Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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.A lecture delivered before io. Edgefield Philosopical and Agricultural Society of Edgefield, 6n the subject of "Ve-eta ble Phy-siology," by.J.As. .Ti,:ntty, Esq. on the lst. Juue,lI0, and published by request of the Society. Thle. present isan age of practical philoso phy; am-age in-which our race are wore engag -ed in deducing froin actual experiments, useful improvements in the arts, than in establishing splendid theories on merely plausible hypothe .ses. In this respcc t, our own country has ad' vanced more rapidly perhaps than any other; not on account of supeior powers ofphlosoph1i cal research, but because our- institutions of government afford to its citizens the most un limited scope for practical industry, and..pwom ise the most generous rewards to success in #every department of mechanical, commercial, and agricultural enterprize. It is a common error I fear, that the-sentence of the Almighty upon our race, -In the sweat df thy face thou shalt eat bread" is calculated to impress upon the pursuit of agrictdture the stamp of inferiority, when compared with oth eremployments. But in alludingto this error, we are reminded that the tilling of the earth is ..a pursuit of divine appointment; is the most an --cient ofall pursuits; and as I firmly believe, a purauit most happily illustrating the wiseom and -goodness of that Being from whom coIeth every blessig. 'The cultivation of the soil is the primary source from which all clasaes of civilized ien 'derive their snb*istence; and the products of the earth, whether they be spontaneous, or the reward of man's industry and-sl--il, either di. rectly or indirectly, furnish suibsistauce 4o the' whole animal kingdom: for whethei the animal be omnivorous, carnivorous, or graininivorous, the earth, the great. mother of all vege:ahle matter, has yielded tihe first frnits, and in the language of an inspired Iman, all flesh is grass. It may therefore be emphatically said of the vegetable kingdom that, as it is the inexhausti ble store house frmzn which all animated nature draw their supplies, so is it the most important field for philosophical enquiry in reference to the means of supplyhip.the wants, and coui tributing to the wealth and lhwery. of man. As.a member of a comutmaiity.whoare be -ginning to appreciate the value of agricultural knowledge, I feel pronud that the people of our State are becoming daily more interested in the -establishment of Societies, and the ditrnsing of correct infurmation through the medinm of papers and periodicals. The day is not far lis. tant, when S. Carolina IuIIt,:im a great mens ure, abandon .the prodigal culture of her great staple, cotton, and turn her atttention to the more frugal but less lucrative business of farm Jug. As a preliminary step to this change of pursuit, and diversion of capital into compar atively new channels, it is of the last impot. tance that those who live by the cultivation of -the soil, should feel prouti oftihe employment -for its own sake, and that they should ttnch to the science of agriculture eiual consequence, and regard it as a busiues.s of equal dignity and honor with what are usually styled the learned professions of law and medicine. This object, the consumnation of which isso devoutly to be wished; can only be accomplished by introdu ACing thescience of Agriculture into our schools and colleges by elementary books, illustrated and enforced by lectures from scientific men; and thuselevating itto its proper rank, by plac ing it in company with the sciences of chemis. .ty and geology, its twin sisters. - The purpose of the Thiloropical Sccety of. Edgeficld -in its original formation, was not,I apprehend confined to thme intvestigation of those branchesof science embraced in the definiion gfmental philosophay or metaphysics; but it wvas -intended to comprehendi~ the cultivation of an~ ac quaintance,with those arts and sciencesin which as individuals atnd commntities, we are every day concerned. With the viewn thcrefore of aecognizimg the principle of egnqitymi, and of acknowledgiwr the high claims which the sudy of the laws, anid dhe itnvestmaation of the phenomena of the vegetable kingdom, have up on those engaged in the acqtmsition of useful knowledge; our society has resolved so to chantge kts name, as expressly to emubrace in its objects, the science of Agriculture, and has assigned for this evenings lecture, the subject of 'vegetable physio'ogy." .In discussing a subject so vast and coinpro lIensive in .its relatiuus, and so imuportatnt and umakifarions in its results, nothing more can be attemplted in a single lecture, than a brief nto tice ofsome of the ma.st promient facts, and a concise illustratio:i of some of the most obviouts principlesof the science., Physiologists