be, seem to kill people with extraordinary rapidity. In 1900 the annual death rate ?per 1,000 in Austria was 25, in Italy 23, in Germany 22, in France 21, in Bel gium 19, in Great Britain 18, and in the United States 17. 1 In America the average age at death in 1890 was 31 years; in 1900 it had risen to 35 years. Other things such as climate, sanitation, hygiene must be taken into account in reading these figures. But after making all allowance for these things, the example of America does not indicate that an active, busy, quick-moving life is necessarily a short one. On the contrary, hard work seems to be ( wholesome, and energy favors longevity.-American Magazine. The Point at Which We Begin Ey S. P. Eoione OPULAR thought begins by assuming that matter is the mest certain of all things. Spirit may be doubted, but material things are undeniably there. This ls the convic tion with which we all begin ?*nd it very easily leads us toward mechanical and materialistic thinking. The view, however, is invested. The only sure facts in life are our selves and the world of common experience, t?e nuruan world in short This is where we really begin and waere ure itself goes ?o, and ail thinking whatever that we may do must be related to these facts, and whatever we believe must in some way be deduced from these facts. Mat ter, then, as a metaphysical existence is no first fact, but only an abstrac tion from experience. Life and experience are the first facts. Now with this starting point we find ourselves living, thinking, feeling, acting and producing a great many effects in the world of experience. We are in this world depending upon It in some ways and able to act upon it and modify it in some ways. The physical world, then, is far from independent of our thought and ac tion. We, the living persons, modify the world of things, use it for our pur poses, build cities; traverse seas, subdue nature to our service, develop gov ernment, social institutions, etc.; and in all of this we find ourselves given as active and controlling causes.-North American Review. King Victor Receives Medal. King Victor Emmanuel has re ceived General Stewart: L. Woodford, who, on behalf of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission, presented to .the Government of Italy a gold me lal struck in commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the exploration of the Hudson River. The audience w5s most cordial. H's Majesty was greatly interested in the medal, which he much admired, say ing that it was one of the be2t type3 of the numismatic art. A Worldly Impression. "What is the cause of that prima donna's indignation?" "The press agent," replied the im presario. "He Siid she sang like an angel. She says that all the aDpels. she ever knew couldn't sing. They merely wrote checks."-Washington Star. There is some question whether London or Paris sets the fashion in furs each year. London certainly sets the price. HOW AN AERO! AS SHOWN B' A Simple Explanat ? technical T< Av?rai The aeroplane of Glenn H. Curtlss, In which he made his Albany-New York flight, is the one from which the accompanying diagrams are drawn. The Curtiss machine is held to have proved itself, by the. recent flight, the mest advanced type of aeroplane yet devised in. America, possibly in the world. The Curtiss aeroplane is shown in ground plan in Figure 1. The aero plane flies in the direction indicated by the arrows. A is the altitude rud der, perched out at the end of a bam boo framework, in front of the driver. FIG: AROUND PLAN B B, are the two stabilizing rudders, out at the ends of the planes. C is the rudder for lateral steering, perched out behind, as A is before. P P is the upper sustaining plane, four feet under which lies the lower sustaining plane, parallel and of the same shape and size. In front of the planes is the steering wheel, W. Just back of W is the aeroplanist's seat, S, and between the planes is placed the1 big engine. Back of the engine and behind the big planes is the pro peller, X. / In the type of aeroplane now most developed, the propeller, X, placed be hind the engine, E, and the driver, at S, forces the machine forward in a horizontal direction. The planes, P, P, catch the air on their under sur faces, slightly inclined and concaved for that purpose. The pressure lifts the machine in the air or sustains it there at a desired level. The engine that supplies the power is a gasolene explosion motor closely similar to that used in automobiles. Only slight differences are necessi tated by the adapting of the engine to the aeroplane. The controls for the magneto and gjfeolene supply are placed forward oiWhe engine, at the driver's seat, S, for he is under the disadvantage of sitting in front of the motor. It ts now to be seen how the pro peller. X, driven by the engine, E, sends forward the machine, which is sustained by the gliding on the air of the plane, P P, and the similar plane under it. There remains to be seen the more delicate and difficult part of cF2?^5.