The Abbeville press and banner. (Abbeville, S.C.) 1869-1924, February 17, 1886, Image 1
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~BY HUGH WILSOX. ABBEVILLE, S. C., WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1886. VOLUME XXX. XO. S3. ;|j
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KB najuj?.*wimmnriia.mu maawaawBuw
POPDLAS IDSCATIQS.
FACTS AND FIGURES TO SHOW THE EVIL
C? THE SYSTEM.
?. _
Some Pertinent Thonjrhtj* on the Subject?Are
Free Schools a B<>iio(it?
?Comparison or Two KysleuiXi
[From a Speech of Maj. Harry Hammnmf to llic
Iietch Inland Farmers' Llub}
There is a prevailing be'ief that the State
has within the last 17 years spent more money
on the education of her citizens, and achieved
smaller resirts in that line, than even before
in her history. Dunns this period we h ive
been profoundly engaged in tne practical solution
of the most perplex in*/ social and industrial
problems, and have. as a ma'ter of (act,
expanded a minimum of thought?the on'v
real producing power? on education. Wo
iiave been content to copy educational methods
in vogue elsewhere?methods sustained
by a wide-mouthed cant? hut which, in fli"
eyes of clear-headed men. such :-s Adams of
the Quincy school board, and other, arc there
deiu>ions that must forever remain barren of
results. A stern chase is a Ions chase, .so Ions
in this case that we can never hope to overTake,
much less to rival, the advanced eomv?i
i ni it.i . < up :t i-i> uurstiinsr with our servile im
nations. Wo must suite this problem for ourselves,
and by otircwh efforts reach a solution
of it suitable to the conditlon of things with j
lis.
The State is generously giving1 more than I
half a million of dollars annually to spare pa-,
rents all concern and responsibility in seenr-l
in;; for their children the most elementary in-1
struction in the three K's. it is well to invade,
thr sacred precincts ol' the family in this way, j
regardless of trie risk of blunting the natuia! i
and proper anxiety of parents for the care ofi
their children ? Let the facts in the history!
of the .State answer. In ISMMhe expenditure
lor education was reckoned at 73 cents a head [
for the entire population of the State, white
and colored. In that year for every dollar ap- j
propriated for education by the State govern-1
went, private individuals came forward and !
furnished of their own means So.!o. In i.vxj |
tiiere is a totally idlferent state of all'airs. The j
government appropriations ior education are j
liow some seven tinu*s larger than they were i
]n 133(1: nevertheless lite total expenditures
for education have fallen to (53 cents a head ol,
the population, and worse still, where the government
now bestows one dollar private citizens
no v give only :J5 cents, in place of the'
they gave in i.nKI. We have our answer I
in no uncertain terms that where the largesses!
of the State have increased the educational j
fund has dimini>hed, whether we regard popu- j
iation or wealth ('or we are richer how than
we were in lS-.O), while the interest shown and j
the aiiioiintgiven by private citizens lias fall-;
eu oif m a still greater degree. It this to pro-!
mole education or to smother it? And what
have we got to show tor the millions the State
lias disbursed in tree schools in the last sixteen
or seventeen years. I have no testimony
?iwiin>r iinfiio I kn >w where any is to bo
found. I only see it stated in tlic Kith report !
of the Superintendent, of .Education that dur- !
ins? that year, a little over half the scholastic I
population of the State attended school about j
. - every other day in the week for from three to
four mouths m the year. It would be dillicult I
to estimate the value of such schooling; for- j
jneriy it would have been estimated simply as i
of no value. Here, then, is another illustra-j
lion of the extravagant waste occasioned by
Ntate interference, and more of the manner in
which it obstructs th.- very prop ess it was invoked
to foster. And of what value is it to
teach one to read who cannot or will not expend
three dollars to acquire thai art ? Can j
lie or will he ever purchase a book orsubsenbe
for a newspaper? The State does not supply |
literature as well as learning, for I noticed in
an itemized schedule of educational expenditures
for jfHiO.iKM the stale only sp-nti-VI) under
the he.ad of library and nooks. Has ail
t he State has sp.*nt on free schools in the last ]
half-generation increased appreciably the de-|
ma id for books and newspapers within our
borders? Let the book stole keepers and journalists
answer. If we are irrevocably pledged
to expend this half a million annual:}*, surety
?oine wiser methods for its expenditure might
be devised.
In Popular Education a Failure.
iVewberry Observer.
We have a free school system: but have we
any free schools? The 2-mill constitutional
tax and the poll tax are both applied to the
free schools (so called). Those taxes amount
to nearly half a million a year. The free
fsehools are kept open an average of three and
a half months in the year. With all this expenditure
of money, in addition to improved j
text books and other school appliances, primary
education is not ?sgood as it was before
the war?the boys and g'rls are not as well!
taught, taking the whole state over. \\'e seriously
doubt whether the free school system
lias been an advantage to the y'.ate. If the
. population of the State were all white, or
mostly white, it might be different. In that
case those who pay tne school tax would get |
the benefit of it. lint the proportion of pupils j
is in about, the ratio of t) colored to 7 white.
One bad eflVct of the free school system has
* 4... 1?. ID e/'li.wvlc I
Off U ll> lOMTII IIIIIIUHluiiiiiruot .1.
JIal. Hammond, in that portion of a speech
which is quoted on our first page, gives a strik211ic
proof of this, where he states th.it. in lsVi
private individuals paid 5"t.4> t<? every dollar
paid by t hesiate lor popular education. wner< as
now private individuals give only .'tt cent-;
to every dollar the State gives. And the evil
iss'ill more strikingly shown in the statement
that in 1>'50 the expenditure (Suite and j
individual) for education w?s 7"> cents per j
head, whereas now it is only 63. And all this i
in the face of the fact that, as he says, we are!
richer now than we were in IS-i'i. The truth is, j
State interference lias blunted the senseof parental
responsibility and crippl jd private en-j
terprise. More than that: it has driven otfl
many who would make teaching a profession I
and life-work, and in their stead raised up a j
class of teachers who, in large part, are sim-;
ply birds of passage, teaching only for a time, j
while they have nothing else to do, to make a j
little money, with no intention to make teaching
a profession, and therefore not fully de-j
voted to the work?their hearts are not in !
their work. There are exceptions of course; J
but thai is the rule. The teachers are not to
be blamed. It is the fault ol the system.
Xot so Bad JisTtiis.
Printers' Circular.
The case of Ashman vs. Korthwick is peculiar
and interesting. The plaintiff seeks dam?.:es
troin the publishere of'the Mnrning J'ost, j
of London, for printing an opening speech -f
".unst'l in oni'ii court. because the lawver did
not adduce proof in support of statements I
therein contained. One of our London cotem- i
poraries says:
"The alleged libel arose from a report of pro-j
ceed ngs at a police-court which appeared in J
I.SS2, and in which it was stated that the plain- J
tilt's wise hail been ill-treated by him. Jiy the!
publication, plaintiff alleged, his reputation j
had been injured. The defence was that, the
report was a fair one. At the trial Judgment'
was given for the defendant. On an application
for a new trial. Baron Pollock held that]
although it was competent for a reporter to
?ive the statement of an advocate, he must
lake care that the public were not led to believe
that, this statement was supported by
evidence, when such was not the case, 11 ere
there had been a material difference in what
had taken place in the police-court and what
had appeared in the report, and. therefore,
1 here must be a new trial. This is now in progress."
The logical solution to such a willful or accidental
bmnder on the part of an attorney
would appear to boa severe reprimand and
line to the blatant lawyer, rather than damages
against the newspaper proprietor who unwittingly
lends himself to such an attack on
character. The absurdity of a system of legal
practice that permits a lawyer to utter slanderous
statements regarding the character of
? man whom he is prosecuting in a court of
justice, without punishment, or even rebuke, |
and makes it an offence for a newspaper to re- |
produce this language, will be apparent to any !
man outside the pale of the legal profession, j
A London journal, without rising to the defence
of its own profession as it should, says:
' ft not iiiifremiontlv haonens that there is a
failure to prove all that is alleged in the openJng
address, and if the statements are libel-1
lou>, and they are reported as if proved, t lie
result, may be, as in this case, an action for libel
against the newspaper proprietor. Had
the report stated that "the prosecuting solicitor
alleged" the facts in question, there would
have been judgment for the defendant."