have assigned -to the vege~tahle kingdom the second rank in the scale of ob jects composing the material universe. T1he line of separation between an animal of the lowvst, and a plant of the highest order, is so entall,,.as scarcely to ba appreciable. Both the ataimal and .vegetable have a prl~inciple of vitali ty .sustained agd supported by organic ma chinery, so comlplex, and by chemical chamnges, andcomnbinations.so intricate and incotmprehen rible, as to elude the intensest researches of the profoundest philosophy; and the most that can be accomphishedbiy theatnatowist and physiolo gist is, to separato and analyze the several parts compositng the animal and vegetable struc ture,andthuts to develops the secret spr-ings and wheels of this wonderful machinery, without being able to comprehend or explain the prin. ciple wicih gives it motion. In discussing the suigect before ass this eve ning, the origin of the platt or to speak more technic-ally, the pirocess of germunation, is the Girst thing to wvhich I beg leave to direct your attention. Whatever differeneof opinion may have existed-in the itnfancy of thme sciece~ of vecgetable physiology, it is nowv ttniversally ad mitted that all plantsi sprinig from see-is, though they may be piropagated by other nmeans such as granling anid budding. For the purpose of ex aminming the organic structure of seeds, and il lustrating the process by wht ich they are chan. -ed from the etmbryo into the livinig platnt, w~e will take thme commiton grardeni beatn- Upon in specting the bean. it wnill be found to consist of twvo lobes, which are called cotyledons. near the e-ye of the beau, is a smuall round bodvy which is the germ of tihe future root of the planm, tnd lob.-s or cutyledons, is inotler emuall body which is the germ of the future stem or trunk of the plaut, and is called the plumula. All seeds have-the radicile and plumula, whether they be mono cotyledonous, as indian corntwheatand other small grains and the whole family ofgrass es; or whether they be di-cotyledonous, as the bean and the whole family of legimentous veg etab!es; and the process of gernuination is coin mon to the whole vegetable kingdomt. A seed is said to germinate, when it . undergoes . that change by which the radicle is converted into a root and grows downward into the earth, and the plumitila is- cotverted into the stemin, end shoots upward, carrying along with it, in the case of the bean, the two cotyledons, which .are employed in giving nomeiniint to the in fint plant, until, fiom the extension of i:s roots, and the-expmionofits. leaves, it is capable of receiving food from the soil and the atmosphere. Itis.a Iact well estiblished, that the changes we have been de.scribitng never take place itnles. moisture be present; that they never take place unless the temperature be above zero, and that some seeds will germinate in lower tempera tnres than others; and that they never take place unless atnospheric air or oxygen gas he )present. Boyle, Boerlave and 31 uschenbroek proved by repeated experiments, that seeds will not vege tate in the vacutm of an air pump; and Scheele and Achard ascertained by sitnilar experiments that germination will not take place in nitrogen gas, hyda ogen gas, or carbonic acid gas,.nnless. they are in.u state of combination with oxygen. Light is also said to have a sensible inflnence on the germinatton of seeds, tho' to what precise extent, seems not to be well ascertained: it is certain, however, that it retards the process, ei ther by some inherent property which it pos sesses, or by indirect agency, in prodecing a certain modification of heat and.moisture un favorable to vetretation. Thus it appoars .that heat, moistnre and oxy. gen gvas, are indi.1petsable to tte process of germiunaion; asit -will hereaftcr H seen that they are important agents in the further ira gress of vegetation: Afterthe processuf germination is compltel, the plant, tinder favorable circumstances, con tinues to grow; its roots are increased itt nnm ber and size; its branclie. miltiply and expand, ;and it is obvions to the senses. thWt.the whole plantf-l'ot .its rapid increase in brlk, is con stantly acquiring new accessions of mater: and as this new matter cannot be prodiced by the plati itself, it fillows tlat plantcts like anitinals, require food tnot only for their immediate nour ishment, but also for the Ipurpose of replacing those particles of matter which, having become tnfitted .for nutriment, are thrown: out -by the excretory veisels. It was for a lotig time a que.einnamong phys iologists, whether water did not constitute the only food necessacry to the sustenance & growth of 1lants. This idea, whidh sublcrent experi ments have proved to be erroneons, wasdoubt less suggested by the fact, that the elements or compontent parts of water. namely, oxygen and hydrogen, are uniformnly