The Fairfield news and herald. (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1881-1900, August 25, 1886, Image 1
VOL. XLIII. WINNSBORO, S. C-.. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 25, 1886. NO. L
? 111 III i ?
. FORSAKIXG THE OLD PATHS.
GENERAL .JOHNSON HACOOD I'LEAD*!
y FOR A MIXED HUSBANDRY.
An Essay Read H?*fore the !?tate A-jrinsIturn! !
* Society and th#- (iranu'e at Tii<-:r J?D1 !
I Summer Mirllas on Auxas! 3, ?H>.y.
' It is doubtful whether, in all tlie Ihsc '
since South Carolina was the hunting I
ground of the Indian, any single fifth of
? a century has witnessed within her borders
a relative progress in material welfare
equal with the last. It needs no com
pnation 01 stauscics 10 siiov, iius.
at Columbia, the beautiful city in which
you arc holding this summer meeting.
Compare her in 1865, sitting amid ashes
and her population feeding on the refuse
cattle of Sherman's supply train, with
her ' condition to-day. See her waste
places rebuilt, often more substantially
then before; her homes onee more sur-j
rounded with the comforts of life, and |
her people on the streets and in the j
marts again steadily asserting themselves j
in the battle of life. Columbia in this j
but represents the State, and in the do-'
gree of her rehabilitation does not more j
than equal the general progress. The
uncomplaining fortitude, the incomparable
energy of the South in the struggle
to restore her fortunes, broken in the j
late civil war, has been witnessed with i
~ . 1 \?- *>.11 rt v* /I 1H>/ I ? WAC'^iTl f c I
iiULLL-LUlUA/i! UJ tlia,cixlv^L LKJ xxx* iumvi yivociiio ;
as much of the. heroic element as any- j
thing in her history, from Sumter to {
Appomattox.
AGRICULTURAL DEPRESSION.
Yet, notwithstanding this successful
progress, and at its close, our agricultural
interest finds itself depressed, the
chief product of its industry selling at j
best with no sufficient margin of profit, j
and"Uften, in individual cases, at a point j
below the cost of production, which im- j
2>erils the accumulation that has been j
made. The agricultural mind is earn- i
estly and with justice demanding the
reason why.
It has been suggested that it is to be
jaund in onerous hira&fiial legislation and
wasteful public expenditure. Others,
going deeper into the analysis, have
^ sought the chiei cause of the trouble in
the faulty business system upon which
our industry is based. There is perhaps
truth in both these suggestions, and each
deserves attention, but as to their relative
and practical importance in the consideration
of a meeting of South Carolina
agriculturalists a few thoughts
occur. The taxes paid to the General
Government, indirect though they be,
are probably the largest levied upon our
pursuit; but in their levy and expenditure
we have an interest and control in
UUIIUJUU1L WALil -LUl>J Hill i ii/na Ui j
Indirection makes it difficult to asver-!
tain what we actually do pay; and ex- j
tensive community of interest both complicates
its efteet uj>on our spociai industry,
and makes the desired change Lard
to"accomplish. With an overwhelming
^ ^Toting-majority at the polls, and with
ordinarily a majority of representatives
in the State Legislature, State levies and
expenditures have been and remain
within our immediate control. The sup-.
port of Government is 'a necessity, but
every cent taken from the taxpayer beyond
its economic and efficient administration
is oppressive. Does the present
management of the State Government
favorably meet the requirements of this
proposition? VI think it does. It is not
iirotpridpfl that, there is no room for re
trenehment and reform. With somespecial
opportunities of observation it
lias seemed to me that improvement may
be sought in the direction of a more
simple and a cheaper county administration;
of confining the disbursements of
w the charitable institutions of the State,
jaMeh exclusive of the interest on the
public debt consume one-third of the
State levy, more rigidly to those who are j
proper recipients ^ charity, and in mak- j
ing the labor of convicts a source of income,
to the relief of the taxpayer. The
inequality obtaining in the assessment
ior taxation and the failure of the forfeited
land laws to enforce the collection
of taxes operate injustice and demand
redress. All of these may be looked to.
"When in position to do so, I have myself
urged them upon thd attention of our
law-making power; but it has not been
indicated where retrenchment an.l reform
to an extent appreciable in this connection,
can go further at this time without
in my judgment impairing the efficiency
of the public administration, or curtailing
expenditures in the best interests of
the people. Be this as it may, however;
take things as they stand, and let us consider.
The State and ordinary county
taxes, together with the two-mill school
tax, are, one year with another, about
ten mills, upon a valuation of property
at little over one-half its selling price;
and estimating them per capita they are
about one and two-thirds dollars to the
population. Ho v.- much can the burden
of such a tax affect any healthy industry?
Now subtract from the sum thus taken
from the farmer what he must pay for an
efficient and well ordered government, if
this be not such, and you have the measure
of practical retrenchment; but in the
infinitesimal, proportions of the saving
made when distributed among the individual
farmers have you found adequate
relief from the widespread depression of
our calling?
There are other assessments upon the
ndustry of the farmer and hens upon
j his land which pass under the name of
and are coliectcd as taxes. These being
in no just sense taxes, breed confusion
in the popular mind as to the amount of
taxation. I ailude to county and township
subscriptions to railroads. They
are simply business investments made by
the county or township upon business
considerations; stock in tl:e railroads is
_ always given in return for the subscriphu
tion, and expected improvements in the
property of the subscriber is a further
inducement. These investments, like s
others, are sometimes wise, and sometimes
not; but it is well to classify them
correctly. If a farmer buys a mine, and
the purchase money is collected through
an officer of the law, it is not taxes, because
the officer happens also to be the
tax collector. The farmer has acted in
his individual capacity upon his own responsibility.