This can mean only one t hing, namely, that
the credibility of a lawyej,.engaged in his sacred
office of defending a client, is open to the
same distrust that we would attach to the
most venal vendor of bogus butter, pinchbeck
jewelry, or shoddy clothing. If that is the
rating given the profession in its own courts
the editor or proprietor ol a misled journal
may not smart the iess under an outrageous
bill of damages, but he will thank Heaven
that his calling has not lallen so low as to permit
him to assess damages on ot her people for
faults of his own commission.
The Press awl J farmer prints letter heads
bill heads, hand bills, etc., as well as they can
be printed elsewhere, and as cheap as the
cheapest.
Send to the Press and Banner tor lieu and
zaortgnge blanks of the best .form.
I
THE SEST OF TEEM ALL.
2Iar2>cr\s ^lii^itziiio is without a Poor |
in t'lis Country.
j Harper s Muytcinc for March open with aj
{graphic desciiption of Krupp's fjun-makinjj j
establishment at K>sen, by Moiicurr 1). Con-j
I Way, cllcctively and amply illastratcd. "1 lie j
subject is one <-f exceptional ink-rent h; cause J
i this is the largest luanuiacturiug establish-j
incut under private management in tlie j
I world, einploynii. over lio.tajo tneu and o\\ nlny |
5/1 minis; because of the social features con- |
i nectt'd with Krupp's provision for tins com
! l'ort of iiis workmen ami lor the education of
: their children; and because the attention ol\
i all naiions is now especially directed to the1
manufacture of heavy ordnance. The . illicit' j
takes its place naturally in the series ln-jrim
by MViCilaii's article on "The Miiitia and the
! \ nm- *' . untiiui.'ii in sir l\dWard Keed's on,
j "Tiii' IJrltish Navy," ainl to in* slid further
[extended in futuiv contribution.*.
Miss Woobon's novel, "Kast Angels," now j
j approaches its conclusion; :> n<l the reader's)
interest is wholly absorbed in the heroic [
character of Margaret. A portrait ??i" the an-!
j thor, printed separately on plate paper, is one ;
. oi the features of this Number.
Kd 11 Kin Kiike contributes an interesting
! article on 1city ol'Cleveland, whicn is j
j sumptuously illustrated.
C. il. Kaiiihaio continues his Canadian ar-1
' tide.* with an entertaining paper on "Capei
! Urcton Folk," beautifudy il!usir.<letljby A. 1'.
Frost?one of the engravings, "The <ipon-airj
Sacrament," having the place of honor as tuc
irontispieee of the Number.
"Willi itio Allium liouiiilry Commission" J
is the title of an interesting Central-Asian i
, sketch by William Simpson, witn illustrations
by the author.
"She Stoops to Conquer, is continued, in-j
eluding tlie lirst half of Act IV., with more of i
.Mr. Abbey's charming illustrations.
David ker, as :h?- i c>u it of his recent visit!
to Airicii, contributes a very instructive and,
valuable description of the resources and op- !
port unities o! the ttuce great river valleys oi
Aftica?those of the Nile, the Niger, and the!
Congo. A good map accompanies the paper, j
A series of papers, especially interesting to j
the owners of small holdings of land, under
the title of "Tin; Home Acre," by JO. P. Roe, is j
begun in this Number.
iirandvr Mattnews contributes a clever and j
pathetic short story entitled, Uriel?as Wo-,
man's l.ove."
Mr. Hugh Dalziel's paper on "Does and
their Management" is as useful a? ii is Uinely. |
The auitior is a recognized authority 011 thisj
subject
Mr.(Jeorge Williatn Curtis, in the Editor's'
Easy (:/ittir, discusses American uucra, aim ,
othersubjectN of social interest.
Mr. Howell's Muily lor this month is devot- !
eel to poetry.
An excellent. Drrttw is introduced by Mr. [
Warner, with somecomments on "The New j;
England I-'armei." On the whole the Nuni-I
ber is une of unusual strength and attractive- j
ni-ss.
Condi Icons <>3' Success Jjj Life.
In a rcc?Mit address before the <I'eoruia State
Medical Association, Dr. Se.ircy slated that ,
the physiological condition* of success in lil'e <
depend mainly upon ti vigorous, healthy n<*-|
?ion of the brain and nervous system. II follows,
therefore, thai the structural integrity
and fuuctiouti! capacity of the brain are mat- ,
ters of the deepest importance, and their
preservation and improvement are of vital ;
moment. The author believes that much ;
would be aeeomplisiicil. eould we discover l he
way8 in whi.-h the brain capacity is increased j:
and lowered. The problem is a most ?ielicaie|
one, for up to a certain point the receptivity j
of the brain is directly proportional to the
strain a!r< a!y brought to bear upon i:s canae- i
iiies. An even balance between t;ie brain !
functions is an essential cl'-mcnt. The supe- .
rior man must have the ability, not only to
comprehend, but., in equal degree, to discrim- ,
inate; he must be able to select for a purpose.
Besides trie ability to learn, a man, to be successful,
needs the power to verify his learning,
to deduce his owe conclusions, and tj cxe- ,
cute his purposes with persistence. ,
A simply erudite man is not necessarily
successful. On tiie contrary, he is often the!
reverse, a pcr'ect failure, for lack of the saving
virtue of common sense. Tiie capacity to I
receive is ot small value unless it he coupled j
with an ability to adjust, arrange,and impart. I
It frequently happens that n man who is sim- j
ply a scholar and nothing else is at an absolute
disadvantage in tiie presence of an unlettered
man who is blessed witn an inherent,
excellence of capacity in these departments]
of brain action. One need not be educated to :
possess this trait, though it is the addition ot
education to such natural gifts that brings!(
distinction. It. is not an exaggeration tosay i
that, many a man of eminence lias had occasion
to envy his humbler associates the possession
of those so-called commoner merits
which wo n It I have given hist wn attainments
a greater availability. Nature apparent ly requires
a certain amount 01* the concrete to
maintain a mental eqniposc; The man who
<ran learn, reason, and execute with equal facility
possesses the elements of success, even ;
though his qualities be of but an inferior order;
while one who hits any of these faculties
abnormally developed at the expense of the
others will always !? > crippled by the absence
of the essential features of a successful life.
Is JleJigiou IVreasyiiijy?
[Catholic Mirror.]
AVc have observed a iiood deal of discussion
lately about the decay of religion?the growing
unbelief of the American people. Those
who urge this view say, and say trucly. that
wiihin the last thirty years the new theory
of evolution has been seized upon as an excuse
for sweeping religion out of the mind;
that somehow the educated and the well-to-do
simply ignore the subject altogether, or else
treat it carelessly, as they would some curious
work of the imagination, a novel or a poem.
They have no violent antipathv to revealed
truth, like the old infidels. While-they do
not beiieve themselves, they want other people
to believe, especially their women and i
children. But in the clubs, ?t dinner parties, I
on the*xchanges,orwhcrevernien congregate, j
they give free expression to their opinions;
they are agnostics. All this is deplorable, no
doubt; but ii is not so alarming as the alarm-,
ists would have us believe.
In point of fact, infidelity has proportional-!
ly decreased, when we consider the people as
a whole, in the United States. Highly or one j
hundred years ago it. permeated all classes of j
SOCJCiy ; IU-'Ul.V ll inms amviip
tired voiles of the town. Science litis nothing!
to do with it. Men who have devoted their;
whole It ves to money-getting, or the chatter-!'
boxes of light literntiire?what do they know I
about science? Not one of them could tell j
what evolution really meant.
Towards the close of the Isist century infidelity
was more open and bold than it is now.
Then it depended merely upon sharpness and
wit: and we know how dreary it appears now.