-V?EWvOF-,T Manufactured Rubies. Rubies weighing eighty carats can be built up. These rubies after they have cooled are split lengthwise. They are cut and polished, the final polish ing being done with tripoli and wat er. The cut gems ready for the mar ket are worth about forty cents a carat. This price is insignificant as com pared with that of the natural Burma ruby, whose market value is almost fabulous. Chemically, optically and physically the "scientific" rubies are identically the same as the natural stones. Even in both forms the mic roscopic air bubbles called "frogs" or "inclusions" are present. Lacroix, the geologist and mineral ogist, asserts that the artificial ruby cannot be distinguished from the nat ural, while Pinier, a leading gem ex pert of Paris, claims that they can readily be distinguished. At any rate the pawnbrokers of Paris have placed rubies under the ban, and it is almost impossible to secure loans when ru bies of any description are offered as security.-Popular Mechanics. >LANE WORKS, Y GLENN GURTISS ion of Flight in Un? erms For the je Man. flying,' namely the work of keeping the flyer straight and level. Each of the ruddere, A, B B and C, does its own particular share of this work. It is a threefold work, and far more complicated than the control of auto mobile, ship or bicycle. All these travel on a horizontal surface and are guided only to right and left. The function of the forward rud der, A, is to turn the course of the aeroplane up or down. Right here the tremendous difference between the aeroplane and almost all methods of locomotion known to us becomes OF ?URTISS AEROPLANE} apparent. To realize the difference, it is only necessary to try to conceive an automobile that one could, by a turn of (the wrist, start to soaring up ward frbm the ground. Nothing elso so freeland complete in the whole realm of motion, as known to human experience, exists as in the aeroplane of to-day, rude and imperfect, com pared td Its prospects, as it still pre sumably is. And the freedom and STABILIZING/PL/ compl?te command of space that dis tinguish the aeroplane all lie in rud der k, the altitude rudder. Figure 2 ls a drawing of the essen tial Retails of this wonderful rudder The rudder is shown from a point of observatbn forward of it and to its left. I The r'tdder consists of two hori zontal panes, p p. They are con nected vith a framework similar in shape to the skeleton of an oblong box. Tbs framework bj? the planes p p for it top and bottiw^ides. The framewok hinges at the two ends on the axis; represented by the dotted line, a. ,t is by turning on this hinge that theplanes are made to act as rudders. This ation is produced in the fol lowing ianner: When the frame work is ilted so that the fronts of the plans point upward, the air through vhich the aeroplane is ad vancing atches on their under side. The presare of the air on the under sides of .te planes lifts them up, and so lifts te nose of the whole aero plane upimaking it take an upward direction. When, m the other hand, the i PROPELLER HE AERPLANE; SHOWING, TH! How tiiunt Wolves in India. The auOrities of Hazaribagh are inviting sHsmen to help in the ex terminaticof a pack of wolves which have estabhed a reign of terror in the neight-hood. The reward is at present R 50 for each full groxvn wolf. Elpn children have been killed betten February 7 and 23 in the tract [lng between Barhi and Cohwparapolice stations, a distance of thirteejniles. The wolves hunt from earlmorning till noon and again fro? o'clock till sunset. The aufrities make the following suggestioij Sportsmen should not attempt tTlde up to the wolves, j When thetck is sighted the sports man sho'ujsend away his pony and his attencjts and should approach them leisiy and alone. He should wear a tuin and make himself look as like a lisant as possible. The rifle shoul e carried as if it were a stick.-Alabad Pioneer. The sal eral of t $11,000. of the Lieutenant-Gen Uaited States Army ls THE TWO MO planes p p are tilted downward, th< air as it is cleft presses on theil top surfaces and forces them to poin earthward. And so they give th< downward direction to the course o the aeroplane, when the flyer desire: to fly lower. It will readily be seen that withou the altitude rudder, A, the aeroplani would be helpless. How is the altitude rudder con trolled by .the areoplanist? Th< view in Fig. 2 shows this in the ap paratus, eec. This is a peculiar bu' perfectly simple device. The ruddei is pushed forward or pulled back bj a long rod. The rod runs from a crosspiece of the framework of the rudder back to the steering wheel. 