fouid itn the substance of plants; but the experiments of Bergman anti Margmra, have forever exploded a theory. which it would scem, ne.ver could have been seriously advocated, except :in the infancy of tle sci ence. These philosophers proved-that water is a necessary agent in elaborating the food of plants, and is the-vehicle in which it is colt ducted to the roots to 'be absorbed; and those experiments which misled Van IHelmont, Bon net, Boyle, Dulamel, Tillet aid others. ieto the stpposition that water is the sole and prop er food of pants, were made without a due re gat d to the fact that. tunless it has ben purified Iy distillation, it always holds inc soluttion sotte of .the eleinents whichi ente't into the stabstanice ot vegetabiles. Withouctt watner, the seed ennalth~er germiinate tior the platnt vegetate, bltt it eo ttuore tiollows that it constitute~s evcen the principal foocd of vcgetaleIs, thatn 1hat xygeln gas which is essenttiai! to anmal life, is the principad lt6:l of ntoia!s. e. hiave u!rcadly 4eene that air is ntecessary to the perocess of iegetatiocn; and it has heeni scertaine'd bcy the expcerimnents of Chem'ttical Pi'ilcsophers, thtat a large portiont of the car bonaceouts matter found to exist 'n planits, is mtbibede from thte attmospchere. Thtree .of the onstitutentt elemeants ocf atmosphteric air, tname y, carbonic acid gas. ecxygen,. and m noisture, ate aid to furmnish food to the plant. Another source frictm wjhich vegetahics de rive their enourishmicent, is ite soil in-whimch they row, cocnsistitig ocf salts, earths, a nd atnimal antd egetablle stubstaitces in a state of decomuposi ion. It hais been well ascertained by chte mticial aalysis. thtat thte same elements that'enter into he substanice of thte plantt, are also fonntd to be he princi pal compthoncents of animtal subhstances: thse aire oexygen, hydrongent, carbconic acid and tirogett, the latter elemtet beinig discovered nity in a few vegetables,whilst it is always fonitd o exist itn thte aiimal ecoomy. Ilaving seet thtat lalnts ,require food, and hat they derive it frott thte atmtosphere, and fromi the soil int whtich they grow; it tematins to etquire how the fotcd is received; in what focrmt it is received; and what chemical changes it undergoes, before it is itn a proper state to he assimitiated toc thte sutbstnce of the plant. - In the futrter examintation of our subject, it will, I thintk, be impossible to witthhold otur as sent to the truth of the proposition, that thteme is a most striking analogy between tmny of the or ganic fiunctiotns of animals atnd those of vegeta blec,. Thus the roots of the plant petforim thte ftnctionts of the month, and the leatves perform the functiotns of thte httus, itt the ancimal econco umiy; whilst the trtiik or stemi, aitd the liber or in ner bark, composed of celtilar tissutes or fibronts tttbesccnstitute the vaescular apcparatus by wheicht the.circutlationi of the flutids is carried otn, and throuigh which. the sap of the planit ascends anid decends, imnparting new life and rigor. Perhtape tn suibject cotnnected wiith the science of vegetable physioleogy has beeintmore thoroutgh y inivestigated, thant the process by which the planttt receives and assiiiates its foid ; and al thonghi many cur~iotus aned ititeresting filets have beene ascertainted by expe-rimenits, yet mutcht is left in doubht atnd obscurity. It is true beyontd question,. however, that the food which the plamut imobihces from the secil, is conducted Iby water, and is received at the extretmeties of the roots by a cellular tisstue zesemblinag the sponge, Irhicli! by an etninenit inirdrn nhtsioaist, i called the spuogiole of the rout. :The substance intended for die future nourishment of the plant is held in solution by water, and in thtit state, enters the spongiole by a sort of affinity .-which, inl chemical philosophy, is called capilla ry attraction; but from the well knowi fact that the action of this principle is confined with in very narrow limits, the ascent of the sap from the extremetics of the roots; through tie trunk, to the extremeties of the braniches, and into the leaves,cannot be accunnted for, but upon some other principle less hbvions, and more difficult to becomprelicuded. Aware ofthisdifficulty,physi ologists a.ttempted to account for the-phenome non. by ascribing it to the pressitte of the at msphere upon the spongioles; thud forcing- die sap through the veseels of the plant, upon the same principle that a colutn of water-is made to ascend in a tube by the pressure of the at mosphere upon the external surface of the water. Thiis notion prevailed ntil it was ex ploded by Dr. Uales, who ascertined by an in gettions experiment: thatthe sap of the plant as cends with a veloeitv suflicient to overeonie the pressnre of a colnmn oF water 4tfeet'in per pendicular heiaht; which is niearly-onethird greater than the force exerted 'hy!the atntos phere. tht beiig smificient to overcome the pressure of a column of water of oly Sn f.'et in perpemlictlar height. The opinion now genterallv reeived is, that the criculation of1he -sap is ef'eeted- by tile alternate contraction an'd -4ilatatinn of the .Pap vessels; but how this con traction and dilatation take place. so long na vertables are denied the fiunctions afsensibility and irritability -nmstI nireheiM, ever remain a pro1mntd m mystery. 