Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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fr. * TIIK NEWS AND HERALD. PUBLISHED EVERY WEDNESDAY ?BY? iNewo - and - Herald - Co. | W. 9. UOl'GLVSS, ^ > Editors. AS. DAVIS, ^ TKUM-i, I "A ADVASCK : 1 car. .... SI.JO Six Month*. - - - - .75 Y WINNSBORO, S. C. Wednesday, November II. : : 1391 j THE EVENT OF EVENTS. . THE INSTITUTE SURPASSES ANYTHING OF THE KIND KVEll HELD IN t AIRFIELD. The Larj;c Crowd Look With Pleasure and i Wonder?What ivas There--What was Done--Who Had Kxhibits and Wlio (lot the I'rttniums. One*, more the Fanners' Institute held under the auspices of the F*irlield Agricultural Society lias cctne aud g'one. Once more is the Society, the county and the exhibitors to le congratulated upon the creditable display aud theachiertment and advancement of an undertaking, which but tour years ago. was a cruue cmorjw. From a modest little collection of the products of tiie countv in the Court ! IIou<e f.ur\e?rs ag? Has developed an exposition ??f the valuable resources of the county, representative of the tiiiilt, energy Mid progress of her people. more ?ii antic in its display than the most bswildered dreamer and enthusiast in i he iti'irt could hare pictured in his imagination. Each }ear since the custotu of holding these Institutes was begun, h:is found it larger and more fxteusive in its exhibition^ and its exhibitors and visitors mote numerous. It is now the great testive occasion of onr people when they flock in from all pan? of the county and vie and compete with each other I in their artistic, domestic, *cieutific, industrial, mechanical and agricultural skill. It is their own fair and burns I anew a pride in their county and kindles a hope for greater possibilities for its development, seeing tne re. -- makable quantity and quality and variety of the products that can by intelligent efforts be produced right here in Fairfield, ther look upon it with irladness of hesrt, and go home more hopeful of the future. "This is splendid." "I had no idea Fairfield could get up such a thing," " This is the first one I have seen, but I didn't know it wa? such a big thing as this," were the kinds of remarks that fell from hunch ecU of lips. Ye?, Fairfield can, and the magnificent display or. the 3rd and 4th inst. proves conclusively, unequivocally aad very practically that a great many tilings can be done ia Fairfield that a great many people don't believe The Institute is a great object lesson to all our despondent and despairing people. ; The many kind* of things that have been dene or grown or developed under the hands of the men, women ^ and even the children, and placed as a | great picture gallery in the Armory I and thereabouts, are striking and forcible lessons that, which intelligent, systematic, faithful, hard work and perseverance our people can live at home; and that well too. Early Monday evening I he several energetic and hard working committees were busy arranging everything, and they deserve the compliments from the Society for the taste displayed and their indefatigable energy. The Armory wa3 a grand scene. The beautiful works of art done by fair hands gave the hall an attractiveness that made the one eud of the hall appear in all of its splendor; and the less ornamental products ?f the farm at the other end and along either side gave food for thought for those who enjoy the beauty that iies in the necessities of common life, while iu the centre were the household exhibits ?f every kind; wines, jellies with their variegated shade* of color were beauti ??-ftitTcrthe eye, and with the substantial such a* ham?, bread, etc., made many wi?h that they could be permitted to use not the sense of sight only. Both Tuesday and Wednesday the streets and everywhere were thronged frith people. Exch man, woman aiiu cluui smowcu mat nicy were proud ot what was being done. The merry laughter of trie children, and they were plentiful, augmented the pleasure of ike days. They were srreatdaysfor Fairfield County. Everybody seemed to feel it; the crowing cock felt it and said so; the prancing colt showed it; bellowing cow said she thought so too; the cackling ducks, geese ami the gobbling gobble all joined in th-s c'aorus, and even the f grunting hog grunted ?ut assent and appro *! to what ail others said. The patent medicine man, the side show man all found it a great affair?e?pecially for thtm. Fanners enjoyed it, doctors left their patients for a time to see it, lawyers threw down their law bocks to watch what was going on, merchants slipped out when tney could so manr wislnm^ra. fho criria nnt3 boys couldn't be h<ild at school, the housekeeper? left home and left their husbands to get their dinners as be>t they could. It was a season of privilege?, a holiday occasion. Indeed it was a unification for Fairfield. AH politics, prejudices, troubles, cares and anything to mar the pleatures of the day were locked up in the closet at home. HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES. Too uiuch can scarcely be said in praise of this most interesting deeirtinent. Of course some things were a little better than others, but they were all exceedingly good. The most attractive of the exhibits in this line was probably th.t of Mrs. M. H. Mobley, who had taken great pains in the arrangement of the numerous, jars of preserves and decanters of wine and succeeded in making a most creditable display. Mr*. T. L. Johnston, Mrs. T. W. I IIhwIs, Mrs. T. Harden, Mrs. If. Y.I Milling arc the ladies who hail the j s lullest exhibits. The following is ?. list of the exhibits I and the namea of the exhibitors: Mrs. T. L. Johnson, loaf ot bread, ; butter, and various Yarities of jellies, j preserves, pickles, wiues, and canned ! i'ruits. Mrs. F. A. Neil, six kinds of jelly. ( preserve*. Mis. \V. li. Dotv, k'v varieties of ' jallv. ' j Mrs. H. Y. Millirg, several different :, kinds of wine, jolly, j?re>t rve*, pickles, j ] al>o canned fruits and vegetables. j J con Lnruwt ^Yh)M?2 [ A I'lS WttS? VUC V/A Uiv Itll^vn v^u?K/.vs/. I Mis. T. Harden, canned iruits and j vegetables, preserve8, pickles and | jellies. Mrs. 5. R. Rutland, different, ra- ( rieties of preserves and jelly, pickles. Mrs. T. \V. Rawl?, jelly, preserves, pickles, lard, butter, ham (tiouio cured), bread, two varieties dried fruit, eg^s, winter apples. F. A. Neil, preserves, pickles, bread, two kinds of wine, butter. I Mrs. Jas. M. Smith, pickles, preserves, j W. J. Keller, pickles, canned fruit, apples. Mrs. Jno. M. Smith, pickles, several kinds of wine, lard, apples and eight varifies dried fruit. Mrs. M. M. Huey, pickles. Mrs. D. J. Macaulay, preserves. Mrs. C. E. Cathcart, canned fruit. Mrs. S. II. McCants, blackberry and Madeira wine. Mrs. G. H. McMaster, t\v? kinds of wine, canncd tomatoes. Mrs. James Richmond, three varities j of wine, butter. Mi.