Edgefield advertiser. (Edgefield, S.C.) 1836-current, July 25, 1855, Image 2

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THE EDGEFIELD ADVERTISER IS PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY BY W. F. D URIS OE & SON, Proprietors. Two DOLLARS per year, if paid in advance-Tw t)oL.Ans and FIFTY CENTS if not paid within el monthss--and TUaE DOLLARS if not paid before th expiration of the year. All subscriptions not distinc 1y limited at the time of subscribing, will be conside: i as made for an indefinite period, and will be cot tinued until all arrearages are paid, or at theoption 4 the Publisher. Subscriptions from other States mui INVARIABLY be accompanied with the cub or refer ence to some one known to us. ADVERTISEMENTS will be conspicuously inserted i 75 cents per Square (12 lines or less) for the first it ertion, and 37k cents for each subsequent insertiol When only published Monthly or Quarterly $1 pe t.quare will be charged.' All Advertisements nothavt the desired number of insertions marked on the~mal gin. will be continued until forbid and charged ac cordingly. Those desiring to advertise by the year can posoo liberal terms-it being distinctly understood that cot iracts fur yearly advertising are confined to the imme elate, legitimate business of the firm or individut contracting. Transient Advertisements must be pal for in advance. For announclng a Candidate, Three Dollars, ADVANCE. Fur Advertising Estrays Tolled, Two Dollars, to b paid by the Magistrate advertising. (BY REQUEST.] From the Chronicle & Sentinel. LORD BALTIMORE AGAIN. Hon. A. H. Stephens : DEA SiR: You were right in supposing tha my former communiention, controverting you statement in reference to Lord Baltimore "looked for an answer." I did look for a1 answer-I still look for one. You tell me tha the issue between us "amounts to nothing. Wihat it "amounts to," is just this: Did Lori Balimore establish religious toleration on thi continent? You affirm that he did, and that b wits the first to do it. 1 deny that lie ever did i atall. Whether this issue" amounts to nothing, an intelligent public will decide, or probably ha already 3ecided. The same tribunal will als de-ide whether this summary way of disposin of an issse argues either ability or willingnes to meet it fairly. In my former ietler, assuming the onus prc bandi. which prop-eriy belonged to you, and no to me, (thus giving you an advantage in the dh cussion which you could not claim.) I showe that time colony of Maryland, under Lord Balti more, did not establish religious freedom. quoted froni the so cal!ed "''oleraition Act" itself and showed in the very words of the Act, tha death was the penalty of expressing certain rc igious opinions. flow have you met me a this point ? Simply by -asserting that " th Catholic colony of Maryland under Lord Balti more, was the first to establish the principle o free toleration in religious worship." Wha does this "amount to !" is your assertion to b balanced against the Legislative records of th cebantry? The readers of the Chronicle 4- Sea inel will dceide. In order that they may th better estimate the value of the two, I will plae them together: A. II. STEnExs.-The Catholic colony of Mary land, organized under the auspices of Lord Balti snore, was the first to establish the principle of fre tileration in religious worship on this continent." " The colony of Miarylaud afforded protee tion t all persecuted sects." 1 What I said in A ugusta was strictly true." LAWS OF 3IARYLAND.-" Denying the holy Trini is to he punih.ed with de _.th, and confiscation lanmd and goods to thec Lord Proprietary, (Lord Hal timiore himself!) Persons usineg :mny reproachft words concerning the Blessed Virgin .Alary or thm hloly Ajpostles or Evangelists, to be fined ?5, or i default of payrment to be publily~ whipped and ins prisoned at the pleasure of his Lordship (Lord Baiti more himself !j or oflhis Lieutenanmt Generail." Ss Lawos of Maryland at lar ge. by T.- Bacon, A. D 1765. 16 and 17T Cecilius' Lord Baltimnorc. This Act is dated 21st April, 1649, when Lori Baltimore. was in the zenith of~ his power, ani was copied in substinee, if not ini very wordm from drafts written by his Lordship's own hand (Hild. 1, 347.) Now, sir, I know that your irl genuity is truly remarkable, bitt if you wi reconeile the statements in these two eas trabts, :tnd thus show thint "what you saidi Augtusta was strictly true," I think .vou i achieve for yourself a new rephtation, which wi be to wnat yvou already enjoy, as " auother mort risen on miidnoon." But if you tfaii to rectoneile them, you mnus sat thinmk'that yotur repiutatiomn for atccuracy, oi '. hich alone yout seeiatn rely, will sustain yo11 .\n intelligent people will take thme mere say-s of nom man, wvhen it flatly denies such a record a is above atdduced.. if relig'~'us toleration was " established"i Masrvland, it must have been donie by Jaw. call'un yo to point gio to that law. The mer ipse dixit of thnose who professing to writle hiist c rv. imterlamrd their stalements of fatct with inf'er e'nees anid notion~s falsely deduced from ther1 will not d.. TJhe highest evidence that the nmi ture of' thme case admits of, is the only evidene -that the- court of public op~inioni will receive Nothing but tihe docnment whicb establishei religions freedonm in Mlarylanmd under Lord Balti miore, will meet thme demand rightfully made upoi von. *VWhen a statesmWan occupying a position a prominient ats youmown, matkes assertions impol tanmt inl their~ bearimngs, which are openly controvem ted, it is but due to himself, (allow me respect fuly tho sugrgest,) as well as to his constituent n dt luilic generally, that lie should eithe retract those statements, or prove them,* to b true. lIn this ease, you have not done the forme: nor have you even made an attempt to do thi I mter. 1 challenge youi to. attempt it. 1 hop time inuet nou-, " amounts to" something. I perceive that in yotur commtunicntioni to miE you mnak e a mistake of~ some 30 years in you chronology ; but as the error may have beem tvpomgraphicaLl, I givo you the benefit of thm doubt-though as the error occurs twice, thi probabilities wotuld seem to be against you. I mutst repeat what I said in my former lettem sh.tt the issue is not one of dates.