The profits of the transaction
are not to be credited to good
government; nor its losses charged to
maladministration.
TEE REMEDY.
"Without ignoring, or I think under-j
rating, the effect of financial legislation, j
either Federal or State, upon our agri- i
culture, I am of those who find that the |
chief cause of its present depression is j
the faulty system upon which it is di- i
rected. Of this system it has been said
that it looks to sending abroad everything
that we produce, and bringing
back even-thing that we consume. That
with it home commerce is nothing; exports
and imports everything. That
whenever our capital finds investment
outside the farm, it is in railroads made
necessary by this system, and whose obvious
interest, lying in securing the
longest Laid of the largest freight, is to
intensify it. And finally that under it
t!:.' producer is given over to the ride of
that class of business people who are
occupied merely with the distribution of
the prouacis of labor, adding value td
</i;!y 5 v change of place, aii'l that
the merchant and the transporter have it
ail their own way in apportioning the
avails. This may be too trenchant criticism,
but we are compelled to admit that
j there has been much force m it in the
past; that there is too much force in it
[ now; and, until it substantially ceases to
apply to our methods, I can see no abiding
prosperity for us. We are too cxclusively
devoted to agriculture, and our
agriculture is confined to too limited a
range of production. The standing injunction
of the agricultural journals,
' Keep the boys on the farm," is based
upon fallacy. It should be, "Send a
fall proportion of them from the farm.'.'
Put them to developing the resources of
our forests and mines; send them to the
trades and occupations which will supply
.-.4. T.of Ik.,-*- f *>. Li-*-* oKmo/1
<10 >> AJLet t ?? \J, kSll V iiVllJL WV1VUVU !
Build up manufactories of any and
c-vcrytliing for which, there is demand.
Invite capital'to embark upon these industries
by favoring legislation. Thus
increase the class of profitable consumers,
and make for the farmer that home
market, which is for him the best of all
markets, and without which he cannot
diversify to its most profitable extent the
products of his farm. The markets
abroad, the farmer finds the circle of
competition widening as he goes, and he
is handicapped with freights to an extent
that confines his shipnnnts to special
and not always his most profitable crops.
With us the list for exportation embraces
for the larger part of Hie State but a
siugle item, cotton. Bice takes the place
of cotton in a small section, and there is
some talk of introducing tobacco as an
additional so-called money crop. But
what we want are the consumers to take,
and the crops to be sold, in the home
market. Fresh meats, the products of
the dairy, fruits, vegetables, live stock
arc transported witn a tumcuny anti at
an expense which limits the distance to
which they can "be sent-, yet it is in -the
production of the most perishable of
these that the fanner finds the most remunerative
results of his labor and the
largest increase in the value of his land.
An acre devoted to market gardening,
near a city, will rent annually for what
will buy rr.-^ to ?ya acres devoted
in this State^cTcTftW^^^^r.vhen
live stock is the object (the least prt^i^able
of the products enumerated, because^
the least perishable and the easiest transported
to distant markets) a Kentucky
blue-grass farm will rent or sell for three
times as much per acre as a cotton plantation.
Without going further into these general
considerations 'it does seem to me
that the progress we have made since the
devastation of the late war has been, not
because of, but despite the system upon
which we have worked; that the depression
we are laboring under is the legitimate
consequence of that system; and
that as long as we adht re to it we will
continue to have our periods of elation
and free expenditure when the price of
our single money crop, from causes
which we do not control, is lip; and our
periods of despondency over cramped
resources, when it is down. We cannot,
it is true, escape the vicissitudes of seasons.
nor evade the primal curse; hut we
must no longer look so exclusively to
foreign markets, nor in any any market
suspend our fate upon a single hair. "We
must, by diversifying the pursuits of
our people, enlarge the home market,
that alone fully repays the farmer's
labor, and in ordering that upon the
farm we must recognize the law of
chances, Tvkich is as rigid as any other
imposed upon nature. Like the insurance
men, we must spread our ventures.
ov'?r a broad surface to hope to realize a
reasonably certain profit.
AGBICCLTUKAI, CAPABILITY OF THE STATE.
Circumstances sometimes forbid a
mixed husbandry and compel adherence
to the one crop system, but in no section
of this State do such limitations exist.
*- * 1 * Tt . _ 1 VI _
Hi me coast region, oesicie me vtuuauie
crops of rice and sea island cotton, easy
access to large centres of population
make market gardening more or less
practicable on every farm, and the
natural perennial pasturage of cheap,
unimproved highlands and swamp, combined
with a climate requiring no winter
shelter for stock, gives opportunities unsurpassed
even on the Western plains
for the addition of pastoral farming. In
the middle section of the State, between
tide-water and the falls of the rivers, and
in that part of it which more especially
constitutes the cotton belt, on almost
any one plantation mav be grown each
Southern staple that is planted, and all
of the cereals. The soil seems specially
adapted to root crops; garden vegetables
and fruits do well. The soil, a
sandy loam, is not so well adapted to
the usually cultivated grasses, but valuable
natural grasses are found, and the
Bermuda is naturalized. For a pasture
grass the latter is unequalled on such
lands, and Dr. Bavenel's experiments
have shown that, highly fertilized, it
may also be cut for hay with extraordinary
results. There is no question of
the success of the Means grass for hay
under similar circumstances. The various
soiling crops are, however, grown [
with such facility in this region that,
under the system of preserving by ensilage,
the necessity of hay from meadows |
for home use is done away with. Going
above the falls of the rivers, from thence
to the mountains, everywhere are to be
found plantations with bottom land
enough for hay and corn, level land
enough for small grain and cotton, and
broken hillsides, once fertile bat now
less remunerative under tho plough, yet
producing good natural pasturage and
capable of being brought, under the hoof
of the sheep, to the highest condition of
grass production. The soil and ciimate
of this part of the State are naturally
adapted to all the grasses that are cultivated.