^ Ttirtc two iHrtrrent! j wines. Jno. Isenhower, six varieties of | I dried fruit, and very line winter apples, j j Mrs. T. Harden, several kinds of; j dried fruits, butter. Mrs. J. Cat heart, Jr., butter. | F. E. Propst, butter. I). Moblev, butter. Sainl. Cathcart, Sr , butter. Miss F. 1*. Dwight, loaf of breid. Mrs. U.K. Ellison, home cured ham, I bread. Miss Anna MeCants, two loaves of j bread. Mrs. G. I>. Dunn, loaf of bread. Mr*. F. Elder, loaf bread, butter. II Y. Turner, fine winter apples. j Mrs. II. R. Komedy, nice lot of j apples. Mrs. M. il. Moblev, a very line ex-; hibit of wines, preserves, jellies, i pickles. I'OLLTKY AND l'KTS. The exhibit in this department was j most creditable, in fact we can lion- j estly say that we have never seen at any exhibition of a similar character, finer fowls. The following are the names of the exhibitors, followed by tha articles entered by each. Mrs. W. 13. Murray, white Holland turkeys. J. F. Mc VIaster, black Langshaus, Plymouth Rocks, coep of fancy pigeons. Airs. T. Harden, group of white Leghorns. Eber Iiabb, pair Langslians, P'v- | mouth Rocks, Light Brahmas. H. B. Refo, fine pair bronze turkeys, j pet fawn. Mrs. K. W. Featherston, pair bronze : turkeys. W. M. Cathcart, English rabbits. Thos. Anderson, pair white Holland turkeys. W. C. Beaty, trio Langshans. G. I>. Dunn, trio Plymouth Ilocks. ! D. J. Macau lay, pair Muscovy ducks. II. E. Ellison, Pekin ducks. Willie Gilbert, English rabbit?. P. S. Moblev, pair Ebden geese, Muscovy ducks. M. H. Mobley, brown Leghorns and ! game chickens.; Pev. K. II. Jones, coop of buft*! cochins. Mrs. E. M. Turner, coop brawn j Leghorns. J. M. Lemmon, trio brown Leghorns, j M. M. Kucy, pair Plymouth Pocks, j L. Laudecker, coop game bantams. K. Y. Turner, coop bantams. D. Egleston, coop of game chickens. i W. D. AY'vlie, two coops fine game chickens. F. E. Propst, Plymouth Pock chickens, geese. Miss Maggie Thompson, trio Plymeuth Pocks. FIELD CROPS AND GARDEN PRODUCTS. j This department was very complete, ! and the articles exhibited very fimr. - J. M. Stewart, sheaf oats, six stalks j corn, bushel bread corn. W. A. Neil, sheaf oats, bushel rustproof oats, bushel bread corn, bushel red oeas. one gallon sorjrhum, six stalks sugar cane, bread corn, several j kinds of pea?. John D. Llarruon, fine second crop j oat?. W. R. Doty, display of harness and saddles. F. J. Smith, turnips. T. L.Johnson, bushel each of sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, speckled, black, white, farmer's friend,' lady, whippoowill, red stock, T. L. J.'sprid and cow peas. J. H. Neil, sheaf oats. W. It. Rabb, fire sheaf oats. T. G. Uobeatson, sfeeaf oats, bread corn, bushel potatoes. G. II. Mcivlas.er exhibited fine cluster braad fruit fr mi his Florida place fine tomatoes, orange*. T. W. Hawls, bushel each ru3t-proof j oats, May wheat, six stalks corn, bread i corn, collection garden vegetable?, I sweet potatoes, turnips. W. M. Patrick, bushel wheat. 11. A. Patrick, bushel wheat. .T. A. Douglass, bushel rust proof oats, bread corn, feed corn. J. H. Neil, rust-proof oats. W. D. Dafis, rust-proof oats. F. A. Neil, bushel rust-proot oats, six stalks com, bread corn, pumpkin. J. W. Bankhead, bread corn. II. S. Wylie, six stalks corn, bread corn. 11. L. Mobley, six stalks field corn, bread corn. F. B. Austin, six stalks corn, yellow j six stalks white corn, feed corn. C. S. Ford, white bread corn. S. H.Terrace, feed corn, pumpkins. { 1J. G. Tennant, bushel tnixe-i peas, i 11. E. Ellison, cabbages and pepper.! Mrs. II. A. Gaillard, collection I garden products. M. M. Iluey, collection of garden j vegetable?, very liue, turnips. F. Elder, bushel sweet potatoes, j sorghum and sugar cand. J. \V. Wvlie. bushel sweet potatoe*. | W. I). Murray, bushel Irish potitoss. ! J. G. Johnson, bushel Irish potatoes ! svrghuui and sugarcane. J. Ii). Harrison, turnips. G. II. MoM aster, bushel sweet pota- j toes. ' < 11 Y. Turner, 02 pound pumpkin, j Iri-h potatoes, sweet potatoes. ' i J. E. Cat heart, bushel sweet potatoes. T. W. Robertson, sweet potatoes. I sorghum and stalks of cane. W. U. T?abb, sweet potatoes. F. M. Gadsdeu. iweet potatoes. J sorghum and sugar cane, turnips. F. A. Neil, sweet potatoes. S. II. Rutland, sweet potatoes. F. J. Smith, turnips. Jno. Isenhower, collection of garden. < vegetables. W. A. Neil. gallon ?f sorghum 1 . sugar cane. Messrs. T. W. Kawls, F. A. Neil, J \V. S. Weir. Jno. Isenhower had bales , \ of cotton on exhibition. Messrs. II. S. Wvlie. F. A. Neil, j J. P. Harrison, T. W. Robertson ex- j) hibited very line liar. Messrs. F. A. Neil, Ii. L. Moblev, 11 T. W. Eawls aud W. A. Neil exhib- j ite;l tine specimens of stalk cotton- ' c i M. II. M->b!<-r exhibited some fine 5t;ilk c 'Hon. MI-SCKI.r.AXklOL'S. Winnsboro Drug Store tastily arranged exhibit of toiler artieles.'lamps, ?te. Q. D. "Williford & Co.. beautiful ;ase of millinery articles, very showy. Macaulay & Turner, elegant exhibit A tine shoes, slippers', etc. J. (>. lioag, organs, Standard Sew-: ing Machine Co. exhibited a sewing machine, on which the agent showed some beautiful sample- of its work, i and doing for the visitors all kinds of exquisite fancy work. White Oak Cannery, a most credi-; table display of their canned fruits I and vegetables of every kind. Ladies'Canning Factory, a splendid ! display of the canned goods of our j new enterprise. Ketchin & Cathoart, Franklin store j mude by the Richmond Store Co. Mr. \V. A. Neil exhibited * po-jket j bo >k 140 year* old, mads by Hugh Neil in 17.02; an oid ba<!ge worn i?y i slaves in Charleston many years aiO. Av rv itiiercsiiiig ex!:ibitiht? was. l-'INE ART AND FANCY WORK. This department was of course the j center of attraction for the ladies, but the display was ?so magnificent that it: could not but attract the attention of! the most indifferent observer. Mrs. li. II. Jones, crocheted afghan. J Tirzah Ketchin. aged twelve years, j pretty bed spread and pillow shams, j rugs made from bagging; a very credi- i table display for one so young. II. M. Ketchin, robe trimmed with i antique crocheted lace. Lottie IJlair aged twelve years.! beautiful worsted crazy quilt. Mrs. Mary C. Rion, crocheted win-; r>)in of the best of the I ,lv" ? - exhibits. Miss Marion McMaster, beautiful j rugs made from bagging. Standard Sewing Machine Co., elegant display of fancy machine work, i Mrs. F. VV. Ilaberuicht, a boy's suit i of clothes made by herself, and spleu-' didly done, too. Miss Eunice Connor, large collection ; of embroidery and various kinds of fancy work. Miss Mallie McMaster. embroidered skirt. Mrs. S. S. Gibson, collection of crocheted and knitted lace, one of the j most exquisite of the exhibits, showing ; seventeen paterns. .Mrs. F. E.Propst, table mats made i from wadding. .Miss Floride Dwighi, one half dozen drawn work, linger bowl doylies, very pretty indeed. Misses Marie and Jennie IJeaty, sewing and outJine embroidery. Miss Kate Lord, beautiful jewelry cu-ket. Mrh. V. A. Robinson, beautifully embroidered table scarf. Mrs. D. J. Macaulay, embroidered tirrt creen. Miss Genie Anderson a^ed twelve j ears pretty outline embroidered bed spread. Miss Maggie Elder, robe t!e :.i.it; iriintn -d with crocheted 1?cj. M:ss Ella Doty lovely slipper ba^. Mr*. U?