* Itf you wil .,h'.w that Maryland, under Lord Baltimore, wai erafree government, either before Rhode h loin or after, von will mneet the issue satisfatctc rijiv,. You m'aIv show the invitation of' Lort Ililimore' to Puritants and Episcopalians. Bu hi, invitation " esta blished" nothaing. Amid eve if it did, vet, as the parties invited were bot in pocr~-one in New England and the otheri Old England-thme invitation can avail you noth: irng, unldess you show that extended also to pam tie.s not in power-to Quakers, itaptists, Jewi anid in your own laniguage, to "alu persecute Allow me to say in conclusion, that if I hav spokeni to you plhtin things in a plain way, an demied your statemenmts emphtmicalhy, it has nc beenm may intention in so doing. to be unc~ourtm m'us. Nothming could be further from may wisl Youtr protracted experience at the Bar, ha doubtless long sincee taught you, that parties e m'pposite sides of a question, do unot mnecessnril base thmeir respect and esteem for each other. make, these apologetic remarks, therefore. ne for your sake, for I knbow you would not requir thi;but fur the sake of thme non-professiona wader and those uninitiited in tihe customs deb:te', who might do mer the injustice to suj pose, thamt what I intend omnly for emphasis is don in forgret fulness of the law of kindness, andc tihe consideration due to thme character and pea ion of my distimnguishted opponient. I fear n * ueh injustice fronm you. As ever, sir, respectfully yours, H. 11. TUCKER. LaGrange, Ga., Jtuly 6, 1855. From the Chronicle & Scntinel. LORD BALTIMORE-R0GER WILIJAMS. CaAWroxDVILLE, Ga., July 14, 1855. To Rer. H. H. Tucker, LaGrange, Ga.: Smt: Your second letter, dated the 6th insl and adressed to mec through the Chronicle< &entinel, has f'allent under my eye. You seei 1o .think the issue you made with me dot 'amount" to something, after amll. "m And WIh: it amounts to,".you say. " ii jnst this: Di Lord Baltimore estabmlishm religiomus toleration u this continient? You (alluding to me) aflirm that:he did and that lie was :he first to doi I deuiy'thzd lie ever (lid it at all." .This, ae .hefue ymi on re-emt, amnd e chall-ng' (mot'a iergelurIoal word, I wo.1,) me evenm I "ateup~t' 4eineet it.' You wanmt piroof, dm yoi of WimaU I mi:id in Aug mt, to wit, that "IIb (:atmi :.i C..l.'... of 1t.... lt....A .....m lizA ....d1 the auspices of Lord Baltimore, was the first.tc establish the principle of free toleration in reli glous worship on this continent." Well, sir, turnuto Baneroft'i History of the United States, vol. 1, page 242, and read wha is said of the charter granted by Charles the First to Lord Baltimore in 1632, for the colony of -Maryland: "Christianity was, by the charter, made the law of the land, but no preference was given t< ifi any sect; and equality in religious rights, no less than in civil freedom wassassured." Turn over to page 244, same volume, ani .t read as follows: "Calvert (Sir George Calvert, who was Lori Baltimore) deserves to be ranked amongst the most wise and benevolent law-givers of al nations. He was the first in the history of the - Christian would to Reek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice, and not by the gereise of power; to plan the eslablish. ment of popular institutions with the enjoy. l ment of liberty of conscience; to advance the career of civilization by recognizing the rightful equality of all religious sects. The asylum of Papists was the spot where, in a remote cornet of the world, on the banks of rivers which, at yet, had hardly been explored, the mild for. bearance of a proprietary adopted religious free. dom as the basis of the State." Lord Baltimore, the elder, who planned this colony;died in April, 1632, before his enterprise was accomplished. His son Cecil Calvert sue. ceeded to his titles and carried it out. He did r not, however, come in person with the emigrants He entrusted them, consisting . of about twc hundred people, to the care of his younger brother, Leonard Calvert. They were "most of them-Roman Catholic gentlemen and their ser. vants." They sailed from the old world dn the 22d November. 1633, in two ships-the onc called the Ark, the other the Dove. And or t the 27th day of March 1635, says Bancroft, page 247, " The Catholics took quiet possession o. the little place, and religious liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide world, at the humble village which bore. the name of St. Mary's." The itali'es in this extract are my oan. If you arc not satisfied with this, turn on to t page 248, and read as follows: "Under the mild institutions and munificence of Baltimore, the dreary wilderness soon bloom. ed with the swarming life and activity of pros. perous settlements. The Roman Catholics, % hc - were oppressed by the laws of England, were sure to find a peaceful asylum in the quiet har. bors of the Chesapeake, and there, too, Protes tants were sheltered against Protestant intoler. ance." The italics are again mine. "Maryland at that day (1642) was unsurp:tss. f ed for happiness and liberty. Conscience was t without restraint. A mild and liberal proprieta ry conceded every measure which the welfare of the colony required. Domestic union, a happy concert between all the branches of goverfiment an increasing emigration, a productive ccmmerce a-fertile soil, which Heaven had richly favored with rivers and deep bays, united to perfect the scene of colonial felicity and contentment. Ever intent on advancing the interests of the colony, Lord Baltimore invited the Puritans of a Massachusetts to emigrate to Maryland, offering them lands and privileges, and free liberty of religion." 1 vol. Bancroft, page 252 and 253. This was all before the restriction act yo1 allude to which passed the Legislative Council - in 1649. This law, it is true, provided a heavy 'penalty agaiinst whoever should "blaspheme Go.o huld deny or reproach the Holy Trini, ety, or any o'f the three persons thereof." But il does not affect, in the slightest degree, the cor. .rectness of my statement, that the pr'nciple o1 .. free toleration in religious worship was first ec. s tablished on this eontinent by the Catholic colo. ny of Maryland, under the auspices of Lord Baltimore. And- that this~ "colony .nfforded protection to all persecuted sects." The historian I quote from is not only ack. nowledge to be the very best authority on the subject, but it is proper to state, for the iifor. mation of those who do not know, that lhe is a jNew England Protestant, and without any un due syinpathy for the Catholics. But if you cannot laj your bands on thit work, I cite you to the common school book, bj Grimshaw. On page 68 of his history of the United States you will find it stated, that " Mary, land was founded by Sir George Calvert, Bart, Snet of Daltimore in Ireland, a Roman Catholic nobleman born in England," and farther on a follows: "The religious toleration established by that charter, the first draft of wvhich was written, i: is said by Sir George himself, is highly honora, ble to his memory, and was strictly respectei And onhplge 69 you will read as follows: fro WhltVirginia harrassed all who dissented frthe English Church, and the Northeri colonies all who dissented from the Puritan, the Roman Catholics of Marylaind, a sect whlo, it the old world, never even professed the doctrit of toleration, receiced and prokcted their Chris tain brethren of erery Church, and its populatiot Iincreased." The italics are mine. The authorities here produced. I deem qulit< sufficient to show, that whether the issue be, tween us amounts to much or little, your denia of the accuracy of the statement made by mat in the speech delivered in Augusta, amounta t< absolutely nothing at all, and ends in nothing r except to make you feel ashamed for havini made it. The proof is overwhelming agatins you. I had no intention of entering into : controtersy with you when I replied to youl first letter, and I have much less intent ion no" of continuing it. I have other buzsiness ol much more importance to attend to than teach. ring you history, or defending my statements from the assaults of those who may choose t< controvert them, barely because they know ne better. Yours, respectfully, Ca ALEXANDER H.