11 is fastened at the hub of the wheel The wheel works backward and for ward as well as turning. More vital still than the altitude rudder, and certainly more of a de parture from all other known meth ods of equilibrium, are the stabilizing rudders or fins, B B. The working ol these is shown in Fig. 3. An aeroplane is poised as delicate ly on its airy even keel as a tightrope walker on his wire. The stabilizing fins serve the same purpose as do the fan of the Japanese tightrope per former. They save the flyer from tip ping over to one side or the! other. Fig. 3 will show how this is done. The purpose of the arrangement here shown is to to tilt the one plane up ward and the oppisite one downward at the same time. The control- of the planes, B E, lies in the wires cece. The axis of each plane lies in the dotted line, A. "fhe wires, cc, fastened behind the axes of the planes, tilt them by an upward or downward pull. The wires c c run down from each plane to a pulley at the corner of the lower sustaining plane, P. From the pulley they run straight to the top of the back of the driver's seat, S. There they are fastened. When it sways to the right, it pulls the wire that draws down the rear of the stabilizing plane out at the left wing tip. When the seat sways to the left, it draws down the stabilizing plane at the right wing tip. The wring, c c, runs also up from the tops of the stabilizing planes through pulleys overhead, and so con nects the stabilizing planes from above. When, therefore, one stabiliz ing plane has its after edge pulled down by the tilting of the seat back, the same pull, communicated by the wire overhead to the other stabiliziug plane, pulls its rear up. Whichever way the one stabilizing plane is turned, the other .one is turned oppo sitely. The manner in which this action rights the aeroplane-will be readily understood. The process is as fol lows: As soon as, in the course of flight, the ?aeroplane sags to the left, ! the driver leans over to the right in his seat. It is the motion that he ! would naturally make to find his own equilibrium. In leaning to the right he pushes the seat back over with him. This pulls the wire that draws iown the left stabilizing fin's after part. Thus the fin turns on its axis, Dr in such a way as to present a slant lng under surface to the wind. The | wind delivers an upward pressure on his surface, and this upward pressure j :ends to right the sagging left end of ;he aeroplane. At the same time the ? lull that started from the seat back C,'oF.B :.V?RIOUS>ARTS; An Opalized Snake. What is supposed to be an opalized nake has been discovered by a pros ector at White Cliffs opal fields, outh Australia, from whom it has een secured by an Adelaide rest ent named S. Saunders. On what appeared to be a piece of .on-stone, dark brown in color, and lerefore making an excellent back round to show off the precious stone, as embedded the form of a small aake or lizard of pure opal. Tbe liling body measured about two in ?es in length and the head and eyes re to be plainly seen. Even the :ales of the back can be discerned. Before Mr. Saunders secured it the lecimen had been submitted for ex nination at the museum, and he was iforrned on making the purchase lat it was a reptile of some kind os fied and then opalized.-Adelaide dvcrtiser. At the bottom of the sea the tem :rature remains practically unal red at any one spot throughout the hole of the year. JEW YORK-CHICAGO FLIGt ST FEASIBLE ROUTES FOR THE A] is sent on from the left fin over the] overhead wire and down to the upper surface of the right fin, which is drawn up. The right fin is thus made to present .its upper surface to the wind, and the wind then depresses the right end of the aeroplane at the same time that the left is being raised. In a moment the aeroplane is righted. The driver thereupon straightens up in his seat, bringing the seat back again to the upright position and so drawing the stabiliz ing fins back again to their original place. The third of the important con trols of the aeroplane in the air is shown in Fig. 4. It is the side jp side steering gear, the most complicated, 'FIG."" 1-ELEVATION OF. because it.is the least important. It needs a second motion of the hands, which are already busy with the alti tude control. Fig. 4 shows a view of the side-to side rudder, C. It is cleft, and through this cleft passes a horizontal plane. This is just a fixed plane, placed to sustain the weight of the. after end of the aeroplane. The rud der C, save for this cleavage into an upper and a ?.ower part, is very sim ilar to a ship's rudder. It is note worthy that this is the only vertical plane on the whole Curtiss machine. The rudder C swings on a vertical axis, a. The positions into which it may swing are shown by the dotted lines. It is with this wheel, of course, that the driver turns to right and left, doubles on his course and makes the most complicated evolutions. There are other things that the aviator has to attend to besides his direction and stability control, of course. But they do nqt require his ever taking more than one hand from the steering wheel. There is the (throttle which feeds the fuel to his engine. It is a short, slender lever, at his right hand. A brief motion ruts,off his fuel and shuts down his engine, or lessens nts speed or in creases it. The electric control is in a little twist-button fastened on the front of his seat between his knees. In starting, Curtiss, after testing bis engine, first takes his place in the driver's seat, turns on the throttle and grasps the steering wheel. Then, while two or three men hold the ma chine from darting forward on its wheels, a mechanic starts the engine with a quick turn of the propeller. With the propeller going briskly, Cur 's I i [ FIG~?