In situations away from water
courses, (and they are few,) where alluvial
lands sufficient for meadow are not
"T&und, the general character of the
country remains the same, and, as in the
middle region, ensilage may supplement
any deficiency in hay product.
Such are the varied agricultural capabilities
of our State, and the exnibit is
under rather than overstated. It is only
because of the exclusive attention given
to cotton that the impression ever could
have obtained that the cereals and grasses
were not suited to oar surroundings.
* 1 TV Ti_ _ 1
iiie crop oi corn grown oy x>r. -rar^cr. i
near Columbia, and the crop of oats of
Colonel Wylie, at Lancaster, remain respectively
the largest on record, the corn
crop reaching 200 bushels and the oats
crop 181 bushels per acre. Dr. Eavenel's
croj) of Bermuda hay near Charleston
Avas ten thousand pounds to the
acre, exceeding more than four-fold the
average crop of the United States. 3Ir.
Childs, within five miles of where we are
sitting, profitably grows and sells with
the Means grass $10,000 worth of hay
per annum. Colonel Rion's growth of
lucerne in Fairfield yielded ten cuttings
in the season, and by actual measure-ment
twenty-five feet "of growth. Tne
Egyptian millet, a luxuriant and valuable
forage plant, is cut from six to se\i n
times and gives a total growth of eight
to ten feet.
The market gardens near Cliarlesv n
are unsurpassed anywhere. Within the
last four years the growth of watermelons
for market has been introduced along
the line of the South Carolina Railroad
in Aiken and Barnwell counties, and the
profits have been such that this year fjvc
thousand acres are devoted to the crop.
Last year one fanner, }Ir. "Wcthersbec,
of Barnwell, sold one hundred car.oads
for ten thousand dollars, finding his
market in Charleston, New York and
Cincinnati, lie informs me that his net
return, the expenses of production being
included with cost of marketing, was
something over ?6,000. In the same
section of these counties, on the Bidge
in Edgefield, and at other points, orchards
are cultivated for the home and
Northern markets with^eminent success. ;
In Greenville and in other counties the
culture of the grape upon a large scale is
no loncrer an experiment. In short.
whenever individuals or a neighborhood
have broken loose from old-time traditions,
the ability to successfully vary our
agriculture has been conclusively shown, j
GRASS AXD LIVE STOCK.
I
The summer meetings of our societies j
have largely the character of experience
meetings, and it is in this that in the
judgment of many lies their chief value.
Having been requested to do so, some
details in my own experience of converting
a cotton plantation into a _ farm
of mixed husbandly, with grass and live
stock as the leading features, will be
submitted. As in all new departures,
mistakes were made, difficulties encountered
and losses incurred with wl-'ch it
is unnecessary to trouble you, out to
save some younger brother of the plough,
who is dissatisfied with exclusive cotton
culture, from traveling the same path,
resulting methods will be ireely given.
The experiment was commenced in
1878, and made in the upper part of the
State, on Saluda Eiver, twelve miles by
rail from the town of Xewberry. The
plantation contained near a thousand
acres, of which about one-half was creek
and river bottom. Of this Lost about 300
acres had been cleared from fifty to a
hundred years and cropped chiefly in
corn, wituout manure. The high lands
were hilly, their original growth were
oak and hickory, and the soil varied
from a red to a whitish clay, with more
or less loose surface rock. Those high
lands had been nearly all cleared, culti
vatcu witn nttie attention to preserving
the !.?<:?, fl-nd when beginning to fail
jtumed out to be grown up in pint??, k>
be again cut cloven and cultivated. This
process bad been repeated at least three
times since the land was in original
forest. As a slave plantation, it had
been profitable; after emancipation, under
an ill-devised system of tenantry, it
had been unprofitable and the property
became much impaired. The buildings
had became dilapidated, fences almost
gone, ditches filled, and the arable land
cultivated in patches, a vigorous growth
of young pines over most of it. The establishment
of a meadow, tlie restoration
of a portion of the arable land to good
tilth, and the cutting down of pines and
shrubs on the balance to promote the
growth of natural grasses for pasturage,
the alteration of old buildings and the
erection of many new ones, together
with the putting up of first-class fences,
constituted tlv permanent outlay. Live
stock, tools am1 implements had also to
be purchased.
THE MEADOW.
The meadow consists now of seventyfive
acres of first river bottom, being a
pure alluvium. Stumps and sprouts
were carefully eradicated, the land flushed
close and deep with nairow one-horse
ploughs, Bermuda grass roots sown
broadcast and ploughed in shallow, then
heavily rolled to make the surface as
smooth as possible. The best time for
this work was found to be from after
frost in the sp.xing till hot summer
weather set in. The annual weeds that
sprang up witn tiie grass were cut ana
raked by liorse-power and carted off the
land.