-STEPHENS. IFnoni KAiss-Gov. REEDER's MESSAGE. Gov. lieeder's message contends for the right o athe people to settle their own afficirs uninfluenceet by other States, and says that the territorial leg isla tare may act on the question of slavery to : limited extent, and temporarily regulate it. Hi Sdirects attention to the definition of the boun 1daries of the counties -and districts and the a qualifications of voters. -He recommends that a stringent liquor law bi adopted on account of the Indians. He think, that a light tax only is required, and contendi Sthat pre-emptions may be taxed; recommend: the immediate establishment of the scat of gov e emrnent, 'and anitonees that the population o Sthe Territory amounts to 3,383 females and 5,13: t males. - The Legislature fixed upon the Shawnee mis .sion as the temporary seat of government. Thi a Governor vetoed the measure, but the legislatura 1 passed it notwithstanding, and adjourned to miee Sagain at the Shawnee mission. I WE learn from a letter dated Chattanooga ,Tuesday, andi politely himded to us by a friend Ithat a gang of counterfeiters have been passini f in Chattanooga, spurious 810 bills on the BanI .of Georgetown, in this State. Two were passe< son Monday by a young man nadied Cunningham fabout 21 years of age, and whose face the wri . ter of the letter says, is very familiar to him, hi Ihaving seen him often in this city. Cunning ham and a confederate named Gillentine, beltev ed to be the head of the gang, have been arrest ed and ludged in jail. Cunningham had on hi person a 650 and other counterfeit money, an' Gillentine about $500, half of whicht Was $spu rious. Scouts hamd left Chattanooga in search of thi balance of the gang.--Charleston Courier. A Fr~arci. RIDE.-We learn from the Indi anapolis Journal, that a locomotive descendinj ~the inclined plane at Madison, Indiana, on Mon n day last, owing to the wet track, got beyone s control of the brakes, and went down the plin rtwihrat velocity. When withina handred yard dof'hc freight train, which was standing on the n track, the enigineer', Samuel Idler, and the fire a man, Thomas Bizette, took a desperate leap fo life from the flying engine. Mr. Idler was dash ed a'vainst a switch signal, and instantly killec Mr. ITizette struck the ground and instantly ex Sexpired. Mr. E. J. Robinson, a clerk of t comipsany, who was also on the engine, clnng t eand b'y the collisioin with the frieght train ita .. lho -kingly mangled, though yet living. ARTHUR.SIMKIN8, EDITOR. EDGEFIELD, S. C. WEDNESDAY, JULY 25, 1855. U W are requested to state that there will be a Camp Meeting held at Mt. Vernon Camp ground, commencing on Wednesday next, the 1st of August. EDGEFIELD BRASS BAND. ArrNrrioN is directed to the advertisement of this Band. It will be seen that they are now prepared to perform at barbecues, picnics, celebrations, anniversa ries and the like at moderate prices. Knowing as we do most of the young men who compose this Band, and having heard their-music several times, we can recommend them to the District.as being well worthy of patronage. MAGNIFICENT WATERMELONS. Oua friend and brother, JAMEs H. CoLTERa Esq., of the Agricultural Department of this paper, has kindly presented us with a watermelon of really huge dimensions. We were induced by its noble appearance to ascertain its weight, which proved to be within a fraction of 39 pounds. It was a delicious yellow-mea ted melon with black seed, and would have sufficed for a dozen thirsty men: J. M. N. of Augusta has our thanks also for a simi lar present, sent by M. L. It came safely to hand, weighed 33 pounds and wasa delightful treat. There is some mistake though about its " Orange" peculiari ties. - MEDICAL COLLEGE OF AUGUSTA. TEE reader will please observe the advertisement of this popular Institution. It has now been in exis t'ince 24 years, and is rapidly extending the sphere of its usefulness. We rejoice to learn that it is becoming one of the really favorite medical colleges of the United States. Its prosperity increases yearly, and no pains are spared, by those interested in its advance ment, to make it pre-eminently useful to the country. Especially do they claim to understand thoroughly and to teach with faithfulness the nature and cure of Southern diseases. And from the array of science, experience and skill exhibited in their list of Lecturers and Professors, we should decidedly pronounce it the Medical School of all others for Southern practitioners. OUR POST OFFICE We think it would be. well for our Villagers to read the regulations published by Mr. A. Ramsey, P. M. A due observance of them would save the postmaster a deal of unnecessary annoyance and the applicants much useless fretting. It is better to have stated hours for the delivery of letters and papers. Other wise the P. M. is a slave to the irregularities of every body. The hint as to going behind the counter of the office ought also to bs heeded without a second word. FIn VEGETABLES. AMONG the other good things of the current year, we have in these diggings an abundance of fine vege tables. Cahhages, beets, squashes, tomatoes, &c., were never more luxuriantly large. Among other things recently sent us, is a mammoth tomato from Dr. R. T. M. If it were not that it would look like bragging we could mention a few of the same sort we have raised ourself. But we are wtilling to let the Doctor bear the palm. AMERICAN HOTEL, HAMBURG. SEE the advertisement by the present Proprietorsof thtis establishment. Their house is to be opened in August, preparatory to the busy season. We should think that under their management, and in the' very favorable position thtey occupy, success would be al most certain. Hamburg 1ms always been and is still the best market town (without exception) in the South ern country. The farmers of Western Carolina have been trying the upstart country markets for a few years; but the moat of them are looking again towards old Hamburg. The pFobability is that her business n ill be larger next Fall and Winter than it has been fur some years. To all who may trade there, we take pleasure in recommending the American Hotel. MORE GOOD NEWS.. Faoaz a letter received at this place the other day, anid dlated Newberry C.. H., 19th July, we extract the following : " Flour is selling here at $6 per barrel-hams 10 cents per pound-Meal at $1 per bushel and on the decline. Wc have a railroad." A CASE OF KILLING. Wa regret to chronicle another case of killing in Edgefield District. On Sunday evening last, an affray occurred between a negro man belonging to Mr. JASs WAtsoN and another belonging to Mr. WADE Hots TON, which resulted in the death of the latter. The degree of guilt incurred in the matter we have not as certained. The negro of Mr. WVArsoN, and another of Mrs. PAnOET? supposed to be accessory, will be trted in a short time. WHO'LL GO01 WHO'LL co ? Tlte young ladies of the Edgefield Female Institute give one of thteir interesting concerts on Thursday evening of the present. week. We htave no doubt that proper preparations have been made for a pleasant exhibition of the musical advancement