To-day tt bases itself upon fiilse deductions j
from scientific theory of evolution?deductions
as shallow as they arc false. Evolution i
is only tin excuse f<ir unbelief. These men I,
want to disbelieve. The trouble is moral, not '
intellecttial. They have waxed fattind have |
kicked. just as the people did under the Old j
Dispensation. They are in a stale of sin.j
they know It. and they think the easiest way j
out of the difficulty is simply to deny the con- j
sequences of their sin. This is t'.ie reason
why there is so much jaunty agnosticism j
among the gathering of men.
? ?#
HItcnt.
From the report of the Ohio Experiment
Station for ISS-t we call some points about the
growing of wheat. Of two plots, one treated
in the ordinary way, the oilier sown in drills
and hoed twice between drill rows in spring,
the latter produced -Ki.7 bushels against IJT.'J of|
the former, or over 2! percent, more.
The following general eonclusionsare drawn
from several years' trials. "Early seeding j
does not. secure an early harvest. The same
variety sown under the same conditions will |
mature about the same time, whether the;
seeding he done the lirst of September or the '
lir<t of (letober.
Wheat sown as late in the season as it can
be, and still he given time to become firmly i
and strongly rooted and time to develop |
leaves sutliciens to cover the whole ground,;
will best, endure the winter.
I The earliest sown wheat usually has tho J
[largest top and proportionally the smallest
root ; m the latest sown wheat the root is proportionally
larger. This may be reversed by,
j peculiarities of soil and season. On poor soil
| and badly prepared ground wheat should bej
sown earlier than upon lich soil and a well j
prepared seed bed."
The efiect ot time of sowing upon root de- j
jvvloptnent is a noteworthy ami important)
fact. Js there not a similar result as regards j
' tillering or stooling? I >o not very early sown
fall oats have a tendency to shoot up one
main erect stalk insteml of tillering and
; spreading on the ground ? J. j
?
*5 ,1
i ""
i 'Tis easy to trust when friends sire near,
And liesiven's sunshine liirhls the way;
I 'Tis not so easy in the storm
' To lift the irsize to heaven and say,
"Thy will, not mine, be done."
I 'Tis very dark, I cannot see,
O, Father, help thy child this day ;
I What oth"r refuge can there he ?
! O help ine feel it when I pray:
"Thy will, not mine, be done."
Pall and examine our stork of overcoats beore
they are all gone. F. Uystnbyrg ,t Co.
THE Ml AND FIELD.
VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS FOR THE BENEFIT
OF THE INDIVIDUAL FARMER-HINTS
WHICH WILL TEND TO BRING
PROSPERITY.
Southern Eatcrpriso.
Very much has heen said, in recent years,
to induce immigrants from other states to
wiliie into our section for the purpose of recovering
our worn lands and build.nu; up our
farm interests. The Cultivator lias been cordial
and hearty in joining the invitation, and
w.- shall not now withdraw the least thing
that we have said to encourage enterptising
men to locate within our State. On the contrary,
wo would re-ulJinn all we have said,
and say more, if necessary, to bring before
the people oi the North and West the magnificent
prospects of .southern azricultuie.
We wrtnt to see ."id the country dotted over
with tluiity farm's, progressive indu*ttieSj
beautiful Hamlets. hu.-y, stirring mwus ui.u
growing, enterprising cities, We will gladly
welcome good citizens from any section who
conn; to ln. Ip on this good work. We, however,
wish distinctly to say I hat the south is not
dead in its enterprise, 1101* powerless in the
presence of its great promise. We are not
without tlie men ami the means to make a
great and prosperous people: the work will he
slow; it is progressiii!.' and it will he aecom-l
piistied. Kven though left alone, the South j
will uramlly work oot tlieir destiny and Uecoiue
the most desirable section ot the continent.
't he way has heen opened; it is being
made clear: success is certain.
>."0 nation under the sun ever su fib red, in
its material interests, as the States at the
South, Conquered, not so much by war as t?y
a revolution that paralyzed every industry in
tlu1 utter and complete destruction of our
system of agriculture, human wisdom and
human power could not rapidly recover our
fortunes from sueii iron-Had circumstances.
We were without personal experience and j
wit limit precedent in 1 he history of the world;
without money, without methods, without labor,
we were called upon to work out our destiny
under social and political influences, 1110 j
most antagonistic that ever corrupted and de- j
l'cated the pla?.s ot a struggling people, Experiments,
involving debt, had to be made;
pian.s requiring time and labor, had to be,
tested, until,groping about in the dark for
projects and possibilities, deep down in our
I overly we have found, at last, the basal
stone of our success, in diversined farming
on the intensive system. Stock* trasses, and1
grain '.vlll make for us an abundant home]
support; and cotton utilised as we have kepti
it, wili yet be the bonanza of the Southern!
l inn. As a field crop we believe it Is without j
a parallel in the history of agriculture; prop-!
LTiy managed, its seed should more than pay j
tnc expense of its cultivation. The hulls can
he used lor fertilization, for feed or for fuel. |
The kcrhel is more nutritious than corn ; it is :
not equalled a- a fertilizer alter it has fur- j
nislied an oil that is of growing denial.d as a
culinary necessity and an aid to art. The
question is now settled and the people of lliej
till |.t? tlwmiCill Offl tlll? llf'i
tin; situation.
Tlu* success of our agriculture Is assured.
By this v.v do not mean that we are already
established in prosperity. Not al. all; our
people are siiil poor and struggling wish an
liccumuiatiou of debt, I> 111- we say ills opened 1
and we need only to enter upon it. Shsill we
sit down and wait for others to come in and!
sotlle upon our lands and avail themselves of j
the opportunities that now sire ours? Shall [
we noi rather find our fortunes in our enter-:
prise, push and pluck, tnat shall l>e equal to|
t he new order of I hings and not excelled hy l
the strangers that may conic within our
urates? We of t he .South do not need now to j
he behind. We are not now without, personal |
experience and the examples ot others on tnei
eery line, so plainly marked on'., for ourselves;j
we have the benelit of all .the advances in j
progressive agriculture that any people can
chum. It remains to be seen whether or not;
our enterprise will be equal to our opportunities.
Our generous hospitality will gladly |
weieome all who may come, to share in the
riches of our prospects, but we should not |
yield en;iiely to others the victory over conflicting
circumstances, which we ourselves!
should win .?Southern Cultivator.
2Io;vs for 2*roCi.
The past season has been full of discourage-!
ment to farmers who have attempted to make
their pork on their own fields. From all sections
of the country we have accounts of the
disasters from swine plague.
We are inclined to believe that the loss oe1,1
iiu,.-,;., Ik: (tin 1,11,V ll illil l':l lu-r> to I
raising cheap pork on our farms. It scums
well fettled iliat we are not. soon to have any
successt'nl remedy for hug cholera: the course
now generally commended Is to kill the animal
as soon as the cholera sympu ins are developed.
Remove the w?-ll hogs to u distant
place and thoroughly disinfect the premises;
occupied by the animal that, gave evidence of!
the disease. We beljcve that the trouble with j
cholera arises mainly from care and atten-1
tion. Cholera is possibly among the class of!
diseases that can he prevented, but impossible
to cure. A sucecsful breeder gave out this !
suggestion at the Fat Stock Show at Chicago, I
and bused his opinion upon the results of his|
own practice. His hogs are kept all the time]
upon a plank floor, not allowed access of any
tilth, for food or any cesspools for wallowing.
Kverytlung about them is kept clean and
they are made comfortable. This plan may
be effective, but it scents expensive. This
expense, however, may be less than the loss
of an entire herd of porkers. With a little j
effort at arrangement and convenience in pas- >
ture and especial regard to food given them,
both quality and quantity, will help to prevent
tins dreadful scourge.