*n. G. Pratt, mushroum >iti<t J front, Miineihingvery novel an<l prrnv. j Mr>. T. Harden, beautiiu p n-1 cu-hion. 0 ie of the most unique anl ir-j mavkable pieces of work in this tie-! partment was a tlol 1 made entirely = ! | shucks, by Mrs. Mary/C. lli-'n; ii i attracted a great deal of atteiri?>?.. Mis^ Mamie IJriliek. a Jarc*' cJ.rction i ofcray?n d: a a um-M>g which aj number of studio f:<m mwnre were to be seen, ail of which were beautifully executed. Miss .X-tunie Cummi: gs. a number ofexqviisilu picces of crayon drawing, cachone of which was most skillfully executed. Miss Hanna Riou, number of mo?t beautiful i il paintings. Ka?:!* piece exhibited remarkable skill in execution. Rev. It. 11. J?ncs four oil painted studies from nature uiakimr an exquisite sli')W. Mrs .F. M. Clarke, crazyexquisite quilt. Miss Lizzie Gerig, lovely erazv quilt. Miss Enuice Connor also had exhibited a beautilai quilt. Mr?. R. II. Jones, beautiful cruzy quilt. Mrs. T. G. Robertson, patch work quilt. Mrs. II. F.Gib.on,beautiful lamberquin. Mrs. T. M. B. Holley, very pretty rag rug. Mrs. J. S. Cathcart, Jr., lovely ftificial bowers made- of worsted zephyr. Miss Mamie Bolick cabinet ol fancy w*rk of different varieties. Mie# Ella Doty had on exhibition a be.ir.tiiu! hag made of silk illu-d>n, fiiled with silk weed from Kentucky. .Mrs. Raw is, Mrs. \V. R. Doty, and Mrs. Kotnedy had beautiful collections of chrysanthemums. Mrs. II. A. Gaillard, collection of chrysanthemu Mrs. W. 13. Murray, a line collection ot pot plants. Miss Mary Ilinnar.t, a branch of a tree with three very natural paper own perched uuon it. IIOCS. SHEK1* AND CATTI.K. rVn unusually large number of line cows, sheep and liojrs were exhibited in this department. The following is a list, as nearly as we could get it,. of the exhibitors and exhibits: John Stewart, graded Guernsey bull. T. L. Johnston, graded Jersey bull. F. Elder, herd of full Jersey cattle. M. 11. Moblev, graded Jersey heifer. F. E. Prepst, graded Jerseys* It. E. Ellison, two Avreshirc milch cows. S. B. Cathcart. Sr., herd of Ayreshires. Dr. T. B. Madden, graded Jersey milch cows. T. II. Kitchen, pair graded Jersey ! heifers. F. A. Neil, milch cow and bull. J. M. Galloway, one Jersey bull. Geo. B. Gibson, Berkshire hogs. S. B. Cathcart, Sr., Berkshire sow. LI. E. Ketchin, Berkshire hogs. Hillard AVylie, Berkshire sow and ' bit?d. Hugh S. Wylie, Berkshire boar. F. M. Gadsden, Essex and Berkshire i pigs. ' | F. Elder, Berkshire sow and breed, j M. II. Moblev, E-aOx bear and pigs, i S. II. Terrace, Southdown sheep. ' T. L. Johnston, pen of sheen. M. II. Mobley. Cotswohl sheep. H0K3KS AND MI LK 5. J. if. Stewart, one :i:*ci two yen* oI:i i ;?li*. \V, B Dixon, brood maie -41111 colt ! tickling coir, one yea 1* oi<I c??lt. 'I'. W. linwl.-j, one u*ar old c??it. il. \V. (fil).son, one Year old ?r??l:. .J. A. |)on^l;i.->, : w<> \cur ?iti coll. Ford, iouIc culi.- under o yeais. ! U. A. MoMtekin, stallion J. L. Lemon, stallion. \V. i\l. Patrick, two year old colt S. H. Patrick, one year old colt. Jtio. Rnn*ev, brood nmrc aiU colt, )nc vear old coir. M. Y. Bankhead, brood mare and , -Oit. ' j; J. 1). Patrick, colt one vear old. J. W. Powell, untie colt, brood i Bare, colt iwo \ear.", old. Ja*. Mctie, colt one year old. P. M. 15. llolk'v, mule colt tinder .'J 1 'ears. j " Saial Calhcart, Sr., bruud mare, J Qckling colt, colt one year old. ! < Saiul Cathcarr, Jr., two vcar old j t olt. ' j f I). K 'j. vnr <>'d W. W ir i-'i.i .furs 1 > I. L. 1!. Mm im > >>:-< >d maiv * dc>]t. (?. U. 1 ?!;>: !, ?: Ii i * i> \ car old. Awunlril. II*-; ?ix ?i ii > corn. T. \\\ Ravrls, s->. St.cuI. F. A Neil, si. i*e-r >ix -!:iik? corn, .J M. .Stewart. ! >r~2. S?r:#:id. F. I>. Ai!>!i:i ?1 i>e>! Imlo ctittoii. Y> . If. 1 )->tv. $! ?. S.'cojkI. T. \\ . Haw!* i>:??t <i .- i" 1f > t-. .1 M. Stewart. > -. Si'i'tnnl. W . A. Neil. vI. l>e>l l>;i-!it:i bread roni. F. F. IVymi, 9"J. Svfinid. II L Mo'iiiiv >1 ]Je>l bu In*: >'.<)' >: S ii "i't-j? race Second. F. I? Au?:i;i SI. IIe?t !>u>!ici o;?:>. w. I). I>avi?. s-j Sreond, \V. M. i'atriek. >'1. U''<t bn<lie! V?*. A X .*il. $2. SiM-und. !> (i. Teimawt. >'1. Ii"sr l?u>hcl sweet potatoes, .J. W'. Wvlir. .Second. T. (J Robertson. *1 * ? ? ? _ . * . . i \ * niisiici in-;i jnuaioc*. ?> Wvlie, Second. I'. Ij. .1 , Si". I>esi bushel turnip-. '1'. U Kawls. ?2. Second, F M (.Jud.-den, $1 I?? >! bu<lsel beets, .Ino Isenliower. $2. Second. T L .Johnston. SI. IJrsi LfaI! ?j ^*?r*fhu:n. T W l?obe:i( on *2 Serund, F M Gadsden $1. Largest and best collection of peas, j T. L Johnston, $o Largest and best; collection of garden vegetables, M. M. Iluey. $2. Src.in.'I, Mrs II A Gaillard, 81. Largest pumpkin, S II Terrace, Amrri>;iu AyricuUtiru'' it. ItOl'SF.IIOI.D DEi'ARTMEXT. ten pounds lard, T. W. Uiw!*, $2. S?cond, Jn?>. M. Smith, $1 15-st pound butter, Sam Cathcart, Sr., $2. Second, F. Elder, $1. l>r?i loaf bread, Mi*? Anna McUants, $3. Second, Mrs. F. M. Clarke, $1. Best home cured ham, T. W. RhwI", $2. Second, Mrs. I{. E.Ellison.. $1. IJi'St collcciioll of hpplce, Jno. M. Smith, $2 Second, Jno lseiibo*ver, ?1. Best collection dried Irnif, T L Jolni-ou, $2. Second ,Jno M. Smith, $1. l?e?t >ix vmietie* ot preserve*, Mrs Jas M Smith, $2. Second, Mrs T uaiueii, v>i. B sr six varieties of jellie?, Mr* M II Mublt'Y, $2 Sccond Mrs H Y Mill tig, 1." I5cs' >>ix varieties canned frails, Mrs M M Mobley, $2. Second, Mrs Jno M Sm.th, $i. Be*t lour varieties <>t canned vegetable.