of Mrs. R Avttoxus scholars. A full programme, skil fully varied and tastefully arranged, is dotubtless made up fur thte occasion. Wnto't. O? The citizens of the lRed Bank neigh borhtood on the Saluda side of the District have agreed upon a pic-nic which is to come off on the 9th of next mont h.A *mple arrangements are making, by the va rious gentlemen interested, to entertain a large compa ny. The . ceasion is the annuth examination of thte Red Bank school. Thte pic-nic will be held near the school htouse. We are authorized to say that the In vitation is a general otte. -All who may choose to go will be gladly welcome. Mr. Gzonao LANDIuM is expected to deliver an address during the day on some appropriate themne. And altogether we have no dou~bt they will have a good time of It. Wttuo' GO?1 Another large pic ntic is.spoken of in the Ridge settlement, to come off not far from the residence of Mrs. WArson.. We do not know that the date is fixed upon yet. More anon. Wtto'LL. Go? The Regimenal parades for Edge. field will take place early in next month.. As the health of the country is so good, as our horses are so fat, as every one .is in such good humour with himself, and as General ADANEs is Governor, we sup pose the attentdance will be almost universal. To our general query of "'who'it go," the obvious answer is, every man, woman and child that can and the candidates whether they' can or not. ---4' THE OLD AFFECTION. We have been frequently impressed with the deep devotion to the land of tlteir birth, usually manifested by emigrants (rom South Carolina, even after a resi dence of years in the comparatively new States of the West. An incident or-two has called up the reflection again. The reader n ill find an obituary ntotice in our pre sent issue, stating that a former citizen of Edgefield, having a son born to him in the last hours of his life, had the infant brought to htis bed ; and, with his dying breath as it were, called ti'e child " Thomas Edgfeldl Butler." Again, in glancing over the Lowvndes County (Ala) paper the other day, we saw an account of a heated political discussion held in that vicinity at a place cal. led "Mi WiUing." This our immediate readers well know to be the designation of a considerable old stamping ground in our District. We remembered al Sonce having heard that this neco Mt Willing was set tIed and christened thus some years ago by Capt. -JoN BONIJAM, who once resided at thte place of thal name In Edgefield. So true is it, that neither time nor change nor chance can ever efface that genuine fee ling of attachmeni which the true heart ever bears towards the scenes o: its earlier joys. From the days of the old and net Salamis down, the sincerity of this emigrant-aflectioti has been a thousand times illustrasted by such simphi b ut expressive incidents as the foregoing. We admirt the feeling, because it is faithfttl to thet better inslincti ofour nature. -THE "PATRIOT." - rTus "-Southern Pairioi' is disposed to stop hi jibes and jeers at his many political opponents, ani .accordingly expresses very good intentions in thtis re - gard for the time to come.. r 1 A native A frican, owned by Mr., R. HI. Tison s of outh' Ci~iina, died lately, at the age of one hun TIlE RM E. WIrnwI the last few dayij, we have had the pleas ure of a short visit to that very beautiful portion of our District known as the "Ridge." In company with a pleasant party of young people, it was our good. fortune there to patake of some very genial hospitali ty. Every one in those parts seems cheerful and happy-no wonder, when the crops promise such ele gant abundance. The corn crop isespecially splendid. It was never better. Thi cotton, though fine looking, is not considered so good as it might be. The excess of rajp, even in the light 1a4ds of the Ridge, ias militated considerably against 'the proper maturing of the plant. Yet a hot and dr August may efiect an important change in this respect. , With a sufficiency of dry weather for the rest of the-season, and a rek sonably late Fall, we donotsee whyour Ridge friends should not be bountifully blessed in their gin houses as well as in their corn cribs. What a pity that they have no locomotives and ears dashing over their fer tile plains. So lovely a section ought to he shown up to the world ; and what better manner of doing this is th'ere than by building a Rail Road to connect two such prosperous towns as Augusta and Columbia-a Rail Road which would also be.Qne of the great chan' nels of intercourse between the North. and South. The men of the Ridge will understand tis in this allu sion. Why it is they allow the golden opportunity to lie unimproved and apparently uncared for, we can not understand. They are,.many of them, wealthy and out of debt. Nearly all are ii easy circumstances and could well spare some lipndreds at least every year from their regular earnings. What better mode have they of investing this surplus than in' the con struction of a *ork, whichiwhile it shall greatly in crease the value of their lauded possessions and afford them facilities of the rarest order, will at the same time rescue their beautiful h~me from that remoteness and comparative dullness iich now hang as an in cubus over them. But wesuppose the people of the Ridge, like many other of 'our good folk, have come to the conclusion that there is too much of humbugge ry in the business of Rail Roads, and that, as for them and theirs, they will rest contented with the old clod hopping style of doing things. We regret to be forced to entertain such a supposition even for a moment.. Because we can see so plainly how glorious a spot the Ridge would become with .Rail Road facilities; and we dislike to think that so fair a vision is not to be realized. WAR AD-MLOODSHED. Tar middle of the 19thdCentury is witnessing a series of the most trementious human conflicts the world has ever known.' On no other spot of earth has such a mastering of the legions of Mars been realised at any time as is:now taking place in and around the walls of Sebastopol. Terrible as are the bat ties which have already been fought thereabouts, they are nothing to what may ye;beexpected. Now that the Russian soldiery have gained the morale of a great success, it may well be anticipated that their future displays of military prowess will grow more and more brilliant as the war advances. While the Allies, fired as they are with the ambition of standing forth as great conquerors before the .world, will make al most superhuman exertions to crush the stronghold of their powerful enemy. The consequence must be a most wholesale slaughter of human life and an unpa ralelled exhaustion of human resources. Singularly unprophetic were the dreams of those, who but lately announced to mankind that the days were past forever when difficulties betneen nations were to be left to the abitrement of the sword, and that the dawn of universal and perpetual Peace had broken upon the race of Adam. Their prognostications now rank among the ab'sizrdities of the age. THlE HIGH WAYS. FROM what we have seen and heard, the roads of our D'.strict are In a worse condition from the effeucts of the late rains than they have been for years. The very best parts