'Tlhatilhe sandoesascnl, however. and with the force nscrilied - to it by Dr ii ales.,m hbeetn provedl by ocnllartdemnnstra -fion limn'ded ot experiment; and it is pretty well ascertained that it ascen'ds, in theinftmey of the platm, throtidi tihe pith, an'd in its more dvanticed-istate, through tite albtrnmn or white wood, or in enmnon lilrisclogy, the sap of the tree. itn contradistinction to thie heart. Tie sap. it i's awcent, undergoes little or no chnaige, mntil it reaches the leaves of the plant. [Jere, by means of the porosity of the leaves, it is ex losed to tie actioni of the atmosphere, and is said to have a new property imparted to it by tl.e oxygen of the attumphere; and tius, afler 'ttndergoing certain chenical dhanges at'd com binatiots in the lkaves, ptecisely authe'venots blood of animals, ly leintg brought in contact with tihe air inl the higs becomes oxygenated aid purified, the sap is fitted for giving nour ishmetit to, and being assimilated with;- the protper.sttbstance oftL plaht. But the analogy between these animal and vegatible functions does not stop here; foir as the venous blood of the aitimal, thIus purified by.being -brought iti contact with air in -the is, is, by -mcains-of a different set of vessels, conducteil'back to the ltcart,-thence :to be difinsed through the sys tem; so the retirning sap-or peculiar juice of the plant, as it is now cal?*LV, descends iot in the same vessels through which it ascended, but rettris through the liber or inner bark, deposit inlg inl its descent, a portion of its nutritive pro Perties wherever it is most needed fot the pre sent growth of the plant, anl.also laving itp in store certain portions. to be mod during the Winter and followiig spring, -before -vegetation .comnniences. Bit the leaves have yet other in portatit functions to perform. lThey not only elaborate the crude sap absorbed by the roots, aid prepare it for bd% nsituilated'and inmeor poiated into the siistnce ofihe platit, htut-they decompose a portion of the cafbiili acid gas of the atin-phcre, and retain the carbon a fond, whi~si the oxygen is disetgaged and throwni off, to be employed in puitin~tg the at mosphecre which hats been derior-ated by the respiramtioni "r aio:nls, anid the comibustiont and decomposition of' vegetable and animalt~ sub statnces. 'lThe proce'ss of absrhiing carbon andu emtittinig oxygent is kniownm to take place only ini the day', or wheti light is pi esent--a facet Iiomt which pihtysitlogistsen'toje-ctured that this futne tion .ef .the .leaves is suispentdcd duintg the ntight; binutupotn inivestigatinig the subject by re pealed ex p~ erits, Inigeihnsz atid others ascertainted that the process which goes on dur inig the day, is reversed at -night, oxygen being~ absut bed, and -caibonic acittgas being evolved by the -plairt. It is obvious frmi the analogy which it bears to a simtilar ftietioni in aimtals, that this pro cess may be called the respiration of vegetab!es. Carboniaceomis tmatter. whether it lie deriv'ed fromt the soil ihroughl thme miediunm of the salt vessels, or fromt the attmosphtere, is ithe apipro priate food of vegiatbles; atid phiyselmgists at tetmpt to accotunt for the phuenomiena o\vege-ta ble respiratini, by supposing that cattin is getnerally untfit for the j,nrposes of ftifion, until it has beeti combined with oxygen itt such proportioni as toi fotrm car bottic acid gas ina thme pin tit; am:~ that this itrticate process of elabora tioni atnd pturificamtionm is conmpheted by the car bonic acid gas be'ing decotmposed by thme leaves, duintg the day, throwing off the oxygen. ail retaitninig the carbon precisely in that state of disitegration; which fits it for beinig readily as- - sitmilated and incorporated ito the ve;:etabile. T1he last funtc:ioni of vegetables which time will alhar mue ta notice abpiresetnt, is that of thirowitig off their excrcteentitionts or suiperfiti otns matter, by excretory vessels, and the pro cess is called excretioni. W~e see in this as in all the woniderfulh phienutmetinof vegetationi, that the varuous and intricate processes in t'he vege table ecotnomy, arc but so manty litnks constitut itig the great chaitn of -causes and cotnseqiuetnces, intdispensatble to the accomiplishtmentt of' the ut timnate design of thme Creator of te Utiivers. It is the opinioni of sume phtysiologists that the higher orders