* Mis 11 Y Milling, $2. Second Mrs T Harden, 81. Hoi six varieties pickle*, Mrs II Y Milling, S2. Second, Mrs Jas M Smith, $1. Best quart blackberry wine, Mrs D .T Macaulay, $2. Second, Mrs M 11 Mobley, Si. Best quart grape wine, Mrs S H McUants, ?2. Second, Mrs Jas liichmond, $i. FINE ART AND FANCY WORK.. Be.st collection chrysanthemums, Mrs II K Itomcdv $2. Second, Mrs 11 A Gaillard >>1. I>est collection pet plants, Mrs W B Murray, 82. Best piece of fancy work, Mrs F M Clarke, $2. Second, Miss Eunice ("on nor $1. Best exhibit of tine art, Iter It 11 Jones. ?1. LIVE STOC K. Best slallien of any age, 11 A McMeekin, Second, J L Lemmon, S.? Best brood mare and colt, Sam'l. Cut heart, :>r., ^0. Best suckling colt, Sanfl Catlicart, $ *>. Best colt one year old, J B Patrick, Second, Jus Macfie $2. Best colt two years old, J A Douglass $5. .Second, W S "Weir $2. U?:st colt ttirec years, J M Jtewart, $ 3. Second, Jiio ltao,sey $2. Best snokling mule colt, P M B II<?iley, $5. Second, J W Powell, $2. Best male colt over one year, C S Ford, $'). Second, W B Dixou, $2. LJast brood ipare and suckling' mule cnlr, \V. B. Dixon, $5. Second P M B Ilolley .$2. cattle. Best bull, J M Galloway, $5. Second, F Elder, $2. Best cow, F Elder, $5. Socond, F E Propst, $2. Best heifer calf, Samul Catlicart, Sr, $'>. Second, Jys A Brice, $2. Best milch cow, Dr T B Madden, $5. Socond, li E Elli?ui, $2. noes and snitKr. Best boar, any breed, II S Wylie, Sicond M II. Moblev, $2. Best sow any breed, G B Gibson, $.3. Second, Saml Cathcar;, Sr, $2. Best pair of p'g-j under six month*, M H Mobler, $5. Second, II G Wylie, Best pen of sheep S II Terrace, $o. Second, F A Neil, $2. FOWLS AXD RABBITS. Best pair Plymouth Rocki, M M Ilney, $2. P>est pair Brahmas, E A Rabb, $2. Best pair Leghorns, Mrs T Harden, $2. Best pair Games, M H Mobley, $2. Best pair Lawfirshans, J F McMastcr, ?2. Best pair Buff Cochins, Rev R JI Jones, $2. Best pair Bantams, F M Clarke, $1. Best pair turkevs, R W Featherston, s2. Best pair geese, liL Mobley, $2. Best pair ducks. R L Mobley, $2. Best display of pigeons, J F McM aster, $1. Best display of rabbits. W M C'athcartli. $>*1. J: USIXESS MEE TIXG. At a business meeting of the F. A S. Wednesday, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year, viz.: l'icsident?Jas M Stewart. Vice President??1. T B AhsUb. 2.1 .1 M Iliggins. 3 Sand Cathcart, Jr. 4. F A XcH. Executive Committee?J IJ Patrick. T W 1'obertson, T L Johnston, M II Mob|?v, \Y A Xeii. .Secretary and Treasurer ? 11 u*rli Wylie All of these wcii leinen arc eminently well qualified for the positions to which they have been elected, aad under their management the Association will continue to thrive and prosper. Resolutions were pr po^ed and adopted thanking Mr. S. 1). Dunn for his able, useful and practical address, and tequesting that it he given to both county papers fer publication. Motions were made and carried, returning the thanks of the Society to uie Gordons for the use of the Armory, to the ladies for their presence, and zealous efforts in making the Institute a success to the people of Winnsboro for their social and financial support, mid to Messrs. Doty and Turner for the use of their lots. The combination of ingredients I found in Ayer'o lMls renders them onie and curative as well us cathartic, for (his reason thevare ihe be?t medicine for people of costive habit, as bey restore the natural action of the )0*vels, without debilitating. * MR. DUXX'S ESS At. 1 A Thoughtful, Iseful, l'rsicticsil 1'aper ( Ktiuil litrforn the Farmers* Institute. ! Mr. Preside d and Members the Fairfield Agricultural Sucirbj: The subject, "Cotton Seed Meal as a j Stock Food and Fertilizer," on which 1 your committee has honored me with j an invitation to write an essay. is one i of great importance. Although my j attention has but recently been directed ^ to it. ?L't, what knowledge I have been : in v^o'Mivl to it I filter- : IV ^AUIVl 1?? I IW *?? V...-V4 j fully give with the hope of inducing! those of you who may not have done .so will investigate il for yourselves. | With a great many fanners the cultivation of the soil has become more j and more unprofitable and con>eijueni Iv ; agricultural depression is now upon us. j Some of the underlying causes, other j than political, that have led to this state of affairs at the South ure aa almost exclusire attention to cotton with i its consequent overproduction, carelessness in providing against soil exhaustion, uneconomical, wasteful and unscientific methods ?f agriculture. To bring ab?ut a betterment of our concondition, all are agreed, but few practice it, that we must diversify, intensify and economize. In eflectiug this change of system, which is slowly taking place, cotton seed meal is destined f play an important part. IJy means of it the feeding and growing of stock successfully at the S?uth is assured. Indeed, it is confidently predicted by distinguished political economists that cotton ?eed meal will in the ?n?a?* fntiiTK lnjikc the South one of the greatest cattle and sheep raising1 conn-; tries in the w?rkl. When Southern ' farmers turn their attention to this i industry, a smaller area will be planted ! in cotton, which is one of the most exhaustive crops raised, and more of our washed hill sides will be turned into pastures, fodder and grain fields. Then will the fertility of our soil be increased and the intensive system be practiced. And with the advancing knowledge of the science and art of agriculture that is being developed at the experiment stations and agricultural colleges, and disseminated by wide-awake farmers who study and ; apply the teachings of science, and also by the interchange of ideas, promoted by your prize clubs, institutes and fairs, we may hopefully look forward in the not distant future to an era of better times. One of the greatest drains on the pockets of Southern farmers hus been their dependence on the West for supplies and stock the purchase of which exhausts almost all of their profits on cotton. Xow, a remedy for this unfortunate habit into which a | large number of the farmers of the I i South has fallen is hanoilv at hand. I Cotton seed meal, a cheap, rich and | abundant home product can be used to j supplement our own grain and forage j crops >o as to enable us t? raise the supplies and stock we have been and | are still largely purchasing of the | West. It is iiiv object to endeavor to i show how this mar be done by a judicious u?? of the meal. We are told by agricultural chemists that food for animals can be divided into two broad classes, the flesh or | muscle forming and the fat or heat j producing elemc..U. By a series of j the most systematic and laborious ex- j perirnents with living animals, the: results of which command the confidence of farmers the world over, German scientists have deduced data which show approximate!v the ratio ,1- .1: 4:i.u n-P ! ill