of them are washed into gullies, while somc of the rougher portions are aearly impassible. If they are now merely patched up In a temporary manner, the Equinox will edme along after a while with its continuous showeras and then Winter with its heating rains, and the public high ways will be a disgrace to all concerned.fl*Sb if they are worked upon properly-if our- Road sCommissioners shall see that every overseer callinels, bands at once, that lie keep them out the'full fino allowed by law (if neces sary,) and that all the rough places he made as smooth as circumslances will allow, the result will be very different. We respectfully drop the suggestion tothiose estimable police oflicers. Surely the business of keeping our public roads in good order is,or ought to be, the pride rather than the aversion of our people. And lie should be the most esteemed Commissioner, who rigorously in sists upon a thonrough: and efficient repairing of the roads under his charge. There never was a time when this rigor was more plainly demanded than at present. Let it be duly exercised. SCARCITY OF FRUIT. Hats any one a supply of good peaches I Of water melons we have bad our fill. But the peach, that pride of our Temperate Zone, has been a rare visitor of late to our village market. We have sat and thought several times how pleasant it would be to receive just a little basket-full of plump, velvety, roseate fel owa. Oar very mouth waters at the idea, bat we fear it will water in vain. .The fiet is we don't believe there are any to be had in or about this locality. Tr ue, we have heard several gents talking of their fine, fall trees and delicious prospect, but we imagine it wvas " all talk and no cider." That's the way a good many people do. You hear them say a great deal about the nice things they have at home, but nobody ever gels a sight uf the delicacies--specially the pea ches. AN UNUSUAL SUMMER. Tuz summer of 1855 promiset to rank in this latitude among the coolest of the present century. It is now nearly the first of August, and for two months past the thiermoneter has scarcely exceeded 90 degrees Fahrenheit. For much the larger portion of the time it has str od at about 88 degrees. While for several successive days the notch was yet lower. -Thus far indeed, except for a few days in the spring, we have had no regular specimen of what we call oppresive weather. The temperature has been not unlike that of Fiat Rock, possibly a little cooler. A fig for the motntains while we have such weather. -The very grass in our old fields gives evidence of the unaccustom ed coolness of the year ; for whereas It Is generally parched andI brown by this time, nowv it is as fresh and green na the verdure of a mountain dell. Even the foliage of our forest trees is of a darker cast than usual, and the oak's thick branches cast a " broader browner shade." -Could' we have such seasons as a common thing, how truly delightful it would he ! But the present year is undeniably an exception. Just such another may not happen to us in the next twenty, and it is this notable fact which leads us here to place the summer of 1855 upon the record. Condensed Items, fl7 TU mas is a black-walnuftree near Kalamaxoo, Michigan, which measures thirty-three feet in circum ference two feet from the ground. 5w' A creditor in France has availed himself of an excellent plan to make his debtors come up and settle He has posted up In a conspicuous part of his inn a list on which is affixed their names, with the sum due *by each. gg' LOLA MoNvZZ took her departure from Cali fornia, where she has been residing for above two years, for Australia, on the sixth of June. She carried a trostpe with her, and will take .the route to Idurope via Indiak. gg TENNYsON's new volume, so long expected, will soon appear. " It contains, as we learn," says the London Leader, "thtree new poems of some length -land, an Idyl,'and a poein on Italy. ggm A faithful dog, belonging to the coachman of a banker, ini Rome, recetntly picked up a package In the street, which proved tocontain four diamond studs, Ppresented by Queen Victoria to one of the officers of her house, on a visit to that city, for the recovery of which he had offered eighty dellars reward. gg Ar the Orcliester celebration, on the fourth instant, Colonel Aspinwall, late United Sta-es Consuti to London, and sta officer of the war of 1812, stated that the late.Duke of Wellington styled the march of GeneralWinfild Sotst to Mexico " the military mira cle of the age !". gW' A sculptor of. this city has taken a plaster cast of a live alligator!- Two doses of chloroform made the animal docile, and quiet. ggb la London there are flfty "King" streets, gg AMonG the passengers by the last steamer from California, was a citizen of Boston, who has for six years been trying his tuck on the Pacific coast. When he lefst home he was worth little or nothing, but by industry has returned home with some $70,000, it is said. Such exceptions to the general rule are veryna THE Prussian government is looking well to its arms. Orders have been given to convert, as spee dily as possible, 280,000 weapons of the old system into Minnie rifles. As soon . this is accomplished 600,000 others are to be alter after the same-fashion. A mechanic in Zelle has taken a contract binding himself to deliver 120,000 rife-sights within a year. l A means of impregnating silk with gold, silver, brass or iron, so that it can be woven with perfect fexibility, has recently been discovered by a chemist in France. It is said that the price of the new mate rial will not be high. W BT a law in France, ten per cent. of the money taken at the doors of public entertainments goes to the poor. This has been claimed and allowed at the Paris Exhibition. I IT is preposed to dig a tunnel for a. railroad track under Niagara River, at Black Rock, near Buf falo. Its length will be two thousand four hundred feet, descent of grade on each side seventy-five feet per mile, cost five hundred thousand dollars. The river is twenty feet deep at the proposed -locality, and its bed of solid limestone. Qm AT the Fourth of July celebration at Barre Plains, the Declaration of Independence was read in an admirable manner, says the Boston Transcript, by Miss Sylvia Walker,'a school-teacher in the place. SOmmUNICATIONS. FOR TILE ADvERTIsEa. THE CURYTON ACAD3frE. TuEse Academies are located on the Plank Road, 10 miles above Hamburg, in one of the most thickly settled portions of Edgefield District. They were established about two years ago, and were intended to be permanent Institutions. A pleasant little Vil lage has sprung up around them, the inhabitants or which are deeply impressed with the importance of educating their children. Provided with beautiful and commodious edifices, possessing the advantage of a very favorable location, remote from all eiases of disease and from the still more fatal influences of dissipation and vice, they are destined, if -properly managed, to become an honor to their founders, an ornament to the Distriat, and a nursery to foster and deielope the intellectual and moral faculties of youth from the whole country. During the whole of this year not a single offense of a serious nature has been committed by any Pu pil belonging to these Schools. For correct deport ment on the part of all, and close application on the part of mot of them, the Pupils of these Schools will compare favorably with those of any similar In stitutions in the State. This is to be attributed partly to-the experience, ability and untiring ef1orts of the Teachers, and to their tact in-governing, and partly to the moral and religious influences which have been exerted. To these the writer wishes to direct particular attention. Some of the older and more influential Pupils being pious, it is their cus tom to hold weekly prayer meetings in the Male Academy. A Sabbath school has been formed, for which competent Teachers are provided, and which meets every Sunday morning. *0On Sunday evening a sermon is preached in one of the Academies by thte Rev. .