Here comes in again a necessity for farmers'
clubs, that there may be co-operation in!
neighborhoods. Hog cholera is highly infee-j
tious and contagious; however scrupulously
careful one farmer may he, all his efforts may j
be upset by his neighbor's carelessness, llog
cholera should lie a subject of club or neighborhood
action, so as to prevent, the disease
and the spread of its frightful results. Com-!
munities should ener upon regular'plans!
of management. Hogs should, in no case, he j
allowed at large; every man should consent i
to the rules established by the club, and yield j
his thrifty hogs, as well as his lus sick ones, to j
the policy determined upon for the gei.eral t
good. In every tanners' club there should be '
a committee to look after contagious diseases j
among stock. In this way we may eventual-!
ly remove this positive hindrance to cheap
pork on the farm, and secure our stock
ugainst diseases. Touching, somewhat, tins
view of the case wo liud the following statement
in tiie Live Stud; Journal:
"We cannot too earnestly call attention to j
the statement of our veterinarian, that 're-j
peated experiments have very conclusively
proved the exceedingly contagious and intectious
character of this tat al malady, and it is!
now believed that it arises trom contagion j
and infection only.' This view is now held I
by all leading veterinariansand was only recently
very sirongly expressed by the principal
of the Koyal Veterinarian College in tedinhurgh.
In spite of all this we are still at
< ...... ....it.,... i
IIIU llltltvV *11 Ill.TMJVOailwiiJMI.IVI ????w
its our herd while his own are inlVeted:
drives infected swine across the highway; (
poisons tin; stream ol water which runsi
through numerous farms besides his own,
allows his dead hogs scant burial, or si il l |
worse, drags them out Into the Held or some
unfrequented spot to serve in their turn us
hoi beds of disease."?Southern Cultivator.
Will It Pay?
The Cnttnn riant publishes an article from a
farmer who gives his experience in the use oi l
commercial fertilizers. Jn l.wj he used I'eru-j
vian Guano to the value of tf(i .">0 per acre, on ;
sandy land, which had been previously sown ,
in rye. On part of the land he used no ferti-i
lister at all. The. extra cotton made on the I
bind where the fertilizer was used was worth ;
ju>t i per acre?half enough to pay for the
guano, without allowing any pay for putting!
the lertilizer in the ground or for picking the
coltoti. In 1 SSI lie used different brands ofj
fertilizers with results that barely paid for1
tlie extra labor; but that was a dry year. IJutj
in 1HS"2, perhaps the best, year known for making
cotton, he made experiments and gave a
taouiated statement of results. Ou that year
lie used home made fertilizers on all his land, |
but on one field he used in addition, cummer-)
cial brands. The highest gain in production |
where he employed guanos was ?fd pounds,
of seed cotton per a ere, and the fertilizer used j
( (?' cl.-o: the lowest gain per acre was I!")1
pun ikIs til seed coil on, where lie employed
Ivainit lo the value of sl.oii. The same brand
of rertilizer gave diHeivnt results in different
fields, but he estimated his ?.iin, by tin* use of
commercial fertilizers, at from two to four;
dollars pt-r acre.
'J hese experiments were made by a systematic
farmer, in one of the best years
known for the growth of cotton. AYiil ii pay
the average farmer, who is very often unsystematic
in his work, to buy guano at the ri.*k
of muking, at best, from two to four dollars
neraere? You cannot.count on this much
iritin now, for the price of cotton is lower than
it was in l&S:i, and 111 a very dry year there is
no jrain at all in production by tin; list- of
bought manures, farmers make more cotIon
to the land now than they did many
years ano, but iiineli is due 10 improved
methods of cultivation. The sooner the farmer
abandons the use ol' commercial fertilizers
the better it will be ior him and the eount
'j'.
Crab <?rass Hay.
There is waste enough on many farm;' to
I re hie or quadruple tin* income from United
Stales bonds of like investment, wild tne
j cry is "hard times." Ilow much hay goes to
i waste every year on the average farm? Every
farm should guard against this, it will
pay to get. a mower, though the farmer may
not , lusveany meadows; there is every year
crab grass enough ill the wluat fields, on ordinary
(arms, to justify the outlay for a mow-1
I er. when the crop is sown, the field should;
J Iks smoothed with a harrow that the mower
I may run over it without any trouble. At the
j proper time, when the grass is fully in head,
start the mower. If there are many ragweeds
in the field, start the mower just, before they
| are in full bloom and they make very good
i winter forage for sheep, cattle and mules.
"M It.- ...II i'.i I.m.< .. r......ni.L. ...i...
i \\ IIITIT I I It'I C il I I MO l iililii.i.iiiu mi in i;i r> nil'i
cannot conveniently operate :i machine or
| afford to buy om*. Itt. them get mowing
; scythes with stocks adjusted already for work,
costing each about SI.."1). With one of these
1 an ordinary llcld hand, working two hours in
a patch of good crab grass, can cut liny
j enough to pay for it. There is a great variety
j of weeds and grasses which grow spout ail-j
i eoiMy on every farm, and generally in great
| luxuriance, which would, if harvested in j
time, make nutritious foiage much relished
! by almost.all kinds oi farm sIock. Is it r.oi
! si range that set much of tins goes to waste ev|
cry year? A good hand, without a machine,
i can save from three to live dollars' worth in a
[day: yet i he fanner gathers up his hands and
before his fodder is fully ripe, wadinu through
; tine grass up to his knees, commences stripping
tdades taking care to leave no green louder
iii the field. lie saves per hand about ii>?
bundles a day worth SI.20, while he injures
i the corn, from which it is pulled, from forty I
to sixty pounds. Thus he toils in si?ht, It may
be. of a huge pile of decaying wheat and out
j straw and chart", which, if properly earcu
for, would have furnished his stock
an excellent lorasre crop. In order 10
make hay. saving easy, a good piece
of low ground should be selected to sow
in oals, Let the land thus selected be
well fertilized and the oats sown in the full,
; if it is not subject tooveriiow. After ltie oats [
| are .cut, the crab grass will grow rapidly and
soon be ready to harve-t. If ragweeds are
likely to choke the grass they may he ctl'eciually
checked by a little work wiih a cradle or
mowlhg blade; in t it is way I have known two
trood erops of crab ura&* saved from
the sanit; land in one year.
fare should lie taken not to allow the grass
to get wet it Iter it once becomes dry. I n a hot
sun it will cure very soon after cutting, and
when dry it will lose mure than half its value j
in a sing.e shower of rain. The best hay is:
saved i>y cutting in Hit morning and housing j
in the evening of the sauin flay. When dried j
in Hi is w:iy it is bright. and retains all its mi- j
tritton : it is greedily ea'.en andcasily digested
hy all kinds of stock. If the farmer is scares
of house room, the hay may be nicely >aved
in slacks in the field around poles; only protect,
the bottom from dampness and sharpen
the top to turn the water. * A. J. K.
?n>???j.
Stable Unii-.ire for C'oria?Fertilizer
for Irish I'otatocn.
1. I wish to know how much stable manure
to apply per acre to corn, and how to apply
for best results the Hist season ? My laud is
red eiay.
2. What is the best commercial fertilizer fori
Irish potatoes, how much per acre ??U. li,
Brownsboio.
Answeu.?I. The qnantityof manure which
may be sa'.ely and profitably applied varies so !
much with character of the >oil, its prepara-j
tion and previous treatment, 'hat it. is impos
.siblc to answer your qui stion directly audi
specifically. To get the quickest re: urns, that)
is the greatest effects the lirst year, hill ma-i
miring is best..' The manure is put in the drill I
on one or Loth sides of the firain at planting,!
or placed near and on opposite sides ot the
1 '* '< *? * ' ..?* I' lirll U a I
Mil IK l>i CUi II \> lit u M.\ ik i nil uu.ii(.o ? v, j
are inclini-d botn from experience anil leason-1
ing to prefer the latter mode. Ohe of the el-j
fects <>f hill-manuring is to cause a clustering?
or concentration of roots. Instead of l?n;' :
roots ramifying in every direction In search of j
food, nuinorous short roots are crowded about!
tin' manure. Two undcsirall*consequences
follow: the natural supply of food diffused!
th;ou?h the soil is not appropriated *o fully.!
and the crowded roots draw ing moisture from
a circumscribed spot, the plant is more apt to j
sutler Irom drought. Now, if the manure is
not applied until the plant is eight or teu j
inches high, long roots will already'Have pretty
well occupied all of the soil, nuij those
which will reach the manure are the raniifi-.
cations of the "spur" or "brace" roots, which I
naturally cluster about the stalk and are,
short. 'Die natural habit of the plant, is not j
varied, therefore, by manure applied in this
manner.