of lantts possess miany or all of of die funtctionis of antimnals, except those of per ceptioti anid voinntary locomotioti. However plasibhle tiig ht he the theory which from anal ogy. shiotkl eveni inv~est the planit with the how er of perceptioni, ,ve have nto tmenits of detect itug etuch a funcemtin: and so ftmr as experitets have been made, they lead to thme opjposite con chtsion. It hais bectn acertained by M. Macaire, that v'egetabiles hiave nto power of discriminaating ~hetweett food that is nutritionsand whmolestome. amid that which is poisonous or deletcriois. Pints11, like thc lords of time creation, also fre gntently receive mtore fimod thtan is eithet tieces sary to thteir imiediate wtants, or is healthful to thei.r ,.mmiituiot:. Th'ttunctioni of excretioti I is intended to iemedy these evils; and whether the food be in itself unwholesome, or taken in stich quantitiesas to gorge the plant, it is car ried back to the roots,and by them disgorged in to the adjacent soil. In the very cursory and necessarily imperfeci view I have taken of some of the processes which nature employsin the vegetation of plants; the reception and elaboration of proper food rot theit nourishment; the assimilation of so much or-wtnourislament as may be needrul to thcir growth and filldeveloipeient; and the excretion of so much of it as may be either noxious or su. perfinous; r have pnrposly omitted the classifi. cation of plants as a branch of science belongig more particularly to the'depatment of botany. I have also omitted to n6tice the varions liquid and solid substances composing the plant,whose cheiniical combiuations and properties can only be discovered in die laberatory, as more appro priately .elonlgivg to the departmeits ofChem istry and pharmacology. I ain constrained fot want of time, to pass by withont particularly noticing those nutritive substatices found in the prod ncts of vegetibles which afioid to mankind so large and so, palatable a poriionof theirdaily subsistatice. In concltsion d'the subiect, I am conscious that I may fairly be charged with having tres passed upon the time and patience ofthis very respectabloand int.telligent audience4utless some or the tirinciples attempted to beilhtstrated may be usefully applied in the prosecution of some of the various purnits cotnected with the cul tivation oftho carth. A fe w facts will be briefly rerapittilated. If. as ve have secn, a seed w ill tever-vege tate without air or oxygen gas, and tht it veg etates bit ittperfectly wliei exposed tothe light, tl~e planter's first lesson is one, the solution of which depends upon a knowledge of these facts. The seed must be buried to avoid :e 4ight. and yet must tint be turied so deep as whe irncccs sible to ihe atio:phere. .gaii, ifthe sap intended for the future nonr ishment of'tf plant, is abscorbed- only At the ex tremities ofthe roots, and the ctting f of the extremities of the rmots or spongioles destroys their function of absorption, how ereful should the planter be that his ploughs anl barrows do tnot wound or destroy these-ssential organsof vegetahis vitality; and thus hy.an unskilful and harburons imsbandry, mar the most cheering pi ospect of n-plentiil harvesr. A k nowledge-of the stbstaices wliich'furnish iourishment to the plant, and an acqutaititance with-the-component parts (if the-soil to be cul tivated. -are highly importintto the planter,and the gardner, as they fori the basis upon which the wvhole -system of manuring is fuided - Your soil has ito much clay; apply sand and veg et:h le-imatter: it has too mu1tich vegetable mat. ter; -apply :clay and animal snbstances. The purely vegetable soil is one.less understnod-per haps thin any'other; and its'perianent utility depends entirely upon the application of some of these cortectives. The disease .called the rustso fatal to ourgreat staple, the cotton plait; is ahvays seen to prevail in vegetable soil.; a want of carhonaceous and calcareous inatter, is the-catise of the discass; the remedy is found -in the-tapplication of elay-and ainimal substunees. We have seen that vegetal:e-s-ha-ve the funtc '.ioai of thron itg off. by an excre!ory proces. whatever they ita% have imbibed either nox ions in quality, or stupe flutis in qtnantity. The .oxions substances disgorged by the plant. at no suhsegnenit period itflra nourishnaiwnt to the same platt, nor to any .plant of the same fatnily; but will be found to afi'ord the richesi otutrimient to somte vegetables of a dif'erent spe. eies. The se' futcts arc futiliar to everv.platnter w-ho makes a corn: crop stucceed to a cotton cropi; and the cotton-crop to that of small grain,. &c.; and furnish the broad foundation of that excel lent thieoly, the t otation of cropas: a theory, the application of whiic~h, conducted by '''iful hits hanidry, htas-enaled Great Brtitaiti, .ain many of the sl)Cperanuated colntries-of Euro'pe, ' pr serve thec freshiness anid vigor of gi ofr a thattsautd year's continued cenkivati~n aiid to feed their tmillions otf poputlationi frq'n the pro duce of a number of acres whtose g egraphical extent in our own prodigal counttry-, wenld lie deemed scarcely adequate to the sutpport-of as many thtousa t~ds. S-r. AL'ous-riN, Junte 5. A cordon of posts are to be established across the peninsula fronm Fort King wiest to the~ W it blaicoochee,andl east to Smtiyrna. Theu.se potsts ntre -to be garrisoned by regtt lars.