\r. Batoos,-the Rev. Mr. Cu~o-r, or some' other Miinister of the Baptist Denomination. Be sides there are two Churches, Sweet Water and Dig Stephens' Creek, very convenient to these Schools neither being more than two miles distart. Facili tics for attending these Churches are always affurd ed to the Pupils. Such influences act these have been in operation during the year, and it is believed that the Revival which has just occurred here and in theo vicinity, and which first manifested itself among the Students, is thc legitimate result of esuses that have existed for some time, and not a mere temporazry cecitenment which will soon sub side. In pruof of this we will state a few facts. A protracted meeting was appointed a t Sweet Wa ter Church, tn begin on Saturday the 14th of July, but it was not expected that it would continue lung, or in any wvay interfere with the Examination which, was pending. This-meeting was carried on nainly by the Rcev. hMr. CLtoT, Pastor of the Ch~urch, aud our aged and much esteemed friend, the Rev. Mir. CAasoN, of Alabama, both zealous defenders of. the Truth, but not at all suited or disposed to frighten their hearers, by buisterous declatmation, into the pale of' the Church. No extraordinary means were resorted to for the purpose of exciting the feelings. Yet, from the very first, the mteetings which wa.re held during the day at Sweet Water and at night in the Academy were nmarked by a deep interest in a': the exercises-mnore attentive and solermi con gregations being seldom witnessed. Tro continue the exercises of the Schools was soon found to be impracticable ; atid it was even necessai ry to postpone the Examinattion. From first to last about forty-five were added to the Church, of whiom a few were persons advanced in years, atnd twenty were Students. It may also be remarked that most of themt, in giving in their experience, dated their conviction at period, anterior to the nieetinig. In conclusion, wve take a pleasure in recommend ~ng these Schools to the patronage of the public. knowing that parents may send their ehildren to thenm with a full assurance that they will not only othoroughly instructed, but subjected to the most wholesomec mural and religious influences. -- Yours, respectfully. OBSERVER. Fos TnE ADvEa'risElt. EDUCATION. Seeing ignorance isa the curse of Gad,' Knowledge the wving weherewith woefly ta Heavent. SniAxsPEA aE. WHA-r sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to a huinan soul. The philosophier, the saint, the hero, the wise, the good or th-e great man ver-y often lie coneealed in a plebeian, all which a proper educa tion might have disintered and brought to light. Education, thoughi it elevates a man above these of his fellow-ercattures who have not acquired It, and procures him the admiration and esteem of those around him, is yet far more estimablo'in another point of viewv; it renders bim useful to his country, elevates her in the eyes of foreign na tions, and contributes to the civilization of the world. What brilliant examples do Europe and Ameri ea offer l But we will take one from the compara tively dark ages, when learning was sought and and cultivated by few, except those who were des tied for the religious professions. Alfred, King of England, (in 871,) by his wvise administration of laws and his encouragemnent of learning, obtained the title of the Gretnt. Before his time literary education was so rare that few persons knew how to read, and Alfred, though his father had been bred to the Church, and he. himself had been twice to Rome,-though lie had resided some time at Paris, where Charlemagne had exoited emu lation among htis people, who were already distin guisied for their. thirst after knowledge: yet the y oung Prince, notwithstanding toeavantages, had arrived at the age of eleven without even know ing how to -read ; and perhaps would never have obtained that master-key to knowledge, had it not been for his .mother-in-law, grand-daughiter of Charlemagne. She wa-s sitting one day, surrounded by her fami ly, with a highly illuminated manuscript of Anglo Saxon poetry in her hands. The children admired the ornaments, and Judith thought it a good op portunity to excite 'them to emulation. She there f're proposed it as a prise for him who should be first able to read it. Alfred's brothers, who were older than he, treated the offer very lightly and did not take the trouble to qualify themselves as candi dates; but Alfred himself was captivated at once by the hope of -gaining the prize, and the prospect of 22-..ii.t- sfar,.astionn. le tookr tl. mnannustript, found an ina tor, and applied hinself witAO much dillgence,"hat in a short time he was master of the prize. The pleasure arising from the; little knowledge he now possessed gave him a desire to obtain yet more. .He therefore set himself to the study of Latin: His perseverange agp crdened with success. He became a scholar, and not only gave to the world several works of his own, but also-by his precepts and example Inspired his ip&ople~Vwith a taste for literary. knowledge. He invited learned men of all nations to his Court, rewarded them so liberally, and gave sudh encouragement to those who cultivated literature, that we may apply to him the most flat tering eulogium that can illustrate the memory of a monarch. He left his people more enlightened and more civil'zed than be found them. LIRA. @so FOa THE EDGEIIELDADVERTIER. Cuba---No. 2. CusA, Hayti, (or St. Domingo,) Jamaica, Porto' Rico, Gandaloupe, and hundreds of other Islands in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribean Sea, as I have heretofore maintained, are the richest spots on the globe, and might well support fifty millions of hu man souls. The climate, if I am permitted to re capitulate, is equable, and incredibly temperate and agreeable to health and long life-the Ocean im prting to the land a regularity of seasons, without excess of either heat or cold. Although these Islands lie. rather too far South to produce the greatest developments in man, suppo sing that they constituted a continent unsevered and unmodified by the-water like that of America, yet dissevered as they are, and completely surrounded by one of the largest bodies of water, the plants, beasts and men would thrive and flourish in them as they would in another garden of Eden, and na. ture would uniformly