^ELEVATION. OF SI tiss gives a signal, and the aeroplane is released by the men holding it. It starts forward rapidly on its wheels. When the right speed is reached, Cur tiss palls the steering gear back a little toward him. The aeroplane rises from the ground. The ground friction overcome, it gains speed rap idly and rises faster, till it reaches the desired level. In descending, Curtiss picks out with his eye the favorable spot. When within some 200 yards of it and at some twenty yards' elevation, lie shuts off his engine with a move ment of the right hand. Depressing the head of his flyer, he glides down mentum.-Condensed From the New X"ork Evening Sun. Camels in South Australia. Camels are used by pastoralists md others in central Australia for :arting wool and stores. These are ?vorked by English as well as Af ghan drivers. They are used for sad ile at eighteen months of age; at :wo years, says the British Austral ian, they carry from one cwt. to ;wo cwt., at three years, four cwts. 3ulls at four years can take six cwts. >f loading. The camels are bred in South Aus ralia; those locally reared are becter veight carriers than those imported; hey are lower set, better boned, and veil footed. They thrive on the ;rasses and bushes of the country, on rhich they can be worked for many ears.-London Globe. Drop in England's Birth Rate. England's birth rate last year was he lowest on record-2 i>. 5 S a thou and of population. This is nearly .0 below the rate for 1?0S, which howed a slight increase over 1907, ie first for many years.-Medical :ecord. bj bc Vf he Jc nt re co OL ra Ei in mi of wi rn? ca be to UH he: his Th IT. oasseoaoeoeeooe&eoooecacte The experiment tried by Professor McKeever, of the Kansas State Agri cultural College, as to the reliabilityr of the average witness is but the rep etition of other tests upon a me re ex tended scale and directed toward the same end. The results also, were sim ilar, and they help to satisfy us that'' the evidence of the ordinary eye-wit ness has a very slight value and that there are few among us who can de scribe accurately even the simple - events that transpire in full sight. hi) VTUDE RUPPER7to Professor McKeever went to some trouble in his experiment, which was arranged in imitation of an actual crime. He drilled three of his stu dents to perform a "hold up," and the little drama was enacted upon Sf, stage in front of the class. A subse quent examination of the audience disclosed the fact that it was at sixes. and sevens as to what had actually happened. The students were unable to agree as to which of the "robbers" had carried a revolver or worn a rain coat, and all the other facts were sim ilarly obscure. Any one of the wit nesses could have given an account of what he believed he had seen, and" no doubt by itself it would have passed as good evidence, :but unfor tunately the student who sat next to him believed himself to have seen something quite different. Professor Munsterberg recently car ried out a whole series* of experi ments directed toward the same end, and the result was even more remark able. He used for the purpose a large class of students whose powers of correct observation ought to be above rather, than below the average. He tested them in a great many ways, requiring them to estimate the num ber of colored spots upon a sheet of white papei, he numberof persons in a room, and the length of a pendu lum stroke. The results showed not . only an extraordinary incapacity 1 to observe correctly, but a still more ex traordinary difference in the kind of incapacity, inasmuch as the estimate of one student would be ludicrously too high, while that of the man next to him would be ludicrously too low. It is evident that we must revise sur opinion as to the value of eye witness evidence. Its value teems to 7 DE' TO" SIDE RUDDEIC & 4 e very slight, even with the best of itentions, and we may yet find it ecessary to subject our legal wit esses to r.ome kind of test before al >wing them to testify as to what ley have seen. They may be incap ble of seeing anything with accu icy.-San Francisco Argonant. Truthful Bobby. Mother (reprovingly) - "Bobby, I dd you distinctly if Mrs. Jones asked JU to have a second piece of cake, to ty 'No, thank yon.' " ?i Bobby - "I know, ma, but she idn't say would I 'have,' she said ould I 'like' another piece, and if i said 'No,' I'd er told a He."-Bos n Transcript. Woman's Gift of Rare Mosses. Announcement was made recently r Dr. J. M. Macfarlane, professor of itany at the University of Pennsly mia, that 300 specimens of moss Lve been received as a gift from Mrs. isephine D. Lowe, of Washington. These specimens will be made the teleus of a large collection of mosses presentative of every section of this untry and of many other countries the world, he stated. In it were re specimens from Canada, Ireland, lgland and Japan. The work ot creasing the number of moss speci ?ns will be delegated to members the society and men connected th the university botanical d?part ant.-Philadelphia North Ameri "Will Plant a Virgilinn Grove. A plan is approved whereby an area tween Mantua and Pietole, Italy, is he converted into a wood sacred to ; memory of Virgil whee all tho rbs, trees and plants mentioned in Bucolics will be represented.-? e Rosary..-....