- Ye-ws. An order has'hecen issued by His F xcel lettcy, Gov. Ib-id, to raise 500 mounted men, antd 50 hioot men, for the defence of the frontier. Capt. Mit-cer lhas bteetn mus te-red i-nto service, as well Cnymzin Peulli ser, of this city, wvith a mtounoted fore.-Ib. Capt. M~ickler, niit-b 25 men, is order-ed to the head of North River, anud tauke snch poisition as will ansni er the purposes of de lence. Capt. Pelliser, with 20 men, hans been ordered to garrison Six Mile Ptost-lbid. Indints liave been nrotud the posts on the Picolata ro~ad duritng the last week Ibid. A scow, ttnder Capt. JBonnieville., 2d Dragooms, and Cipt. Holmes, 7th Infan try, recend'y left F'ort King, for an exam itnation of the Big Swamp, guided by an Iadian woma-n. The distance marched wvas 20 miles. Capt. Holmes catme ttpotn large fields undercutbivniinn and over an huntdredl Indians preparing for their greent corn dlance. They iimmewditely fletdleav ing an itifanit asleep. A large atmount o1 their plunder w as obistined, consisting, a nng other thtings ofsoldiers' dresses atnd nring recoguiraed as belonging to the late Lieut. Sattdersoni. Capt. Boinneville un fortutnately did not coni tip in time, by mnistatking the trail, and they effected their retrest. This pinceis only aeven miles, in direct lin-, fromt Fort King, and has been ftor the first time, visited by whiite- men ainee the wvar.-Isid. The lroni Works.-WVo are gratilied to learn thaut, amid the extenisivo de-vasitiutins of the late flood, our Iron establishiments, in Untion, York, and Spartnburg, -have escaped wvithiout injury-especially, thi Neshil Manufacturing ComnpuneJ, has not suffered to tho amount of one dollar SnntIL C'nrnlintian. Torrcpamidcnce of the CIarlcstin vuriir. WASINtGTON, JUNE 2. An import ant movement has becen made in the Senate, on the subtj.et of the bank. rupt hiw. Indications are very strong t hat the southern administration Senaton, will generally oppose the 181h section of Mr. Walls bill, by which the banlksare in cluded. Mr. Calhoun expressed a wish to speak on the subject of this amendiment. which he said was vital to the bill, and the hour being late, the Senate adjourned. He will speak to-day. It is certain that several other southern administration Sen ators have determined upon that course. They are unwillingto give New York, the great finaucial and commercial advan sages which will result to her from the prostration of the southern hanks. The New Yorkers; -without party distinciions, are in favor ofincluding the banks, believ ing that they can stand-the shock. 14 the Huisse. A Waddy Thompson moved that the hill reported from the com nit;ee on niihtary afl'airs, for 'raising an additional.fcrce 6f sitteen hundred men for the protection-of lorida be .taken up, and he submitted sundry-conmtunications from the Secretary of War, showing that the Indians were in greater orce, and more ichievous than ever. Mr. Atherton urged the necessiy of disposing of the sub treasury bill, ;before any otdror business wastnken up. Air. Coles ihiormtied the [louse that there would be opposition to to Ihe hiil referred to, by Mr..Thompson, and that it would not pass without Itasch debate. The motion was los:, as it requf ed two thirds. As the-rules were,,it would retquire a vote of'two-thirds, on '31 ond ays, F ri'ays and Sat urdays, to take Ip the Sub-Treasu ry. The eoinmittee of ways and means and the majority or the flonse, favorable to the passage of the Sub-Treasury bill, were determined to push it through, -if pos;ihcitc,-hefore nny it her business was at. teuded to. The Whigs, otn the other-hand were equally resolute in preventing It. In thu evening se.sion, nt 4 o'clock. the states were Clleil for resolutions, and ar. Smith of 3Me., who ftrst got ate ilaor, offer -ed M r. Athertori's resoiution to chauge'the ihe rule. It so happens that, this being resolution day. the tnotion-roid :be made without the assent oltwo-thirds. 'If it was not adopted it would go over for aTortnight. Mr. Sttith necoipaniell his moltion by a deinanl for the prcvious <piesrion. Tre mendots excitemet.fol to wed. The Whigs denouaced iho proceedure as unfair, un parliamentry, 1!estructive of the rights of the minority, &c. Before the siting was over, so bilh was the excitement that all or-ler na!l decortim 'wre host. aid the au thority of the Speaker was uttery disre. garled. The lie passed back and forth, between nembers, on several occasions, and every-thing like decency of behavi-our was outraged. "lThe House was very neal breakitng up in conftwion, and would have been, if lows had been struck, which, at one time, seecied ineviiato. The resolution passed -yeas 1l9, nays 84. 