The meadow is ordinarily subject to
frequent winter and occasional summer
overflows. It lias received no other fertilization,
except in some small experimental
plats, none of wliich have given
satisfaction. The summer overflow, if
coming just before a harvest, is injurious;
if before the grass is tall enough to
be mashed down by the sediment deposited,
and time enough for subsequent
rains to cleanse the blades, they are, like
the winter freshets, advantageous. When
the whole or any part of a crop is muddied
by a freshet it is perfectly cleansed
by running it through a machine combining
a whipper and fan arrangement.
After t.hf- mpfifJnw fnllv sfit. sav n.f+^r
tiie second year, including the occasional
damage from summer overflow, four
to five thousand pounds of merchantable
hay may be expected according to seasons
from such a meadow. Ample barn
room is necessary to making good hay;
railroad or water facilities for transportation
to market are essential. Hay, bulky
in proportion to value, will not bear
transportation for any distance over a
highway, and local railroad freights approximate
too closely the cost of cou-!
veyance by wagon. Water carriage is
best and cheapest. When the location
is not adapted to marketing the hay,
only enough should be harvested for
winter feed of live stock, and the rest
grazed on for summer pasture. Indeed,
the best husbandmen contend that if
justice is done to the land no hay should
ever leave the farm on which it is crown.
except in the shape of flesh and bones.
So far, with my meadow in a few hundred
feet of a railroad, and special conveniences
for shipping, the bulk of the
hay has gone to market, and it is the
largest and most remunerative market
crop of the fa.im. I have not been able,
however, to advantageously send it. for
sale farther than to towns from sixty to
one hundredt miles away., Bermuda,
from its tenacity of life and from its well
known character as a pest in hoed crops,
should be put for a meadow only when
it is intended to stay; and here its staying
qualities are of immense value in
comparison with grasses that require reseeding
and resetting every few y?ars.
Cultivation, however, is to some extent
necessary. Harrowing benefits it, and a
thorough scarilication every other year
with a sharp cutting instrument that
does not disturb the smoothness of the
sod is desirable. Thus far the river
overflows seem sufficient to keep the
meadow productive. The seventh and
eighth crops have been the largest,
reaching each over 5,200 pounds per
acre of hay, weighed when cured and
baled for market.
CORN".
The second river low grounds on this
?l ~ i. i _
piave stru il uuiu icuuciuuscxay, reqiuriiJ^
thorough drainage, and from long cultivation
deficient in humus. Enough of
this is set apart for corn culture, and the
remainder thrown into permanent pasture
Producing without manure from twenty
to thirty bushels to the acre, fifty acres
annually under the plough is enough in
the general scheme. TMs fifty acres
alternates with as much -re either in
P spring oats or in weed fallow, tlius add!
to instead of decreasing the supply
f. humus. 3Iore than one year in wfeed
! fallow injures the tilth for the next succeeding
crop by the land becoming too
foul. Corn is a poor market crop, troublesome
and wasteful to handle, and no
more, therefore, is grown than can be
profitably fed. Very little of the blades
is gathered for forage, sometimes none.
It is too expensive and is not needed except
as a change to hardworked- or sick
: horses.
OAXS.
Spring oats are planted in rotation
with corn on the second low grounds;
fall oats 011 highland in rotation with'
cotton. In the cotton rotation the land
is sown dow n immediately upon harvesting
the oats in peas, fertilized with either
ash element or kainit. When the peas
are matured, hogs, and 110 other stock,
are pastured, not too closely, upon them.
The value of the peas to the hogs is estimated
at about the cost of the pea and
ash element crop, leavingits ameliorat
mg value as ciear gam. lhe cotton receives
two hundred bushels of compost
in the drill, which is found to be as
much as can be advantageously applied
to the acre in that war. The oats crop,
neither spring nor fail, receives manure.
The crop is threshed as soon as harvested,
both to secure economy in feeding
the grain and by careful housing to save
the straw in the best condition for winter
forage. Cut when not over-ripe and
cured without or with little rain, it is
valuable. Salt, in putting it away,
makes it more palatable to stock. The
yield of cats has varied with seasons
from twenty-live to forty-seven bushels
per acre.
coxro:.*.
The United States department of agriculture
in ISTu estimated the average
yield of cotton in the South at 1GG
pounds of lint per acre, and the cost of
production at 9* cents per pound. Sir.
Henderson, the commissioner of agriculture
in Georgia, is quoted as placing the
crop of last year (1SS5) in that State at
150 pounds of lint, and the cost per
pound at 0 cents. The average yield in
South Carolina varies little from that in
Georgia, and there is with me uo doubt
of the near approach to accuracy of the
estimates of cost made on the basis of
i.1. .1 x. . c . i: Hf - f ^
uiax raxe ox jJiuaucuuii. .auuy ox xxiu
items of expense, lxowcver, are fixed, and
with a larger yield the cost per pound
decreases. In Hammond's Hand-Book |
of South Carolina are given in detail the
expenses of two crops grown in 1882?