wear here her balmiest, bright eat and most georgeous and most glorious aspect. Not to be tedious, but to illustrate my views more learly, I must arrest the attention of the reader, to give. him an accurate conception of the size and population of the country I would erect into one vhole compact Republic. In the waters alluded to ihe Spanish possessions number 46,248 square miles d territory, and 1,366,710 inhabitants ; the-negro possessions in Ilayti amount to 29.000 square miles u territory, and 900,000 inhabitants; the British pasessions to 14,445 square miles of territoriy, and toSO2,735 inhabitants; the French to 937 square mes of territory, and to 245,480 inhabitants; the Dttch to 307 square miles of territory, and to 25, 24 inhabitants; the Danish to 190 square miles of teritory, and to 50,800 inhabitants ; and the Sweed islipossessions to 25 square miles of territory, and to 100 inhabitants-the whole thus making a general aggregate of 91,152 square miles of well-watered generous land, and a population of 3,399,969. In looling at.the map it will be seen that this portion of lie earth's surface is nearly twice as large as Detmark, Holland and Belgium taken together-is abojt the size of Prussia, and is nearly as great as therenowed kingdom of Great Briton and Ireland, andi without any question, has more good aviilable soil than any kingdom here mentioned. At I conf se, nevertheless, that it occupies a very infeor position in the consideration of mankind, not injoying a secondary importance, either in learn-' ing,punnfactures, war or agriculture. Here is the fault. The races of men by which this Ilessed chosen region is inhabited, are low, cor rpt~nd degraded. Some of them were origiually savaps, and the others tly refuse and scum of the popuktion of Spain, Portugal, Ilollmud and .A fica, and ithe othier nations, which at various times-have laid solent hands upon one or another of the Islands namd ;-and they, the races have formed a single vilarus compound, a .filthy, mongrel breed, who are lziless by habit as well as by nature ; are vi iuaidle and indolent from generation to -genera tio1, ieeause their vices forced the domninant clas and *cir fathers fromt their homes in Euiropo and Afrid, or induced them to commg the crimes that expcid themthenee, and have been, like all traits, transitted from father to son, until they now form unmilakeable characteristics of the whole people of the lks. Mlobover, this part of the human kind know nothim of freedom, or of constitutional freedom, for beijg descended from the subjects of despots, all their rbst cherished traditions, and ideas of gov ernmett, lead thenm to enmbrace tyranny in principle, dhd totembalm it in their hearts, as the ark of their politie~ safety, and as the haven in which alone all their Ispes of peace, of prosperity; and advance meat Gn he securely anchored. Why is the remedy to be applied ? What is the cansto be ef~cted ? Ilow arc the resources of this get country to be developed, and it made, as it shou~ be, the gem of the earth ? How are the desi;ndf Providence to be fulfilled in exhibiting here tli highest-order of, physical strength, and of eterp e, and of intelligence known to man? This i to b complished by supeplying to these green pots h~le ocean, men of higpzer blood. Let them be stoed with Americans, and, if needful, in part with geflemen from England, Ireland and France; and wit the laws, morality, religion, and the other instituti s of these people, and, my life up'on it,.the West Jia' Islands will become in a frw years tlte wonder Vall nations, not only for their mnaratime strengt i but for thme courage of their people-for their sa ity, their wealth, their freedom, and for their ex llenee -in alt that elevates our nature, and gives in.gpeneenee, rank, station and happiness to the creaires of our Almighty's hand. But i~ is the privilege as well as the duly of Aeric-North A mericans-to seize Cuba, and the otherj'est Indies with their contiguous and nighborg groups, and to give them American reublica~ laws. I do not mean that they should all Ibe taken once. but gradually, in the progress of time, as oni and sound policy might sugges~t, or as chane ud opportunity might furnish tl.e means of perfor ing so noble an exploit. Our countrymen are full adventure ; and to take first Cuba, by their ind ndent voluntary exertion, and afterwards. to take th ther Islands named, would be an under taking so d upon by Iheaven, and one that would call dow pon the achievers, the blessings of fifty generatie Jo come. The aehievement, too, would be but e pastime, and needful recreation for a resolute lorous soldiery. In lae4 every man that maightt successfully (and there wild be no doubt of success with a proper. efrt) ee in this experiment would be rewarded in h'is lif me, not only with honors, but with wealth, and wit~ conscience void of offence ; and with not only a p' ont-ample%iimeency for histamily, but with stilfdescending riches, and a certain prospect that he dould hereafter be considered, in the coun ils and &a the affections of one of the greatest and most lordly nations of men, as a founder, a defender, and a a~ior on earth. It is 4ry clear that Cuba can belong to no other Govr ent than Spain's, unless she becomes inde pendent attached to the United States. There are a u: ionrof men in thisecountry, at this moment, ready tisnateh up their arms to prevent any other poe oers from exercising authority there. I reiteratisolemnly, that all the West Indies must remain} they are, or they must be free, or they must b~se a part of the United States ot N~orth Amer . It is tue, as I have remarked, that it would be better fg us to have them, as pert and parcel of our selves tjan to per mit any other country or countries to lai9 their possession ;and we would exhaust our lai rsuree of men and treasures, before one of th4 Islands mentioned should change its present coditi~ for any other master than us, or than our advent us fellow-citizens and countrymen, who should het the battle on their own risk. . But he United States, it will be agreed, have good government. They may have too much. All history has shown, It is true, that it Is wisest for Republies to be compact, and as little expanded as is compatible with strength. Their anarchical ten deney creates the danger; and in truth the same thing makes the hazard to all prosperous govern ments. Hence, as a government, we uhould only . achieve Cuba as a matter of necessity. Our motto ought to be : The West Indies, Free and Independent,-or, The West Indies, a prties . of the United States. If though, these Isliads had any folks in them, the world could not over power them, and the absolute safety of thil epul, might impel her to make their acquisitien on lh slighest honorable pretext. Special Correspondenceof the N. O. Picayune. THE REVOLUTION IN NOITEZEN msr. CosrusCxRIsTI, July 2,'l85. The Laredo mail arrived' last evening, bring. ing intelligence that Carvajal and Capiatran, with a sufficient force, wero besieging Camarge, and that it was the intention of the revolution. ists, after . taking the place,, to marcb ' at once upon Matamoros, and drive Woll out. At previous accounts, Camargo was garrisoned by six hundred