'une 3. iJr. -Cdihonn -rpoke about an hour, yes terday, on the subject of the Bankrupt hill. He did not profess-to go fidly into the sub ject, whichi he said, embraced a great va ricty oftopies, and he intimated that he might Iave nathiler opiont tinitytto treat tl:e !iuestion more at 'largc. But ie very dii tinctly defined his position itt regard to the matter. lie opposed the hill, as reported fron the cotmittee, as unconstitutiotial, because it was nothing but att insolvent law. lie pointed out the dilrerence be tweetn ;rn inolvett and a hankrupjit 'law the foriner being itiended to relieve deb tras, anid the latter to regulate ira~do. die would not vote for a mere insotvetdt lew, such us thce voluntary lill p'ropoised. .[But opposed as lie was to the bifl, he was still more htostile to th stu~abstitute of Mr. W~alh, that embcraced what wvas called~ the volu nta ry systemu and "as liable, on that aicectunt, to the samte objection which h~e urg'edl agatinst the bill. It also, emibra cell wh-Iat wastentomitnatedt the compulsory systemt, which in thi opiniont, wvas the on ly constitutional feuture-ini the scheme. itt this comultsory priocess, which for med a henkrutpt law,-in -the meaning of the constitutio-n, wras too oppressice and tyrannicial1'or adoption in 'his country. It had once beeni tried by the lawy oil1800, which was limited to live years, but-aban duned after anu experimetrnt of two ycars. Unider this provision, any~ trader, owing a debt of 5010 dolhetrs would bce tiable to htave his business arrested. his property put in commission,anud sacrificed. le wvoutd be crushced. at once, whereas, if allowed time, he wvould lie able to wvork tlbrough, successfully andi honorably. The fltcctua tions of thie currency to n hieh we are ex posed, fromn our banking system, rendered such a tawv peculiarly tunsurtable to thcis country. liy a sudent comaraction of the cuirrency, a personit with amnple mieatns is uable to tmeet his debts. He might, alf ter a ilte, paty all, acid have a large scarplus, but this law ruins and destrovs him at otnce. There -wotuld be much more propriety in granting~ a stay lawy for his relief. thun in t hus interposing to hasten atnd comiplete his rn-in, He dtid not believe that .a si-ngle Seotue~r would vote hhr his compitulsory law, stamling by itself; but tmatny, from anxiety to relieve debtors, or a dispmosition to ptinnish tthe baniks, would vocte for it, in contnection with the volunta ry and corporation provisions. As to thse kest fcature of the substitute applying the compulsory prorcess to banks Mr Calhotin argtted that it wotti he more ruinous to the cotuntry than a devastating tornado, or ai decree of Providence sud denly smiting the earth with sterility. Tihe blow would nott 'fall on thea corpora lions alone, it w'otuh reach beyond them, the whole mass of thte comtmunity. A hank not meeting a dlebt to the am nount of $500, wotnhd he put in commission, wit h alt its profits, credlits, &c. The amount of motnev due to all rte banks was 450 millions.' The' specie in the cottntry a mcotunted to 80 mnitlionis. How was the immne debt to the bankls to be paid! notin hiank p~tper, for this In w discredits andt (hestrovs thiat. nn rd non itt specie, for it is niot in the counitry. Every hodly would hie rutited by it, except the bankrtipt Comn missioners, who would fat ten on thte sys t-alt thme indttstry of the cotmntry, espe cially ohf the South and Werst, wvould be wholly paratlized by it. Pe.rha the banks, in Newv York and oilier Eastern States, 'ridf'l he sMle to stand 'the shoa:k. The ilace where the revenue wus collected would have preut atdvantages. In this view thcetieiais or the law would lie, unequa' 'in 'reereit parts of the country. .it would not lie a iniuorm law. lie did not sp'eak tof mo tives, but the elleet of the haw upon the commerce and banking of the South, would be most disasiious. As a means o cof'ncentratitng the maiied power of the country, it would be more effective than a National Bank. . It would also unite the banking system -with the Government, and give the lattcr complete cowtrole over the former. In fine, Mr. Calhotn said. lie would veto to strike out the clause embracing the0 banks. and afterwards against the whole scheme. The question was iaken and thelatiks were stricken out by a decisive vote yea. 28, nays. 16, Mr-. Clay of Keneucky moved to rollow up this,- by striking out the 18th section, as including the compdl. sory systemn. That question will next be discussed. Mr. Calhoun lias blown up two parts of the bill, the coipulsory 'and corporation provissions, But his arge metit agains.t the voluntary s~stem is ubt conclusive. However, 1oubt whether, a mojority of the Senate will go for th volitntary hill alone, In the House, Mr. Leet, of Pa. spoke in support of the Sub-Treasury Bill, ant 1r.'Brockwuy, of Connecticut against it. CAuoDN, June G. ThIe Rivers.