one in Newberry of *00 pounds of lint
and one in Fairfield of 300 pounds-to the
.acre; the firs- cost 0[ cents and the lust
m-r pound. In the same
year I kept for^y-.pwii satisfaction a
careful account with the cottoD-Qrop on
this farm; the yield. Letter than ttSflaL
was 410 pounds of lint to the acre and
the cost 0 -i-10 cents per pound. These
figures show that, with middlings ruling
at from 0 to 10 cents at the seaports,
cotton by itself can be no profitable
crop. Analyzing the items of expense
in my accounts I find that 3 G-10 cents,
or'something over half, was in manure,
meat and bread for the laborers, and
feed fur plough animals. These" under
the system of mixed husbandry are made
oil the farm and sold at full price to the
cotton crop. It is just here that in any !
such system at the South, cotton corner !
in, and planted only to a proper extent
is valuable. If sold only at the cost of
production, it has purchased the manures
fiwm +! ?/> 1 i ra cfn/ilr on/I f 7Trn in+r*
money t!ic provision crops or the meat
into which they have been previously
converted. These are some unsaleable,
and others marketed "with difficulty,
while in that respect cotton is unequalled.
It is transported with more
facility and less waste than almost another
farm product, and is as readily exchanged
for gold as the note of a solvent
bank. The limit of the cotton crop is
the extent to which the compost made
on the place will go, some thirty to forty
acres; and the seed is all fed to sheep
or working oxen; none of it is used directly
as a fertilizer.
TCRXIPS, EYE, BARLEY AND CLOVER.
About six acres of ruta baga turnips
are sown annually on land upon which
stock have been recently hurdled. This
is sufficient for the iiock of sheep to
which it is fed. Larger crops, with a
view to feeding also to cattle and hogs. !
have been tried and abandoned. The
ruta baga remains sound in the held all
winter and is dug as fed. Barley for
soiling, and rye and red clover for grazing.
are sown. Tlion<?h erood for this
purpose, rye does not do as well as oil
the sandy loams of the lower country.
Barley is highly remunerative for early
spring soiling, and red clover sow:: as a
separate crop on hurdled land has never
failed to catch, and docs as well as I
have ever seen it in Virginia or Kentucky.
From forty to fifty acres are
now set aside for these crops.
PAST CK AGE.
There are, as stated, seventy-five acres
in meadow, one hundred acres in corn
culture, fifty being planted alternate
years, eighty acres in the cotton and oat
rotation, and say fifty acres in small
crops. The remainder is permanent
pasture or forest. Of tliis near -lOOacros
ir> itLV-UiJ > viUMVfcWu xuuii) i ?ywi.i
toms an<l highland,) or highland la:own
with lis as "old Held," upon which all
the short-leaved pine has been cat down
a:id the young deciduous trees left for
shade. " This constitutes the summer
pastures. Its cultivation consists in
keeping down shrub growth and an annual
spring scorching ofit of dead grass.
Under this treatment the soil of natural
grasses has steadily improved. It carries,
including cattle, sheep, hogs and
colts, some five hundred head of stock.
A separately fenced past-ore is accessary
ior the hogs during the lambing season.
In the winter the gleanings of the com
fields, the aftermath of the meadow and
the canebrakes of the swamp forest,
(which are not grazed in summer,) are a
valuable resource.
SHEEP.
Commencing with fifty native and
fifty Southdown ewes, broad-tailed bucks
were bred to them and their female
progeny for four years. Then a pure
bred Southdown buck was put with the
fiock and recently a Shropshire has been \
added, the broad-tailed being withdrawn j
to the came extent. The number of
breeding ewes was increased to near
three hundred. These were found to betoo
many, and two hundred adopted as
the right number without further provision
of special pasturage. The flock
has been kept principally for the lamb
market and tiie product oi wool is a sec- ]
ondary object. Barren ewes are culled
for sale; breeding ewes have been verier- j
ally kept as long as they were fertile. In j
nine years three sheep have been lost by J
dogs, none by theft. There has been a j
little scab a^ d other disease of a sporadic
character. -No epidemic of any kind;
some deaths from accident, some from
old age, and a few from unknown causes.
The loss of grown sheep from all these
causes has varied i'rom 3 to 10 per cent.,
with an average of less than 5 per cent.
The number of lambs reared in proportion
to ewes has averaged SI per cent.
From Christmas till middle of April the
flock receives as much Lay as it v> i!I eat j
cic:tu at night, with. per head, a pint of !
cotton seed one niglit and one large tar- j
nip sliced up the next. At other times ;
it subsist upon the pasturage heretofore
indicated. From early spring until
Christmas the sheep are hurdled iu open
movable pens; in winter they are yarded ;
at niglit upon litter with sheds provided i
that they can use at pleasure.
CATTLE.
Cattle have been 'bred chiefly for beef
and work animals, the calves getting
nearly all the milk from their dams. '
Recently a dairy for the sale of butter i
has been undertaken with sneeos thus
far. Selected native cows were bred to
a Devon bull with a Brahmin cross. The
half-bred hei fers v,*ere bred to a shorthorn
bull with a like Lrahmin cross, and
now a pure-bred Devon is being used.
rni ij. i i :,i ? a
?//e resuiL nas ueun ru-piu iuiniu\cinciit
and a handsome herd of general purpose
cattle. No further crossbreeding is contemplated.