As regards the quantity to be applied, land i
well supplied with humus, deeply broken and
kept in good tilth, will bear heavier applications
of manure than that in opposite condt-!
tion. Fair medium land would hear, say six j
to eight two-horse wagon loads of stable ma- i
nure, applied in seeding furrow, at first- plow- j
in;:. Make tiie furrow deep, and cover the!
manure well; otherwise it would do littleI
good In dry weather. You do not refer to it, I
hut we would suggest that 100 pounds of acid '
phosphate per acre, added to the stable ma-!
nure, would increase the yield handsomely, j
2. Irish potatoes call for a manure rich in;
each of the three usual ingredients, viz: nitro- '
gen, phosphoric acid and potash. Phosphates I
with the largest percentages of ammonia and j
potash suit tnem best. They should be large- \
iy diluted with woods mould or some other >
Ilka substance before application.
Debt and ti)? Law.
There is no more cruel master than debt
snnnorted bv the strong power of the law.
Tim man who makes himself its slave enters j
upon u servitude of sorrow. The loss of prop-1
erty as It melts away under mortgages, and j
the comforts destroyed hy these reckless ob-i
Mirations, bring great uneasiness, apprehen-1
sion and distress. Working to pay debts in-;
judiciously incurred breaks the spirit of a ;
man, destroys his hope and puts n shadow i
over his whole life. Debt is a dreadful curse.
Mow blessed to lie down to sleep, free from
its power; how harrowing t- > try to sleep,
haunted hy its horrible night mare. >.'0 man
has the right, to presume upon the contingencies
of the future, nor can he, honestly, ask
tor his neighbor's goods without unquestioned
reason to believe that they will be returned j
or 1 heir equivalent paid. Debt is a hurtful,,
serious policy; the true business principle is,
not to want anything until you have the!
money to pay for it. If your condition com-1
ps?Is you to want it, just simply get out ofj
the condition. If money is needed to work I
the farm, sell pnrt, of the farm and obtain the j
cash to piiyasyougo. By all means, we re-1
pent, avoid debt.
If, however, obligations must be entered!
into, and th?*re appears, and really is, 110!
means by which a mortgage can be avoided,
do not seek the cover ot an iniquitous law 1
to avoid the payment of an honest, obligation; I
no law, however authentalivcly enacted and .
scrupulously enforced, can annul a contract, j
in morals, that was based upon the clean, fair ,
honor of the contracting parties. For a
country to be prosperous, the collection ofj
debts enn, lv.mliy, be too stringent. Mew :
uiwuiiil In. Iilml.-r,.,! hv 1 be terror of the law
from i loin;; a double evil?one to themselves!
unci another to their neighbor, upon whom
they would impose. Leniency, tempered
with that.sympathy that always accompanies
fair dealings, should be extended to tile unfortunate.
and tin* laws .should be so enacted ;
but, at. the same time, so securely guarded as
Jo prevent the evasion of lion est obligations.
Begin now to prae I ice economy and avoid the j
(listless of debt, and you will not fear the
penalty of the law.?Southern Cultivator.
? ? ?
liurnyard Manure.
The chief valueof manure lies in the manner j
in which it is,sued. Jf allowed to bo drenched l
and washed by rain its soluble portions are j
washed away, anil these contain about all j
there is of value in any fertilizer. If on the
other hand, moist manure is thrown into aj
pile, and allowed to heat, its valuable con-j
stituents are votalized, and pass immediately
into that vast. storehouse of fertility, the air. j
Hence, under the action of water and strong
fermentation the valuable constituents of!
manure may he dissipated until so little remains
as to be practically worthless. In the;
feeding of animals in the tieldsjor in pastur-i
age this fertility is not lost. The soluble por-i
tiods are washed out, ami defended into tiiej
soil, and are held for future use. The prac-j
tieal saving of manure ol yards and stables
therefore becomes a matter of importance.'
Two means are constant and simple ; the pre-;
vention of fermentation in heaps, and the'
washing of the soluble portions out of tliei
yards. The first may be prevented by spreading
where it may lie tramped under the feet I
of animals, anil the second by forming the
yard dishing and witli a clay bottom that will
hold tin* liquid.
Farmers fthouSd Read J3orp.
It would he a good thing if farmers would!
learn that the printing press lias become the
leading implement ot agriculture and the
great lever promotive of agricultural ad-!
, vanceinent. The only modification of the
proposition is that it be properly used. I Tow
ever, every oilier auency ami implement i:.->
i tended to promote I hi; interests 01 the farm J
may be improperly usi d as well. Farmers,
especially Souih Carolina, fanners, should i
J jjivc more time to rcadinu. The present sea- i
: son alfords them a very i'avoruh!e opportuni-'
ty, and all should embrace ii. (Set hooks and
j papers, especially those devoted to your ealli
1 nir: have I hem in plenty ahotil, you, lor I ho j
i children like such tliinus and will t>uun be!
come interested in them. :
I
HOW FARMERS PAY FOR WHAT THEY DO
NOT GET.
.?.?
A Full list of tlie It rand* that Foil
Below the Manufacturer's <;Marantic
in One or More Constituent#
I,ast Year.
In hisrenortto the Commissioner nf Agriculture
October 31, isto, the State Chemist in
speaking of the analysis of fertilizers says:
"The number of samples deficient, that is,
falling below tbe manufacturer's guarantee,
in one or more constituents, is so large that I
I feel it to be my duty to call your ?special ut
I tent.on to the matter. Of the ninety-three
I si mmoulated fertilizers analyzed thirty-seven,
j or per cent of the whole number were
i deficient. Of tlie forty acid phosphates, eiirht,
j or 20 per cent, were deficient. This proporI
tion is so large as to merit your serious consideration.
In these estimates are included all
samples deficient in any respect, whether!" the
deficiency be great or small." The following
is a mi I list of the different brands that tire
referred to in the above extract from the ,
ftiaie L.iienusi s report.
Alkaline Guano.
Ashley Cotton and Corn Compound.
Ashley Soiublo (Iii:i 110,
Brown Bros. Standard Ammoniatcd Fertilizer.
Colgate Manure. (Canton's)
Crescent Hone Fertilizer.
Domestic Ammoniated Fertilizer.
Kddystone soluble Guano.
Kdisto Ammoniated Fertilizers.
10. Frank Cue's Aminouiated Bone Superphi^phiitf.
Kvi -rett's High Grade Fertilizer.
Kzell's Ammoniaied l'.otic Superphosphate.
Georgia Ammoniated Hone Superphosphate.
(Sowan us Bone Fertilizer.
Hodgdon, Spencer Si Co.'s Ammoniated
Phosphate.
Huiett's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Ionian's Monarch Guano.
.Tones & Robertson's Ammoniated Compound.
Ligon (W. S.) t{- Co.'s Dissolved Bone.
Ligon (W. S.) d* Co.'s .Standard Ammoniated
Fertilizer.
Merryman's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Owl Hi and Guano.
Peruvian Guano. 1
Plow Brand Haw Bone Superphosphate.
Helianee Ammoniated .Superphosphate.
Hlehln lid's Pride.
Russell Co.'s Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Seal, Lawson. Kcssler & Co.'s Ammoniated
Bone phosphate.
Stono SoUll'ie Gnnno.
SiackhoiHe & llolliday's High Grade Ammoniateil
Phosphate.
Wiianer's Ammoniated Dissolved Hone.
Wilcox, Gibbs k C.'s Manipulated (Juano.
Brown Bros. Standaid Acid Phosphate.
Diamond Soluble Bone.
Duncan's Acid Phosphate.
Farr &. Thomson's Add Phosphate.
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate.
Russell Coe's Bone Superphosphate.
Stono Dissolved Bone.
Wilcox, Gibbs & Co.'s Superphosphate.
TJjc harden.
Every home, with any land outside of its
necessary front and back yard, should have a
Harden. No work done on the farm pays better
returns than that. put. upon vegetable food
in the garden; not only in the actual reduction
of expenses for tne food supply, but in
the pleasure it brings in the variety andabundancc
of its wholesome products.