-When our paper went to .press on Friday of last week, the Wate. ree was very high, and still rising, though at that time, we had not heard of arty of the eimhanknments mliatIng given way. Du. ring the allernoon and night of Friday. however, the %%atersoniinued it) rise until til lie' low arounds were onpletely sub tnerged. and the embankments of all the plartions on the river, as far as we have heard, either broken or overflowed. The river wa, at its highest point on Saturday morning and wanted but 10 inches of he ing as high as the fresbet of August 1831, whi was t4he liighest we have ever heard of on the Wteree. 'The Camnden Bridge which was carried away in 1831, and af ter heing built "was again sWept off, but at what thne we do not remember, was re constructed about two years since under the superititendance of Capt. Vanderford of Cheraw, fortutate v'ithstood the sweep ing torrent. The damage which has been sustained, not only by the destruction of the growing crop, but by washing up of the pantations and the loss of stock is im aeuse.-Journal. -.ionGRG.-It was feared by many that the recent great Flood, which destroyed a large amount of property in Hamburg, would so completely prostrate her, that a recovery was al least questionable, These apprehiensions are groundless. . We have ieen chastened, but it was for our good. Unless it be the fint of Him who ruleth all things, that we shall be more severely scourged, we shall rise up shortly "like strong men refreshed with new winie." Some of our mnerehanis will probably - re tire from business, for the present; but heavier steeks of gnodswill be for sale, and, a larger amount of business ill be done here the-comning season. than in -iny -previ ous year. We have heard that ,prepara lions are miaking for the opening of sever al new houses next Fall. Our good friends, the planters, may rest assured that they will still find a good market at Ham burg. and they are invited to "come and see, and judge for tlemselves."-Hanburg ExtracT of a letter received in Charleston -by thelPot .3laster. -dated, &.GRAllAMVIrLLE, June 8. "Thte Siage tried tilis ilay to get to Sa vannau~hj hut mande a failure. The driver says lihe Schriven Causeway is all afloat, and thme biridge gone, consequently was compelled to returni to Purysburg. The driver carried the mail from P'urysburg to Savannah in a btoat. so there will lbe nto ca'euThtionm wthen theStage trill get along." The Geortgetown Amuerican, of the 5th inst. says:-We have had our -full sherre of r'aitn, but wve appreentd no irjery 'to the crops ini tbis District. Some damage to the rice field hanks hy the pressure of wa ter from above lies beau sustained, but of tno greait consequence atiy whore." FauIT.-WVe take 1deasure in atdknowl edginig ih~e receipt of a presetit of Flumt and Petach A pricots. ft-nm Mr. R. E. Russell. Trhey were very b~eautiful, and well lavor td; and wye hope our friends will follow'bis good exatlmle, both in cultivating fins fruit, and furnishina us with subjects .for Sev-eral of our planters whbo have b ed cotton destroyed by the freshietflaC-now rephanting. In many places cotton which' - wvae covered for 36 or 48 hours is coming out, anti beginning to look W-ell.-lbid. i our account of the freshetrourjlast p~aper-m the rives is mnictioned s eghavtng risen "37 feet" at Colu mbia-2y phould have been the tfnie reading.-Ibid. Ctux.Esroy,June 13. PresheL-Capt. Mine~r or the schr. Em nma Julia, arr-i, d yesttrday from SanteO, states that thme fresbet bad extnded o a ihe Rice Plantations on Santee, as low down as Mrs. Rutledge's. The embank ments were' all covered ont the 5th itnst.,and remtainedl in that situationi until the 11th, wvhetn it had falletn 4 inches, the negroes hatd all heen removed to the main; heo heard of tno loss of life. NE~w COT TO--We copy the folowinig from the Natceze Free Traduer of thme 3d inst. which showvs the earliness of the sea sotn, andI that we are likely to have newv cotton in abunidance before the old is ship ped tdT.-anid it shmows that the enerpies of thie planters have not been deferred by low prices: '-Mr. TIhomas G ihbert. a planter in Lou isiana, solme 20 miles below tbis city, has sent tus several cottton hulls, about tw-o thirds the ordiniary size aii maturity, as a samphle of his crop) thtis year, A s his ha hors appenr to be crownted with sticcess ini the cuhivation tof our staple, we wish him be-iter' prices thn there is nmow a prospect of tnhtnining thr the article when brought to