Devon bulls will bo used in
future. About tifty head of cattle are
kc^:. The straw;evop and some secondc
lass hay is reserved for their use i-i bad
weather in winter, and when high water
keeps them from the canebrakes. They
also in winter are yarded at night on
iitter with adjacent shelter, and arc!
hurdled in summer alongside of but not j
with the sheep. In hurdling, the land
is ploughed before and after the stock is
put upon it. The size of the pens is determined
by the number of stock, upon
a calcuh.tion that one cow is equal to
three sheep and that rive hundred sheep
wiil in seven days manure an acre. This
is more than profit, and other writers
consider a fair dressing. It is believed
to be the equivalent of at least seven or
eight hundred pounds of iirst-elass fertilizer,
and the permanency of its effect,
with fair after treatment, is such that it
is thought to add ten dollars per acre to
the value of the land. The manure of
animals is applied by hurdling at onethird
of the expense of compost. .
COLTS.
Colts have been the least profitable
stock handled. Jioth mules and horses
have cost nearly'their full value to rear
them. Some are still bred both for the .
pleasure in dealing with th?..n. and .because
they too purchase the grain and
forage crops at full value. Mule colts
pay better than horse colts of the common
breed.
IIOGS.
nogs nave given sausiacuon on iv?oi
different plans. First: Keeping only i
enough to be reared on natural pastur- >
age and the waste of the place, receiving |
grain only when put up to fatten for
slaughter; and second, (which is now
preferred,) keeping .enough to make
them the chief purchaser; of the corn
grown and the clover and pea crops.
This is the only stock not carefully.
~\"rs^^Levery night during the year, and
th?flH|fcjto^ittlc if any loss by theft.
Iiastfc^l. immunity from
epiclcmic diseases. EHSTluTdd^erkshire
grades are used, and sales on
from eight to twelve months old, luJcV
been found most profitable.
WOI:K aximaIiS AXD SLvcnix^r.Y.
Six large and active mules are needed, :
fori five yoke of oxen.are kept principal- !
ly for teaming. Tiitre i?--t
ally ploughed, but are ntterlv niiiLi?fesi-i
machines. The hay harvesting machines ;
used are: 3 mowers, 2 sulky rakes, J '
tedder, 2 hay carriers, 1 hay du ster and '
1 Dedcrick press. A self-binding reaper, !
a Chicago screw pulverizer, and a No. 0 corn-mill
of the American Grinding :
Company have given satifaction. The '
manager must be more or less of a me- :
chanic, and a shop well equipped for re- i
pairs bo kept on tlie place. The wear ! ;
and tear of machinery and implements,
including blacksmith and wheelwright
work and material used in lvpuir, lias ;
been 15 per cent, on first cost. If this ;
work be clone promptly and as thoroughly
as possible, it will, including material, '
be about S per cent., and the remaining
7 per cent, will express the insidious ;
effect of age which repairs short of reconstruction
cannot reach, These calcu- 1
lutions are based upon careful, and judi- '
cious use, and shelter at all times when 1
not in the field.
1
LABORERS. j
One active and reliable negro has
charge of all the live stock, including ;
work animals when at pasture. He has a ,
collie to assist him. Other laborers are
not allowed to keep dogs. About three- j \
fourths of tliis man's tunc is thus occu-; <
pied. Beside the manager, one white <
man is foreman and assistant; six negro ^
laborers, including stockman, are em- \
ployed by the year. Job labor eqniva- ?
lent to the work of four laborers i'or the ]
year is hired at different seasons, as '
needed. ';
CONCLUSION. <
Under this system separate accounts ;
with each crop show that, per acre culti- ]
vated, hay if the most profitable; oats i
next, cotton next, and then corn. Of i
the live stock, in proportion to capital i
invested in each, hogs, sheep, cattle, <
colts, have proven remunerative in the 3
order named. Each product of the farm, ]
however, supplements the other, and I > <
am by no means sure that a larger devel-j i
opment of any one would not, under j J
present conditions, injuriously aiiect ii> ! 1
standing as given. What ha.s been writ- j 3
ten of this experiment is ba-cd upon the !?
data, of the previous eight years, ih^ :
unprecedented rains and j rebuts of the .<
lust two months of this year have been J
daniagingly felt there as elsewhere in
this and adjacent States. It is too early
to speak positively, but I have reason to
think that in the face of a common
calamity the result will confirm the j
adage that "It is best not to carry aii of '
our eggs in the same basket."
Jrotltc Oils Vi rilt? n >i:or; ."lO'.ci frti:rj '5 m:s. j
I heard to-day the story of a Troy I
shirt factory girl which has elements oi j
the wonderful in it. A new hotel, to be j
called the Burwick House, is being built ;
at Rutland, Yi., at a cost of $25,000 to ,
$30,000. A former Troy laundry girl is .
the capitalist in this venture, although i
the house is; named after her brother, <
who is the ostensible proprietor. -Her ]
name is Mrs. Phoebe Churchill. She '
married an officer of the United Stutes
Navy, who was blown up in n premature 1
ex? lusioii nt ilcll Gate at j?ome mage in
improvement. Two fjiiien cauio
forward to claim him as husband. (J:ie
was from South Carolina. Ho was living
with her at New York. The other was
this Troy girl, and she succecded in es- ,
tablishing the validity of her claim and
securing >2,000 insurance on his life. A
considerable sura of money that was
raised iu New York was divided between
the two women. Mrs. Churchill having j j
known something of the laundry busi-. '
ness at Troy, entered into partnership j'
with a gentleman of that city and stated |
an establishment in New York city. j
They now have four or eve kundri-js: J
here which are equal to a bonanza, and
it is from this source that the money Las ,
come for the construction of the Burwick i
House.?Gath in Cincinnati Enquirer.