Vegetables and small fruits?potatoes,beans,
peas squashes, okra, tomatoes, strawberries,
rnspnerrb's and currants?grown in the garden
and furnished to the farmer's table, fresh
and nicely prepared, will make a far more inviting
board than can be found in the crowded,
pent up cities and towns that must depend
upon tin- stale vegetables and adulterated
food fui nished by unscrupulous grocerymen. (
The farmer's home need never be without an (
abundance of wholesome food, if the garden ,
is well kept. ,
The spot, selected for a garden should be ,
thoroughly enriched, well spaded in, broken f
with a piow and subsoiled. Thorough work j
pays in a garden and it. shouid be well done. (
JJefore plowing, a liberal dressing of barnyard ,
manure,applied broadcast and thoroughly in- ,
corporaied with the soil by repeated harrow- ,
ing, will brins good returns. The manure, as j
well as the soil, should bo thoroughly pulverized
and evenly applied. .Such as is applied i
in tne drill will do best when well mixed with j
the soil before the seed are deposited. Heavier (
crops may grow and do moderately well upon (
soil badl.v prepared, but garden vegetables de- ,
serve and demand more care. Many seed fail \
to germinate because the land is left in clods ,
that pievent the penetration of the light and (
heat and hold, in themselves, the plant food (
necessary to be given up to sustain vegetable ,
life. AM seed require to have the soil brought ,
into close contact with them by rolling, or ,
"tinning" as it is called. This is especially (
true of email vegetable seed. This practice (
many gardncrs neglect, and then cry out ,
against the seed in en for furnish ing damaged ]
seed, when truly I he entire trouble occurred ,
in the bad preparation and failing to "linn" .
the soil. If no better means can be used, go ,
over the row immediately after the seed are ,
covered and pack the soil upon them with the :
feet.; the germination and growth will be .
greatly juoeu. before
tli?? busy season begins anil the henv- |
ier demands of t lie farm press lor work, fix up
the garden and begin the vegetable and small
fruits to growing,"and then draw upon their
abundance for a sustenance that asks no return
but your intelligent labor.
Hearing <incens.
At the recent session of the Union I'ee-keep- .
er's Convention at Detroit, D. A. Jones, of '
Canada,gave his method of rearing queens, .
as follows; lie builds up a very strong col- ;
ony by giving it, chipping brood, getting the
i?eesas nearly as possible to the swarming j
condition, but.queenless and destitute of nil ,
larva? under three days old, i. e.. with notiiing
from which by any possibility aqueencould be ,
reared, lie claimed that if a larva has been .
fed three days as it worker, it will not possess
thi! vitality it would have had if fed as a royal .
larva, from the time of hatching. When .
these conditions are all present in the hive, he
puis in a new and tender comb, containing i
fresh laid eggs, cutting slits in it, so that the ,
bees will build queen cells separate, and "
which may be removed. Hy knowing the ex- ,
act age of an egg, the time of issuing of t
queens can he calculated almost to a certain- .
ty. The native bee builds few cells the Italian :
more, and Syrian most of all. Bees having a i
dash of Cyprian blood mingled with Italian, ,
will build many queen cells; as many as C"> J
queens have been obtained from one of these '
gigantic colonies. ?
Jn a small colony as soon as a queen em- s
erges, she seeks for and destroys all her rivals, '>
but in a large one it is di tie rent.. If a cool day f
occurs, prevent ing the issue of a smarm, a .
guard is kept over ihc queens, imprisoning ,
them, and ttiey afe fed through an opening in
the lid of the cell. These largo colonies rear- .
ing queens and having only royal larvie, pay i
them a great deal of aitcntiou, and even alter
the cells are sealed, uiuui 011 to tnetn oniii
tlit:v are immense. Tim value of a colony
depends largely, almost entirely, upon its
queen. It is plainly seen thai a queen reared V
under the condition named, must lie very dlf- I
Cerent from one reared in a eool hive with less 1
food and few attendants, and in so small a]
eell as to be scarcely distinguishable from of h- J s
er cells. Tf a hive is opened when the queens ii
are under guard, it frightens them of}'and
i hey proceed to load up with honey, leaving is
till1 queens to issue from their ceils ml libitum.
These young queens should be caught nnd|r
caged, and thcecllsconntcd, so sis to ascertain ; r
it all are secured, If they are not all caught, j
the hive ought to be removed, another snb-lf
(diluted, and the bees brushed from the Is
combs on a sheet, some distance from the i 1
hive; as the queens measure oil" the distance |
with their loin: legs, they are easily discerned 1
and can be secured.?Southern Cultivator. i 1
(irnss.
There Is no doubt, says the Mari/l'oul Fur- j
mcr, hut that of all food* for the dairy. grass is j ^
eheapest and best, taking tbe cost of produc- j
tion into account, but. this does not prove but i tthat
even in the limes of flush" feed,a ra-L
tion of grass, especially to the luitfer making K
dairylnan, is not decidedly profitable. There I
is no question hut that growing gross supplies ! ti
the finest of flavors to butter, and gives itLj
good ei.lor, but at the same time there Is an I J
element lacking that contributed towards
making quality in butter which is supported
by meal, drain as a part ration, has great
value in both proinotiAg and maintuinitn: the
milk llow,and giving not only firmness to the j *
butter. but also extra weight. It is now wise I <
to take the gra?s fed cow and begin at once to : l
feed her a daily ration of six or eight quarts J I
of hearty ui;ii:f food, hut in thirty days thej.i
feeding oi grain could be safely increased to a. I
point that the owner might mark as the limit ! <
of profitable grain feeding, ltarely does it tail! t
id In* profitable to feed a tfiMiu ration to tin; 11
Inn tcr row, and even when butter Is low, lor i s'
eight, pounds of Hitter per week on grass 'J
r.loni'. or twelve pounds with grain, soon tells i1
.in>t how inttrli grain can bo prulitabiy led to; t
cows on grass. i <
!?. ? -On j 1
Thisisagood motto for all young farmers: j j
"It is infiniicl.v hotter to operate a one horse ' '
tilrni on a cash ba?is, th>iu to operate a larger j *
one on u credit. "With a small farm, eon* i 1
ducted with industry and wisdom, success is s
almost certain. With a large Jarm con ducted 1
wit hout a largo cash capital, no matter how)
induslrious and wise a man may bo, lull'.ire is i
almost certain.?Keoucc Courit r. j ?
Borrowing: Money.
Southern Cultivator.
Thorp has been a great deal of good wholesome
advice besLowed on tue Southern farmer
>11 the subject of too much cotton, and much j
surprise expressed because it has not been
needed. Ninety-nine in every hundred lariners
acknowledge the wisdom of this advice: I
snow that there is no money in the present]
system of cotton raising and each tells the
Jther to quit raising so much cotton and raise
more .stock and grain. There must be soineLhimi
radically wrong when all see that they
ire going from bad to worse and yet continue
i n I lie same course. Why do 1 hey not ehamro?!
[s it on account of the fascination of eultivat-!
ing King Cotton, or the force of habit in "fol-:
lowing in thu same old ruts of our lathers?"!
i'he farmers of the south are too intelligent to j
dlow either of these reasons io lead them on ;
:o inevitable ruin. There is tome stronger
reason which drives them. *
In order to change trom cotton raising to!
stock and grain there must be a gradual I
hange, not all in one > our, but several years j
ivill be required to bring it out. Time is re- j
julred to learn new methods.
The one great cause is the manner In which j
ive borrow money. Von may say. "'don't bor
row that advice Is all bosh'. Nine-tenths of
t,he forming class are compelled to borrow
money to some extent or buy some provisions
>n ruinous per coirs, secured by irons:lad
mortgages on all they have and sometimes on
Mint wliicli they have not. The usual manner
if giving the warehousemen the aforesaid
louble-action, boom-proof mortgages to obtain
goods at from 2.") tooO per cent., then signing
a written agreement to carry him so much
jotfon, is the cause.
How is it possible for him to stop planting
nrgc-ly of cotton, when all his supplies are outlined
on a promise of making so many bales
jt cotton ?