tVIJIVIi lilC UlgUSllUJC fiuiiiviia V/JL I ihese two food constituents should bo j supplied daily to different animals' under different conditions Now these j accurately ascertained facts, called j feeding- standards, which indicate the j amount of food to be fed per day and ; the proportion of the muscle and the j heat producing- elements, called the | nutritive ratio, that shall be present in j the ration, that i* a mixture of a day's J supply of food, have thrown a flood; of light on the subject of animal nil- j trition that is revolutionizing our > system ef stock feeding. From the reports of the Experiment | Stations ?r any work 011 stock feeding j you will flnd tables giving the compe-: sition of food stuft's and directions for j compounding such materials as you ' may have so as to correspond to the I feeding standards and thereby utilize , them in the in?st economical manner.; It is of the greatest importance to comply with the requirements of the feeding standard for should an animal not redeye enough of either of the two elements of food to meet all the j demands of growth, fatteningor work, j it cannot thrive no matter if the other j element be fed in abundance. Again. should the two constituents not be furnished in the proper proportion there would result a waste of natiitive material and injury to the animal beeidfi;. When fh* amount of the heat producer* is large in comparison with i the amount of muscle producers present in a ration, the rati? for con-1 renience of expression is said to he ' wide, on the contrary it is called i narrow. In hi* report of 1?00, Dr. j Burner, than State Chemist,said: Mt: may be laid down as a general princi- \ pie for this State that it 1* wasteful to ! feed a wide ratio to stock when at ! work, to milk cows, and to fattening i animals; particularly is this true of! those cases in which the material*! have to he bought. For instance, ti* j feed a work horse on corn and corn j fodder alot.c when corn has to bebought cannot be called economical ! feeding, for it is using a wide ratio j w hen a comparatively narrow one is j needed; and when, too, a highly con-) j centrated food with which to make the j I ratio narrow can be had at a small | cost in the form of cotton seed meal, j It is true that this old method may be j more convenient and less troublosomc t than a rational system of feeding, but! it is no longer economical as in the days of our fathers." And the chemist j here means bt economical feeding not I a parsimonious saving of food, but a I vi<?lit distribution in nec?ssarv abuu- I j - ? dunce of all I lie chepest materials at hand so as to nmkc everything1 perform its full part and preclude all waste. Now the whole science or i stock feeding, which, in recent years. I has been developed by experiment!?! conducted with all the care, and skill i that science and money could Command, i may be summed up in th?? following j laws: (1) foods must be so mixed , that the proportion of digestible I, muscle producing matter to heat pr?ducing matter, i. e., the nutritive ratio,; shall correspond to a certain standard: 1 ( j) a proper bulk of dry matter must ! be secured?expressed by the total , weight of dry organic matter in the 1 ration; and (2) a lixedquantity of this !1 compounded ration must be fed per ' day. ! These laws may be relied <>n with \ ' perfect contidence and you may be as-1 1 cured that nonconformity to them in ! * any marked degree mean* injury t? 1 stock, waste ef food and therefore ; , loss of money to you. Let us see, j now, of what practical value these laws j ' mav be to us. Dr. Burney, in an j \ address at Pendleton, South Carolina. ! * August 7th 1S89, said: "You have ajs farm and on il both stock to feed and |' several kinds of feeding stutl's. Sup- i \ po.se we say rou have cotton seed meal, i corn meal. oats,, oats straw, and corn ( fodder. What can we do with these i material)?? We can do that which is M seldom ever done in this parr of the I ^ world, in so far as I am aware. We ! f can so work in cotton ^ed meal int? j 1 / * ration.- made of these feeds as to use , tliem all tip. jjood aiul bad alike, and j that. too. \virl?Mit nny waste, and in I such a wav u> the full feeding j vaiueuui wi LuiiAi ?*?*. Is not this worth the do'ng? I j hazard the assertion that tiiere is n? ! more important problem before the people of this State to-dav than the intelligent utilization of their cheap feeding stutrs in combination with cotton seed meal food for stock. j In this favored land we have all that | we need, and more, wherewith to feed , and to fatten <>tir stock if we will but i learn to use it aright. There is not the slightest exciue for our drawing ! upon tin.* corn cribs of the Xorthwc?t j save our indisposition to le.rn new j methods." '-One thing is absolutely j certain; these details of feeding, the ! farmer must study and master. In [ this age of sharp and close competi- ! tion. it is not merely the worker, but | it is not merely the worker, but it is the intelligent, wide-awake worker wiio wins." To illustia e the practical value and to make clear the meaning of the laws of fit: ding, lot us take an example or so. Suppose we wish to fatten a srerj of 1,000 lbs. w? ight. liv reference to a table of feeding standards we find that such an animal will require daily during the first period, 27 lbs. dry organic matter containing1 2-i lbs. muscle and lu? lb->. heat producing elements with a nil ritive ratio o! 1 to C-i. Now, let u< take 20 lfcs. corn fodder and 10 lbs. corn meal. These | will furnish approximately 27A lhs. I drv matter containing lbs. nnw:le and 10-i lbs. hea- producing con-titiietits with a nu'ritive rati-) of 1 t > 105. This ration, yon notice, furnishe all the drv matter, 27 lb*., req tired which contains 1 lb. in'ire of the he it prxlu -ers than i? necessary, but fails by 1 lb. to supply all the muscle producers tint it should. Such a ration is nor svv.ll balanced and the result aimed at in feeding it, would not be oblaiuel. Now let us substitute 4 lbs cotton seed meal tor 4 lb-, corn meal, and feed 26 lbs. corn fodder, G lb<. c >rn meal and 4 lb?. cot ion seed meal. This rati >n will give approximately 27A lbs. dry organic nutter containing 23 lbs. muscle producers and 152 lhs. heat producers with a nutritive ratio ofltoG.j. You sec that this ration is well balanced, meets k!I the rrqnirements of the feeding' standards and will therefore fully nunsh and fatten the animal tor whieh it is preparer! and that, too, without waste Example* like the above might be Nitiliipiied, but 1 his one is sufficient ts> show the way in which we claim that cotton seed meal should be utilized. If any one will aive tr.e a !i?t ot the feeding uvder als he may haw :it hand and tell me wh st kind of animal ho wishes to feed. I will take pleasure in - l.t... i; . I..,. UUJClIUliliig iituuii* lyi imij j as 1 may be able to do mi conecily. Must ?t out* common lepilinjr ^iuli'? arc rich in thr heat pr? <In?