"Keep going straight ahead," says a i
writer. Tin; is al! very well, but when :
there is a bull dog in the path we would
rather go roend him.
{'(>'.(; ::;s ?vho ?o.\"r i?av.
Iia::;* c! :!i!* O.j-i.'a! li.iw Found Thorn
Oi:t 21;.! are f'arefi:!.
(Vi ' in..-. )- Notes is Pittsburg Dispatch.)
Some queer tilings can be seen about
the Capital during the last days of the
session. One of the queerest is the
crowd of collectors. Coming to Congress
may be an lionoi*, but it cannot be
saiil to make men honorable. The average
of dead beats in Congress is quite as
gre:;! ;ls o::L -ide. Ou the last days of the
sos-ion yon will find a swarm of ilorists,
ihvrv stable men. hotel and boarding
house keepers, constables and professional
Coll-, etors, swarming the corridors,
hiking after delinquent members and
trying to catch them in the halls. There
are members who systematically rob
hotels and haberdashers and all sorts of
tradesmen right and left. No tiling 6an
be legally done with a member of Congress
for obtaining money under false
pretenses, though it is a jailabie offense
when committed by common people.
The only remedy is to make the transaction
known. It the records of the Congressional
dead beats could be printed a
c-ood many people would be astonished,
ihe most reckless prodigality in luxuries,
such as carriages, dowers, wines,
cigars, etc., is the usual life of the Congressional
beat. There are poor men
and women here who Lave catered to'
these members with the idea that men
holding such honorable positions must
of necessity be honest, who have tried in
vain to collect what is due them. These
dupes actually suffer for the necessaries
of life, while the Congressional debtors
are aping men of wealth :n high living.
The sergeai:t-at-arms' office couli tell a
disgraceful story of bogus checks, duplicated
drafts and violated obligations?a
story too unpleasant to print. The
hotels and restaurants, and even the
barber sh ips, would simply repeat the
story. I was standing in the livery office
. i iilard's the other day, about to call
ior a coupe, when a Northern. Congressman
hurried up and asked very peremptorily
for a carriage.
"Haven't got one, General," said the
agent, blandly. "Sorry, but everything
is out."
As soon as the member went away the
agent inquired if I would have the coupe.
"That's all right," he remarked; "we've
got plenty of carriages, but he's a dead
bear. Never pays for anything. Why,
I've got a bill against him in here two
years old. The gall of the man!"
"Are there many such men in Congress
Vf
"Yes, quite a number; we've been
stuck often?beaten out of hundreds of
"* 11 * * J ' < ? ^ --..1 1
ilobars?i)t uoiii rjcnators anu meuioers.
They are the "worst customers in that
way, because yea cari'jt force collections.
They li;\i-Ily ever have anything more
than their clothes; you can't arrest and
punish them; you can't garnishee their
salaries. And the airs they give thembfl
,esi V?'e are very careful about trusting
Congressmen, 1 tell you!"
? mmnr* 1-1 ^di ?
Mo.int .Ktaax Outbreak.
The ^present outbreak seems to be or
x stupendous scale, though as yet it has
lone cuiaparaiiveiy trilling damage. "We
a,ar < :' aV oi lava, t\vo;_ or_thiv-;;
^3:::; ...j. roovlngito wnwa-rd.witi. j
accelerated rapidity as it roils. ovei <
steeper gradients. As it comes from the
21-ater on the summit it has hitherto '
jhiciiy 6vei:iowed the desolate wastes ol 3
Lava, lU-h-.-s aud scoria? which have been
accumulating from time immemorial as ]
sonliapjratiou followed conflagration. 1
But v.'ith its tlery breath it has beer. 1
licking up the gardens and vineyards 3
that girdu.- A i-jolosi to tiie westward, and ]
the i::i;:'.';;ta5i:> of the village have beer. 1
startled;tilts, uncertain from day to day
is to the reach oi* the ruin that is over- i
Liking them. And Xicolosi is but one <
of some-seventy villages all built on the ]
Hanks of the mountain and more or less j
in continual peril. It may be asked why ]
the people, after so many -warnings and j
calamities, persist in living on the thin ]
;rust flooring the fields over those sub- ]
terraneous furnaces. The fact is that <
the friable soil formed by the decom- j
posed lava is of marvelous fertility where i
there arc the mean.? of irrigation, and it i
is very easily wrought?as in the forest
region wo eo^ie up n magnificent groves ]
3L' the oak, the ilex and the chestnut, the <
nine, the beech and the lime. So that i
tlic villagers run the risk of being occa- i
iionf Uy ruined or swallowed up in con- :
sideration of the corufort they enjoy be* ?
tween times; and, putting their trust in ]
[he guardianship of the Virgin and the
saints, congratulate themselves on being
much better otT than, their neighbors.
I'et when you see -Etna in the glow of a
jicilian sunset fancy can scarcely associate
the mountain with menaces of death
i;ul devastation. Xot even in the transparent
air of the Libyan desert, ilickering
over t.ie burning sands behind the
iiuge pyramids of GLizch, are the
>pk-ndov.i of the dying banset more glori3u.<.
The hidden furnaces would seem
nysfcerioiioiy to add an intensity of sympathetic
icl'oction to those celestial lires
A oraago ; i crimson, till the liaslnng
igLl.-. l'.:.ii;;g ilo'.vji ::i o vivid purples,
make lac oairen lava beds and the
broken precipices blaze in what may be f
:<;^i:caiiy ../ed as great breadths f
jf purple pickled cabbage. Xo artist ;
i:is over :a;ight those tints, which are
dimply unsellable by pen or brush.?