Farmers! Wall street and its willing allies,
die ''piovlsion warehousemen," have the
tvhoie cotton question down too fine for the
morgani/ed farmers to contend with. Cease
joing to the warehousemen for supplies and
money; it. gives them too many advantages.
If you really desire to change your system
Voin all cotton and (Julfee to stock, you must
:hange your plasi of borrowing.
Irish I'otntops.
Irish potatoes should be more largely cultivated
at toe South than has been our usual
iractice. Th?*y are very nutri'ous and palatable,
in so many different forms, that they canmake
a part of a most every meal during the
rear. Easily cultivated, easily kept and makng
abundant yields, they become really a
/cry desirable crop.
As soon as the ground gets a little warm
;licy should be planted ii: a well prepared,
properly ?-nrlched soil. An abundance of stride
manure will make a luxuriant growth of
vines at the expense of the tubers; this m ust
>e measured somewhat by the character of
;he soil and its condition.
Ashes and well rotted pine straw we have
round good manure for this crop when put in:o
the drill and mixed soine'what witli the soil.
We find a very great variety in preparation
ind cultivation of potatoes. After the soil is
ividl prepared, the rows should be laid oil'from
/Wo to three feet apart?two and a half we
:hink about right?and the manure deposited,
is already suggested, the potatoes, cut with
led at a distance of twelve Inches apart and
jovered by running a furrow on either side of
;he row. This leaves them under a i*idg?, to
je leveled ott with a harrow about the time
the potatoes come up; the cultivation should
ao shallow. Try the harrow in your gardens
ind in your fields and you will be pleased at
he saving of labor and cood results. We
lave had very fine success in raising potatoes
that were heavily mulched with pine straw
ind leaves soon after planting, and not cultivated
a tall.
The Befit Bree<l?.
Low priced goods are not always the cheapest
in the end. Inferior animals that cot>t
originally, but little money seldom bring good
returns for the investment, but they consume
their regular rations nevertheless. Farmers
ivho have stock should sec that It Is good and
serviceable,and then give it good care and
regular attention; It is not necessary that
farm stock should all be thoroughbred, and
then made delicate and dainty from excessive
jare and attention, On the farms we want
stock for service, and we should handle only
iueli as will pay the best in their use.
If the farmer does not breed his own stock
tie should buy such as has been well bred for
lis purposes, and always be sure to buy the
:>est breed**. lJoor stock, wo repeat, is always
xpensive at.any cost. In as low and dull an
inimal as the mule, we aeed uot despair us to
the effect of breeding. It Is true thai we canlot
expect much from the stupid ass, but the
;leanly bred mure may give vigor and spirit
ihat will enliven her offspring. In rearing
mule colts, too lime reguru is paia to me
jualirlesof the duni. with many farmers
my mare is considered good enough to be
served t>y a jack. We question the wisdom of
;tils policy. Cattle and hogs should be bred
up by crowing thoroughbred males upon the
native stock, Grades, possibly, more hardy
aid vigorous, will give about as good practical
results as thoroughbreds; certainly so
ivhen they are several times crossed ; the
male used should always be thoroughbred.
[11 stock breeding, as in farming, the intensive
;>lan will be the most prolitub.e. (Jet nood
futilities concentrated Into a small compass
>y having good stock and only a small lot;
jet the best breeds.
Fertilizer for Outs ami Corn.
Southern Cultivator.
1. I want to contest for premium on oats.
What would be best fertilizer to use; iilso,
ivhat quantity per acre ? Land rich bottom,
planted In o.its last season.
2. Have ten acres fine orchard . wnnt to
plant in corn; what would be best fertilizer?
?Subscriber.
A>\sv,'KK?1. The largest crops of oats crown
n the cotton States were manured with cot:on
seed, lw bushels per acre. And we should
is soon risk them as any fertilizer to be had.
)f commercial orchemical fertilizers good reports
have followed in some instances from
lie application of superphosphates alone In
ithers from nitrate of soda and supcrphosjhates
combined. If regardless of expense,
is is presumable in your case, we should plow
n green cotton seed with the oats, and in the
:nri mr 'iiuiiir ih?> tiiiu* f he ouls betrin to show
signs of shooting up, top dress with u mixture
>f fifty pounds of nitrafe of soda and one
inudred pounds of acid phosphate per acre.
Lf the Oi t< are very deep green and flourishng
in the spring, the nitrate of soda might
)e omitted. .Over-manuring, with nitrogenous
^fertilizers particularly, is liable to
iroduee "lodging'' or Jailing down of small
train.
2. Phosphate and potassic manures arc
specially called for by lluht satuly soils,
toth of thent ;ire also adapted to fruit trees,
specially potash. 100 po.undsof cotron seed
ileal, 1U0 of kainit and 1">0 of it eld phosphate
naice a good combination for corn and trees
>n such laud a* you describe. Double tlie
ibove quantities may heapplied per acre if a
iberal manuring is desired.
."Mistake* hi Rcc
It Is a mistake to invest very largely in any
iusine>s that you are not acquainted with;!
letter po> t yourself thoroughly before coin-ji
ucneing.
It is a mistake not to feed bees before blosoms
appear in tin1 spring to encourage breedn
g.
It is a mistake not to have your colonies
irongat all seasons ot the vear.
It is a mistake to nesrleet t?? put on supers
arly enoiigh in the spring, if comb honey is <
eipiired for tireeitins; purposes.
It is a mistake not to use comb foundation ;} <
or l:y its u-e we can always depend upon
traightcr combs and greater conveniences for i
laiidting. I
it is a mistake to ncgieit to remove all full j
oxes or sections as soon as properly sealed.,
tees sometimes soil them by traveling over!
hem Willi their ditty feet. n
It is a uj's'ake not to supply an abundance,
if room t*ir tin-in to store their surplus when !
lotiey Is plcutiiul. lJees often rcuiiiin idle fur
vant of space in store llielr treasure.
Itisu mistake to extract or take honey s
rom the bees too late in the season without (i
applying them with more. It is eruei to rob j
hem and l hen leave them to starve. j
It is a mistake to visit the bees too often
hiring the winter: better have their winter
I tut Ners m> constructed that their condition ,
an be ascertained without disturbing them.
I5tm to Turn a .ISamtre Blea;>.
The interior of a manure heap, when it is)'
yell put up, heats and rots rapidly, but the
nu-ide is cool and does i>? ! decompose. To '
:in>t the heaps then is a necessary work at I
Ibis season. Make the heap square and flat p
it. the top. so that it M ill keep tins rain which >
[alls upon it. \v hen it bus heated anil eoo.ed
louiiinihe center, begin at one side and '
urn it over, putting tiie outride in the eeii- j:
er of the new heap and tlie decayed manure
ill around it. Move half the pile iu this way. I
'hen begin at the other end of the pile!'
tnd proceed iu the same way; thus making
wo heaps. Place the l'resh manure carried j
>ut on each side of these heaps and where the ! i
ii<i pile stood, and keep it closely piled';
igaitisl them. This will draw the heat to the I.
Vosli manure. In the course of time, the twjj
leaps are thrown back again into one. This
s excellent work to keep one warm in cold'
veather, better and more healthful than sit-!
iug around a stove.
.i i'
Huy the Golden Machinery Oil for engines,
fins, ?Se., sold by Speed Xeutfer. i-'-'J. i
WHAT IS SAID OF THE TRIAL: I
tHE BLOOD OF BENEDICT.
A Third Mistrial of a Celebrated
.Case?How the Jury Stood.
(Special Dispatch, to The Sunduy News.)
Abbkvlle, February 13?The Jury In thd
case of John C. Feiguson. alter being out for- ''f%
ty-'.wo hours, have failed to agree. A mix- "Jm
trlnl was ordered and the Jury discharged.
The Jury remained almost unchanged from :p
the beginning to the end, and sU>ori eight for .
conviction and fonr lor acquittal. At tho .. >?8
first trial only two were for conviction, and
at. the second seven were for conviction.