-i?;??, hut deficient in ihe in a-de forming H?* ment9. In tin.othy hav for every 1 lb. flesh producers theic are 12 lb?. h* ?t producers. In oat straw ihe proportion is 1 to 28. In corn meal it i< 1 to 9 U 10. In wheat bran 1 to 4:3 It). In cotton seed meal 1 to 1 2-o. Ajain let lis compare a tew of t!;c>e foods in this way: In 100 lb*, outs there are -Sii lb', digestible flesh forming subsianm In 100 lbs. corn there are >>J lb?. In 100 lbs. wheat bran 113 U>>. In 100 lbs. cotton seed utral the re are DC lbs. fllesh forming1 snb.-iances. | On ihe other hand, 100 lb?. cmn, for iiis-tarj. e, contains 75 !b>. iieat |>roducinjr elements v. hi Its the same -i- * 1 .......1 L.il |fclll quuillll V 1)1 UUlimi \i rzm u.n >itu i 51 lbs. heat producf-rs. Anil ihu? it inav be shown that all our other food s'nfl's as compared with cotton seel meal arc rich in the chief heat producing element, but deficient in the costly Ilesh forming constituents. Dr. Barney again sa\s, '-stwekfeediug as generally practiced by our people is, I fear, a highly \va>trfu! process, befcides heit g more or les* injurious t?> stock. The trouble, as you ?ee, lies in fact that the rations are neither properly prepared nor properly balanced. Hie leiuedy i? cheat and comparatively easy; it consists in tlie intelligent use of cotton seed nual in the ration- fol. The merits oft his great f<?od, as well as its dangers, lie in its incomparable feeding value. And when I >av incomparable, I u-e tiir term adv<>ab:y, for there does not. ?ro?v in all tlir land, a single feeding stnlf il;nt b.gius to compare with it in nutritive value, pound for pound. Of corn our great and invincible tyrani it take- anoui two pounds to equal one of good - i - t. - r i 1 1 COIlvMl SCC'ii IXJUili I 1141 I* vac i"*J cot ton feci me:il is abon t equal to two tou? of corn lor feeding s>!ock. lienumber I liat next P|>riwhen you bi'gin 1" spread it oil lhe lui:i, f?r, 1 teli \on now, \ou will be scattering gold du-t to the winds. Yon may not know that this mral has hall tli*; strength *-1" thr white ot' an e^g. Indeed ttiis very concent ration :is u feed stnil".-veins to h:iv* b-.et', n;? to tIds time one of ti.e chief hindrances to i;> irenem! adoption as a food for stock. .Mi'ii ?-iiher did not know of ili* extreme concentration or ihey did not dul) c iii-i !. r sii.it Mron*r food must b. >;>:iriii^!y fed. Over-iVcdiny: | of>ncli inatrii.il tiiidoiib:?'di\ |#r.??J;ii*cs r< vulsion of tl.e :ipf? tin*, :i:.d general dt-rangenient of aninri! sv>iem. From these considerations it is clear that cotton seed meal is not to b? fed alone, but that it.- juoper }>!aee is a* the basis or foundation < ! Mns rations which we feed to our Mock. Us true mission i-lo furnish ilie albuminoids ['hat is fitsh producers] 1 >r raiions tnis being the constituent generally delie.ient in most ot ihe common feeding sums, ji is i.erc mm couou seed meal finds it* proper t-flice. It ia liir m:i:cli.41 ihut shouid oisituie the s'roii^ part of every ration fed on our form*. And in this way ever, fanner should learn '.o use it.*' You may experience Seine d:{liculty at li;>t iu getting the >t?'ck to cut tin) meal, hut hy mixing it \vi h other tine food as when' bran or corn meal to give the ration a good fl i\* ?r tt.is iliffi-Thy will be avoided. A' s??-1: a- the ia-.e of Ihe aisim il heroines ueeiw.iuii-? to it, no further'1 llimiu r.eel he apprehended. (';ire t?:u-1 id ways be t.tkrn j t see Sh;tl rations are wliolf.??,me and wei! 11 ?vored for it not ieli.-hod by Ihe stoek, rhey will not be digested ;ind will therefor.- be wasted. In addition to what has already been said, there is one more point in foror of cotton >eed meal as a fo ?ti \ et to he ei>n?idered. Eeonotninul feeding j not only requites that the ration be ^impounded of I lie cii< :?p ->t materials ! it coaiiiund so as to eunloim :o the j t( eding standards other tilings bein^ j 'qua!: but alas that preference in j mixing the ration be given tv th-?se j ;nbsiaiic-> iiche>t i:i lei tilizoig con-j Mituenis, when il'ccos'. is iSic same. [ Now by :ic:u.il chemical andvsu, | Dr. .Jenkins of:be Conm-iieni Experi- j Ufiit Station tells us tlia* the value of j i Ion of' C'ini meal aficr being fed to j itoek is ?4 ><4: that of a 'on of cotton ! iccil meal >122.44. Animals in di- j jesting" cotton seed meal deprive it ot j )n!y about .1-10 of its plant f>od. IVIimi tljC-Mlpei i<?r icrlilixin^ value ot otton seed meal at'er being fed is aken into consideration together villi the fact that its feeding value is louble^'thai of corn meal how foolish, ndeed, diies it appear in U3 to spread t on the plow it in with a t \ ) _ mule fed on corn and fodder, .1 ration which by furnishing neirly twice hs much of tne heat producing iirttciia's a? the mule requires not only injure* I the nin'e, but impoverishes i-s o*ner. | Yet thi* c-?tl??n seed meal m'xed wirh j corn and f ?dder would forma j> r ect. j ration widch, at a. ?mall co>t and J withott: wi->re, would maintain Hie' ^ . ? i mule in uood working condition. ' Ilere in the South where the merit* ' 0- COtt?'ii seed meal as a loud need j nust i' tie appreciated los con>idcr- j ation ha-; hitherto bi*?*n givm 'o it ; thau abroad. Xoitht-inei> ami Euro-! pcaus have l??!iy siue.e learned its i valuable qualities. AnnuaMv thousands j Of tons tnat >!it>ri 1 ii be retained anil j utilized liete arc -hipped north audi exhibited to f >reijjh countries lor i feeding purposes. Experience has ; taught Northern farmer.