men, and it is probable therm will be a desperate conflict before itea be taken. The States of Taman lip as, Coahuila and New Leon are 'united in this matter, and the'only points now remaining in the hands of the Go. ernment are Camargo, Matamoros and Tampico. Colonel Cruz, who was in command at SultilL' lo, surrendered the place without'a struggler and retired with all his forces in the direction of San Lois Potosi. With scarcely a singleerep. ion, all o?the principal men in the three States above named, have taken part in the revolution, and no one here. entertains any doubt of .its sue cess. The combined. forces were to.havecon. entrated' at Agua Lejas, a pass on the road tp Monterey at the borders of Tamaulipas and New, Leon. I presume they most have done "so, ts the letters from Rio Grande City, speak of the united forces under the command of Cavajal. So far the latter is the only leader of note I have heard mentioned in connection with the revolt tionary.forces. Jauregui -is in Monterey, I be. lieve, and will probably -remain there to watch for the approach of Government troops from the interior. - A large amount of goods is now concentrated at Brownsville waiting the result of the move- - ment on the other-side. Should Camargo-soos fall, it is probable these goods will be .sent up the river, and passed into Mexico through -the. custom house at that place. Gov. Garza, og Tamaulipas, is now near Camargo, and will doubtless resume the position from which-he was driven by Santa Anna. There is to be a fair at Monterey sometime this or next month, ind these goods will doubtless be distributed thence throughout the interior. This will be An effec. tual blocker upon the receipt or duties at Mats. moros for the present,.and- as Woll depends en tirely upon them for the payrient and subsistence of his troops, he will be starved out, unless he procures supplies by sea, which the revolutionist - will doubtless endeavor to prevent. I shall be upon the ground in a few d'ys, and will then write you more in extenso. - '..C P. S.-Since writing the above, I'havo seen a letter from Brownsville, which states that Woll is busily engaged in fortifying Matamoras and Reynosa, and has determined upon maintaining" these positions until he can obtainrsinforcements frotm Vera (rnz, which he was dailj zecting. The writer ilso says that the chiel fst # revob utonists were quarrelling among themierves' The principal of these appears to be Juan Suaz, of Lawopazas, a noted guer'ilas leader during the last war with the United States, and famotus among his countrymen for his intrepidity in Oght.. ing Indians. The most wonderful tales are told of his courage, and he seems to ho a man around whom his countrymen would rally in an emer-. geney like the present. ' The revolutionists, it is said, have no artiley and unlesthey take some at Camargo iti *. e a matter of great doubt whether they can effect anything aigainst either Reynosa or Mata-. moras. T'hey have, or will have,plenty of mo ney, however, a~nd artillery can easIl be proenres' A company of' Mounted Rifes, commanded b Capt. Elliott,and onie of the 5th Infantry, arrive yesterday from Fort Duincan, near Laredo, and they report, that Dr. Mullowney, the Americin Consul at. Monterey, had left. that p'ace with hi. family, and was daily expected at Laredo. C. C. THE RESUL.T OF TnE WAR.--Au intelligei correspondent *of the National Intelligeneer, wriing from Paris, presents some injular and yet not improbable views as to what w i be the result of the European war: To show how great are the ettertions of Rus sa, it is now said that they have by the most in credible exertions so far advanced with a Rail road from Moscow to Perokop that it will ho completed and in full operation in the autumn. This will-enable them to pour into the Crimea soldiers and supplies without limit. The French ar s well aware of this that they are fortifyng Kamiesch and will render it, the strerngest fr tresa in Europe, and sooner or later they will will probably retire to-il. They are also strong, ly fortitving Varna, and everything indicates that they do not intend to quit Constantinople, where they are constructing buildings on the most extensive seale and of a very massive na, ture, which will require years to complete, These structures are intended for defence and .. protection as well as for accodmodation for troops and material. The French will take the lion'a hare by huidine the European coast of Turkey, whilst the EnglIsh may take tihe Asiatic aide of - the Bosphorus. England will hereanter regret the alliance with Frnee, as it'has not only es . tranged her .from tbe other uireat Europeant Powers, but has and will injure her greatly in other ways. All agree that the Turks are fully convinced that they never agsin will be masters of " Stam-. boul," as they call the city of Constanitine. They decidedly would prefer the Russians as rulers, and those returned from thence. say"Iey shall not be at all surprised it in the course of a year the Turks should be on the .side of Russia and the allies forced to entrench themuelves. The' stronghold of the latt'er will he at Constantino, pie, which, being open to them on the sea, edUld, never be ,taken, nor could 'Kamiesth, and pr haps one or two ether points on the Black Sea which would in like manner he strongly fortifed and held by them. -DJSGRJCEFUL.-The New York Times.uaya , that a few d a since an elderly lay named~ Mary Addie, ded in the fourthstory of a house No. 152 Myrtle avenue, leaving anmojily daugh. ter, who had no means to biury her. She en-, deavoured to obtain assistance, but without . success, until one morning - the stench beeuiie. so great as to attract the attention of-passers b yhen the keeper of the dead house was dirtd dto take the body away. It was so much deco'm posed that it was found tnecossary to us a shovel to get the body into tate zoffin. TUE Territory of Minnesota is fleatup with population so fast, that the real- estate -Ia dhg town of St. Anthony has risen fully -one hun. dred per cent.'within a year .past,- One-half.4 the Hiennapin Island 'was sold -last ,July foF eight thousand dollars, and sinice then file tou sand dollars has been offered for one undivided fourth of the same property. Two years ago ten thousand dollars was the h gest 0or for Nico-. lott Island-forty aeres-an last summier thirty. five thousand dollars was reftised.- The increase of nanufaturing at the fall is what has caused the great advance. *PaorT oF UNDERDRAnrNGo-Itr. 'ilat Chaberlin, of Lower Red Hook,' (N. Y) drained twenty-five acretl of land, it'an aspen.e of 660 per acre, and the first three crp p - the whole expense, including cost of culivain. He may then hereafter look for a profit of $2Q per acre on each crop. . Last season part of? this ground yielded 76 bushels of'eorn .and s part 3O'0 bushels of potatoes, while on adjacent undrained fields the crops were nearly ruined by the droOght. POTATOES Comno Dows.-It Is stated that one of the principal hotel keepers talNew York has just had an offer from responusible pat,~ to be furnished with potatoetl fofodi~ eat one dollar and fifty cents pr barrel. -oa esare tew selling in that .iytthe rate of .1'50 pe; bushel,