From this it would seem that the defence is .;-sS
getting weaker instead of stronger. The Jury < 4 m?
seemed to be very tired and some were ?p*
parently much exhausted hy their long con- >$?
luitflim liuin L-nnf lnoolhpp hw I.Hrf LH
Court under a deputy since Mouday morning;
Tut? prisoner is lookincr thin and weak owing
to recent sickness and the suspense of the
trial. _ ?|9
The Slayer of Benedict Escape* the ~ J
Third Time by a Mistrial.
Correspondence of the Daily Itegistbr.
Abbeville, s. c? February 13?The Fer&tison
murder trlul ended to-day at 1 P. M., in a ' A
mistrial. The jury stood eight for conviction . -' vtf
and tour for acquittal. In the second trial of ? :
this case the Jury stood seven for conviction %j?
and five for acquittal, and In the flrat trial . -.v?j
two for conviction aud ten for acquittal. The
State is creeping up.
Another Mistrial in the Fergniton
Case.
[Corrc.tpondence of the Greenville Newt.] '
Hodges, Feb. 13.?The celebrated Ferguson- .
Benedict case at Abbeville ended at 12 m., to- " - ^
day. The case was handed to the Jury at 7 p. ;
m., Thursday and the Judge ordered another , -M
mistrial. This makes the third mistrial, tho .?j
first jury standing ten for acquittal, two for
conviction, the second seven for conviction. '
five for acquittal. This time it is said to stand
eight for conviction, and four acquittal; thus ^
the matter stands. No telling when or where *3
it will end. W. A; Mr V'^3B
Another Mistrial.
| Coirespondencc of the Auyusta Chronicle)] '.-M
Abbeville, S. C., Feb. 13.?[Special. 1?Thd
jury in the Ferguson case, after being in the vVjVS
jury room for over forty hours, returned to -?*(
ihe Court room and announced thatun agree- ^
ment was Impossible, whereupon another ^'33
mistrial was recorded. Eloquent speeches
were made by Messrs. McGowan, Ron ham '' vSwh
and Orr for the State, and Messrs. Smith,Gary
and lienet for the prisoner.
What the " Spnrtanbors Herald"
Think*.
Spartanburg Herald. > ^
The famous Ferguson-Benedict, murder casd <s %
Is again before the people of Abbeville. 80- -;*2
licltorOrr moved to change the trial to anotli- ' ' ' ;
er county "as a fair and impartial trial cannot
be had in the said county ot Abbeville," Ferguson's
attorneys had secured the affidavit# of
about 180 men "that In their opinion he could .
get a fair and Impartial trial.'* Judge With- .'Jisj
erspoon refused the motion. Wehaveno hes- .? *
itatlon in* saying that in our opinion tt*o
Judge erred. Such "opiuidn" affidavits are
not, generally, worth a row of pins. The ex- j-.vJ
penenee of two former trials shows that in u, . v*j
county where Ferguson has the connections *3
and influence to back him which are at iils
command, a trial is but a travesty on Justice.- ,
The evidence has been published in full; the
public are as able to Judge of it as a Jury, and
if there was ever ?n atrocious and cold blood- . 7!
ed.murder it was this one. If the deed had
been done by a poor man he would have been *
hung without three minutes hesitation. As J-a
it is, Ferguson will be acquitted.
Weights and Mensures.
Bushel Wheat, 60 pounds
Bushel Barley, : 48 pounds /
Bushel "Buckwheat, 50 pounds 1V-4
Bushel Corn (ear) 70 pounds s
Bushel Corn shelled, 5(J pounds < .
Bushel Rye 56 pounds
Bushel Oats 82 pounds A
Bushel Potatoes 60 pounds
Bushel Salt, 70 pounds
14 pounds lion, 1 stone
21}/, stones 1 pig
n..ir..i i.'innp 19G Hounds
Barrel Pork, 1:00 pounds
Firkin Bumer, 56 pounds
2.00D pounds, 1 ton(co.) 'tpfe
2,2)0 pounds, 1 t?m(gr.j '>?$*
Cubic ft. Brick 102 pound* |
Cubic ft. Coke, 62 pounds
Cubic it. Cork, 15 pounds
Cubic ft. Copper, S50 pounds
Cubic ft. Earth,. 137 pounds
Cubic ft. Glass, 165 pounds
Cubic ft. Gold, 1210 pounds
Cubic ft. Granite, 105 pounds^
Cubic ft. Gunpowder 56 pounds f x
Cubic ft. Iron, 451 pounds
Cubic ft. Rubber 56 pounds
Cubic ft. I/ead, .. 709 pounds
Cubic ft, Mn pie, 47 pounds
Cubic ft. Platinum, 1379 pounds
Cubic ft.Siind, 104 pounds
Cubic ft. Silver, 653 pounds
Cubic ft. Water, 62.pounds
270 cubic ft. of new Hay, 1 ton
4 indies, 1 hand ' ^
6 feci. 1 fathom
6,120 feet, 1 knot *
5,2-i0 feet, 1 mile *
20.s.7x208.7 feet 1 acrfc'
31)^ gallons, 1 barrel .
51 gallons, 1 hogsfid
36 b u s h e I s 1 cli a i d' u
4x4 xS ft. 1 cord
210 sheets, 1 token
15 degrees of Longitude, 1 houi (time).
1 degree of Longitude, 4 minute*.
Circumference of a circle is 3.1416 times its *2
diameter.
* ? v? - - ** ? ? 1 ^ o 1 114 < ryrt /-?? ||\a PrtllO ro nf
ill t-ll HI (ttlH IC in O.tllU lUliVO HHjOJui.'i vr?
its radius. - " ?3?
One horse-power is the power to raise 33,000
pounds. 1 foot per minute.
Area of an eclipse is ,78.">4 times the log dinumeter
times the siiort diameter.
/ft
To Roast a Turkey in the Genteel
Way.
"First cut it down tiie back, and with a
sharp penknife, bone it, then make your'
forcemeat t litis: take a large fowl, or a pound
of veal, as much grated biead, half a pound
of suet cut and beaUvery tine, a little beaten
mace, two cloves, halt a nutmeg grated, about
a large teaspoonful of lemon peei, and the
yolks of two eggs; mix ail together with u
little pepper and salt, fill up the places where
the bones cume out, and till the body, thut it
may look just as it did before, sew up tho
back and roast it. You may have oyster
sauce, or celery sauce. Jiibt us you please; put
good gravy in tbe dish, and garnish with
lemon, u hicli is as good as anything. Be sure
to leave the pinlofison."
~ * 1 * . ?
Bee Keeping.
Kncourage. by all means, your sons and
daughters to engage In the keeping of bees.
Von are working and laying up for your children,
but give them a chance to work and lay
up for themselves. Farmers' wives and
[laughters can engage ill this work Just as
well*as, or better, than their husbands and
brothers. Ladies are better fitted in several
respects for bee-keepers than men. In the
tirst place, beis are usually kept near tho
J welling, and the wife or daughter can have a
better oversight, ami be better able to attend
to their wants, than I lie husband or son,*
whose business takes them to distant parts of
the farm. In the next, place, ladiesnre neater
utid not so apt to be in a profuse perspiration
us men, or to have the odor of domestic animals
about, them.
We Must Xot be Discouraged.'
The recpnt cold weather has. doubtless, done
much injury 10 the grain crops. Farmers
must not be discouraged by this additional
disaster; it requires brave men to meet repeated
defeat. Make haste rapidly to replant
the rields and pet the oats growing again.
Where the land was previously well broken,
the crop e?in, now. be well put 111 with a harrow.
In this way the work can be very rapidly
done, and a very fair crop secured lrom
sowings during the very early part of this
month. We cannot afford to let the opportunity
pass and rely upon corn at high prices
lor the barn.
The small farmers are beginning to come to
town and mortgage their crops and live stock
for guauo. The guano isn't worth any thing,
but the progressive (?) former cannot conscientiously
begin his year's wyrk until he has
mortgaged bis crop, mule, and ctnv.?iieneca
Free i'rrss.
The first point in a dairy is cleanliness, In
the stable, in tho care of the cows, in theii*
food and water. In milking, in hand.log tho
milk and in every department connected
with the business. The next point is to dispose
of all the unprofitable cows and supply
their places with those that will pay.