- mat it is a j great wasis to aplpy the meal to the land as a fertilizer. They first teed it j and thereby get duuble value wtit of it. Its feeding value is in the neighbor- ] hood of $40 per ton. its commercial j value as a fertilizer about $25. It fed , something like one tenth of t he plant! food contained in it is lost, therefore, if the manure be saved, a ton of it is worth $40 plus $26 less $2.50 which is SC2.50. If used taerelv as a fertilizer its value is $'25. The difference therebv between the two methods of using it is S37.50 per ton. An expeiimctd New York dairyman j says, "1 introduced cotton seed meal j as a food for dairy cows in this Section. I have led it eight years, the first four | in connection with other grain feeds.' The last four years we have used | nothing but pure s?vcet cotton seed | meal, except that while the cows are j dry and on course foddea we give [ them such grein as we produce a d I wheat bran. As soi?n as the cows coinein fall milk we give two rations Of hay a da?, a three quart ration of cotton seeJ meal in the morning and two quarts ai night, until turned cut ti pasture when they get two quails a day. When at hay, the month g I rsilioil UI lUCHI i> 111 J A CI I v\ lllJ Oi-X Vjucnie ; of sweet skimine* milk. Under this regime!! we l.e;p 25 per ! cent more butter pjr c >w than by ihe other graiu method. Tnreexea.'s ago I was iiot able to secure enougU cotton seed meal, and we a l;a:t ration ot that and the other half wheat bran, and ihe result was a. loss of 76 pounds of butter in one week 1'ioin our dairy J of fitcy cows. I regard the manurial value of cotton seed meai, us obser/ed | by me, of very great importance. Four years ago v\e manured from corn and #aU feeding, and ih-s other half from cotton iced intral feeding; ihe latter cat double the lm*. Tins jear we buwe 1 the fieidiu buckwheat, an.J the crop shows the same difference. Our pastures are giving similar evidences from the summer cotioti seed meal rations. I he enhanced value of the manure pa-, s the cost oi the cotton seed meal. In 1889 \Y. E. Stone, of the Agricultural Experiment Station, of Tennessee made inquiries as to the extent anil stuu c-s of feeding cotton seed meal and hulls alone lo cattle, and he says iij.-ic hisin\estigatious seem to justify the following conclusions: 1. The practice of feeding cotton M*t d hulls Hud meal as an exclusive uiet i? well established and increasing in the viciuiiv of the centers of the cu ton seed oil industry. All the information available indicate lhat the practice is economical and profitable. 2. It seems in no way harmful to the healtn of the anirmi nor 10 me lieakhluliies* oi the prodr.cts (beef and in ilk) resulting The diet stews adapted both to the production of beef and mutton, as well as uiiik. 4. The average ration should consist of 25-35 ibs. of Lulls and 5 8 lbs. of meal daily. 5. The hulls are a cheap otidiflbcLfve substitute for h-y. 6. The manure produced by this system of feeding i? an important factor in considering Its profitableness. Ic is estimated that last season about 5C,00U head of cattle were fattened on hulls and meal alone in the Soathwest. In an old State like ours where manuring i? so essential to the production of remuneration crops the business of cattie feeding should receive m?re attention than it generally d?es. Congressman Stackhouse in an address on "luteu&ive Famiing," which he delivered a lew weeks ago at lied Springs, X. C., said: "In older countries having a deuse population stock iaising is believed to oe necessary to keep up and to increase the fertility oi the *oil. If stock raising can be made to contribute to the improvement of the soil, and that opinion in tbe countries referred to is based on long1 continued and intelligent observation aud a careful study of the subject, why should we not jjrow all the stock that our people need? In ?tock growing we have many advantages over the countries referred to. We have cheaper land, and the fact that our cotton seed meal aud cotton seed oil cake is purchased in these 3AI1JC WU iu ttuiui ng iiutu referred as believing that stock raising beiifttits soil improvements to be used as stock food, is but one evidence of the folly ot ourdependence 011 other* to supply us with stock and the other supplies mentioned. The tact now seems to be well established that the cotton seed bulls train the oil mills makes an excellent food for cattle and sheep." Cotton seed meal is now the cheapest ammonlated fertilizer on the market, but I am persuaded that the time is not far distant wheu the entire output of the mill* will l>e utilized as stock food. While too rich to be ted to horses, mules aud bogs, as we get it from the mills, it can t>e mixed with rough feed, and thereby overcome that objection, and it will then be j relatively much cheaper than corn meal as stock food." It It T'iie not lor fear of wearying you, I u.ight aud other testimonials as to the rain* of cotton seed meal as a leeding stufi'; but, I think, enough lias b?eu given to sho?v tliat it at least merits attention and trial at y<>ur hands. A gentlemau a lew days ago, saic to me; 4'\Vby," said he, "talk of the Eldorado of California! if we can feed cotton seed meal to our stock. we hare a far richer E dorado rigi:t uere in South (Juruliua. Indeed, as s?>on as its niciiis and right u>? become generally known, cotton seed uieal will undoubtedly cft'eot a revolution i:i stock feeding that will annually save hundreds ot' thousands of dol lars j to Southern farmers. As to the use ot the meal as a ferti* I lizer you must be governed by the principles that underlie the right use oi all fertilizing materials. By t&e term fertilizing is meant any substance which when applied to the soil will cause a better growth and development of plants. The chemical anai)si* of vegetables shows that all, with-,; out exception contain fourlecn elemeu- I tary substances. These element I though variously combined in different ! plants are absolutely essential to normal vegetable growth. Should a soil be abundantly rich in all these ^ubs=tances save one it would remain barren to all intents and purposes until supplied with the wanting constituents. Furl hermore these elements must not only be pre^eut in the soil and in the atmosphere, but they must be available as plant food, ihat is, [Liey must oe 1U IUU yiwcuua wim VI soluble in water in order to be assimilated by plants. Hence ferti lization is the process of maintaining in ihe soil t he necessary available SiiptiitiS ot plant food. The srr?^ifbillk of tlu plain (95 per cent, uf tnoiv) is compo*ed ot carbon, hvdiv>gen and ?>x\ gen, elements wtiieh t'je " soil and air furn >h i?i abundance. Of the remaining ^uhxtances ih*t only one* ietn-raMy in whi'j ordinary .-oiis are tot wr11 >uppiied are nit ??s.en, pho.*ph?>ric :?ei?! ami potash. Tin'tetore ilie.*e three Hement* <.l plant food are ill- iirst t<> b <x'?au*ied bv the production of crop*. !I'*nce the wluie >ri. t.ce ot' tei tiliz;i:ou, in m> tar a* furnikning plant food is concerned, resolves it.*elf into maintaining in the soil a Mi!li;ient supply ot available nitrogen, ul;< sphoric acul and |)0':i?h io fully nuris the crop to be arown. Now, since no plant can Nattaiu id a mural suuc or' growth and imitate unices properly furnished with avaiiable food i;i d.ic amou'tt and proportion the exceedingly ? re-it importance of the right u?e of fertilizers becomes evident. The<e facts make it ver\ plain that it i< pojr economv to attempt to raise ciops on an insufficient supply of any of the element? of f jod required. And also, that if the fertilizing elements be not furnished in the proportion demanded bv the plant there will result onesided development ami waste of material. Ilence to intelligently and economically use fertilizers knowledge on two points is required: 1. With regard to the needs of the crop to be produced and the ability of the soil to supply these need*. 2. With regard to tbe composition of fertilizers used and their ability to buppletnent the deficiencies of the soil. Information on the tirst snbjeet can only be obtained by long careful and intelligent observation by the farmer himself '.pan his own field?. With regard to the 9 composition ?.f fertilizer a chemical a analy>i- will show their constituents 1 and in >i genera! way, their ?.fficier.cy in the soil. ' - t [u ii.c early da>s ot agricultural I c;.fuii'iry it was thought lhat chemical i mini*>i.s oftl t plant and soil would .'pccdil/ *ettle the mailer of just the way in which to use leriilizera so as to produce maximum crops. This theory, j however, when subjected to actual ^ I practice, failed utlerlv. It wra." dis j covered that plants differed widely in I their power of appropriating ihe [ matter of tne soil. Tne cow pea for > instance can utilize source* ot nitro- S | gen lying far below the reach of B shallow rooted plants as corn ^ ! and oats. Long and carelully conducted experiments have also shown that nitrogen is uccessary to the production of a vigorous growth of weed; that phosphate acid must be supplied for the production of the seeds, and, also, to check undue development of weed and favor fruit I production; and that potash is required for the woody parts of the plant and seems to aid in the transfer of nutri* t % i ~ - I? 3 tive inatlcr ana prooaoiv enecKs *ne?- v ding and prevents rust. And, experimentation has also revealed the exceedingly interesting and important ~~ fact, that in order to produce the best results, nitrogen, phosphate acid and potash must be supplied to the soil not only in different amounts and proportions for different plants, but that the-e amounts and proportions are by no means those which a chemical analysis of the crop would indicate. For example, bi lbs. nitrogen, 26 lbs. phosphate acid and 43 lbs. potash are '~required for a crop of 300 lbs. lint cotton; but Dr. McBryde, who while in Colorado, conducted some of the most valuable experiments ever yet made in cotton culture, thinks that the best results would be obtained by applying something like ? to ? the nitrogen,! to the phosphate acid and I the potash required for a crop of 300 lbs. lint cotton. ^ ^ 1 statenheSTfaerTfor two purposes. first to show that the economical use ^ P A.l.tlll./mv ico ?i<ict difficultni'rthlem. one which every fanner should carefully study. We can almost safely say "that in 91) cases out of 100 the application of fertilizers is mere guess work ami consequently these result? annually are enormous waste of material. Some apply them in insufficient quantities, others injudiciously and still others in reckless extravagance. My other object is to be able more clearly to show the value and the position of cotton seed meal as a fertilizer and to indicate the most economical way to use it in order to obtain the best results. A chemical analysis shows that cotton seed meal is composed of about per cent X JI-.0, per cent P--', O-o and 1-i percent K-2 O. It is therefore, to be valued principally for the ammonia it contains, and you must not look to it 4 for all the plant food needed by a crop. It must never be used alone unless on soils known to be fully furnished with phosphate acid and potash, but deficient in nitrogen; and, again, it should not be applied to lands already rich in ammonia as it would stimulate undue growth of weed and prevent proper fruiting. The right way, generally, to use cotton seed meal is to mix it with -ftllMl iclli ll<y ll!w\Cllhn tn I VlIIVJl i!JUlV.i lilio XUIU4CI??W9 acid and potash so as to supplement : the resources oi the soil that it may be able to fully nourish the particular crop :o be grown. The meal has many advantages over the whole seed as a fertilizer, 700 lbs. of it being: equivalent to a ton of seed. Therefore there is less cost in handling ir Being, too, in a finely divided fci.V.e it may be more evenly and thoroughly distributed and mixed with the soil. This is an important matter in the application of all fertilizers. They should be ihoroughly mixed with the soil otherwise the roots of the plant in seeking food will become bunched up in a small space and thereby not be able to obtain moisture and withstand j drouth as well as when spread out over a large area. Again, decomposition i of the meal sets in soon after it is put into the ground, thereby rendering the plant food it contains readily available. i f?$* On some soils, however, the whole ' J seed may be more profitably used than V jgi meal. For instance on heavy clay j soils which are usually deficient in vegetable matter, whole seed wiil be beneficial not only in supplying humus b:tt in the mechanical effect of reu- r. dering the soil lighter and mov porous. ? Jjuch soils, however, should receive all the coarse trash and filth off the farm, and he planted in crops tiiat will fill them with vegetable matter. fjli But, wricn the soil is supplied with hinnus and is l'ght and fr::<ble it will he found more economical, other v'f-rfj things being equal, t > u*c meal than the whole seed. has been said 700 lbs. of meal is equivalent in fertilizing value to a ton of seed This is true since practically there are 110 fertilizing elements in the hulls, lint or oil renioye.1 from the seed; the lint and k oil containing none at all and the hulls but very little. Xow that the lint and oil have no elements of fcrti-^vjB lizatiun is revealed by their chemical analysis. They arc each composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ele- . -fl ments that- iu various combinations H up thf> frrf>n< hnft all plautS "H illlU, ailliuai.s. JiiVI! KDUU HW(Vv- Ub C4.ilj anxiety about supplying plains with H these elements. For the carboihjn the B form of carbonic acid gas come'3 al- V most entirely from the air, the hydrogen and oxygen (mainly in the form of water) fro;n both the air and the soil. If the oil, some one might ask. is of no fertilizing value, then why i-j it contained in the seed!' This interesting question can be easily answered. Nature put the oil in the seed tQ