[ibekwood's iiuugazine.
A Df!i5?era!c Lie ?.ot Criminal. '
All indictment agaiust John Fink, of f
E3aliinir?r:*, an alleged swindler, was
Hua-heci in Detroit on ^loaday. About ,
wo years ago Fiuk sold to the Detroit
JIa >' Company the recipejior a (
icrfain labn ating concoction which J:c
. . .V u ? . < V ill.. KJil, iUJU
fc'cred ?spr ot'-to howa. certificate from
. & 1 send, of Philadelphia, in j
juppi.rL CiiUiK. The company
Lt il't: iiiLricato.- for ?100. but the ?
i-iiii denied knowing of Fink
)>r hi* :i| :*itv. >r. Fink refused to dis- ,
jorge the The prisoner's counsel ,
i.-'-i :::i: s :::rt!cie by means'of a lie
iid not. tn:.:iie si.j.uic.-,' constitute false }
ire I;! !i:c <:;dy ground m; which a
h:T j f !':(! . could be brought
igai: ' tlsui iie positively knew
hat th mixir.ro would uot save 10 per
:cnt. o! represented, or that he
ivas ii. . . . vfithout knowledge tliat it
This view* was entertained by
i:ul- : vi:o held that, whatever
: k . it:- ns were, they did not,
Uidcr :!k' ! r.vt-r iii.i's us taken, subject
am t cninin-.i prosecution.?Chicago
Tri'j".tie.
y ; : ii. gentb mosquito has ^
-cacnea ..k- >;agc or ner ousmess
life, it should be :i comfort to refined minds
ind tender bodies to read the appended
v'rart from Thorcau: "I was as much ]
itVei'.-d by the VJham of a mosquito <
l:.i f iviviole and unimaginable tour j
;agLi my nnariment u.t earliest dawn. (
when i was sitting with my doors and win- l
i.?wsopen, as i could be by any trumpet i
lhal ever ^ang of fame It was" Ilomer's j
L-irquli.-:u: i'.-elf ::n iIliad and Ouysfecy in s
die air. slaving its own wrath and wander ]
tags. There was something comical about <
it: a standing advertisement, till forbidden, 1
?i' the everlasting vicor and fertility of the
world." ~ 1
THE GREAT EVOLUTION' TRIAL.
IJr. Woodrow Cleared of the Charge of Heresy?
A Statement of the Case.
(Fro n the A'i-usU Chronicle, Avgu-: 19.)
This is tlic iirst formal arraignment ci
Dr. Woodrow in a Court of die Church
authorized to try his case, although his
peculiar teachings have been reviewed
and criticised in every assemblage of
this denomination. He has been cleared
of the charge of heresy, and escapes even
the admonition which was the mildest
form of punishment he could have received,
and which, I believe, would have
been the penalty selected by the prose
cutxon. The case will be taken, on complaint,
before the Georgia Synod, which
meets at Sparta in November, and as
this body has been against Dr. Woodrow,
the verdict of the lower Court may
be annulled. But annulling a verdict of
not guilty does not establish a verdict of
guilty, and a new trial before the Presbytery
could have but one termination.
So much, then, for Dr. Woodrow's
ecclesiastical character. Three of the
four Synods -controlling the Theological
Seminary in Columbia may, and probably
will, vote to turn Dr. Woodrow out
of the faculty in accordance with tbe
recommendation of the General Assembly.
That, of course, will sever his connection
with this institution. Dr. "Woodrow's
point was that he could not afford
to resign under fire, and that, as he has
been cleared of teaching error by the
Court having jurisdiction, he will remain
until he is removed by the formal order
of the Synod.
As Dr. Woodrow has two large publications
in Columbia, and as he occupies
the chair of natural science in the South
Carolina College, he will remain in Columbia
at all events.
The features of the tiial were full of
interest. The two persons pitted against
each other were prominent men. Dr.
Adams, cf Augusta, conducted the prosecution
in a spirit of candor, courage and
high ability. His argument was said by
Dr. Girardeau to have been the most
masterly presentation of that side of the
question that has yet been made. I saw
no evidence of malice or intolerance. It
was the clean work of a man who did his
duty in the most direct way, and did it
well. It was not an enviable position?
that of prosecutor. It was a contest with
Dr. woodrow in his own field, among
liio /VM friA-n^c \'rt mon L-nmvc 1 ipt+ro*
than Dr. Woodrow what he docs believe,
and no man marshals his proofs so completely.
It is hard to fasten error or to
impute heresy here.
Dr. Woodrow says he believes the
body of man was formed by successive
steps through succeding stages of lower
animal life.
The objectors say he does not give full
credit to (iod.
Dr. Woodrow says he recognizes God
in the whole development from beginning
to end.
The objectors say God created man
out of dust.
Dr. Woodrow insists that the exact
process of Creadon is not told in the
standards of the Church or in the Bible;
that science is not forbidden to try to
work out the problem, and that the
Church should not set up arbitrary or
illiberal barriers.
The personal .-4' tlvo?
had its effect upon the cast;.
of the Presbytery had been asb^^J*^
with Dr. Woodrow for thirty yearly.
Ihey refused to believe him a dangerous
man to the Church. Others of 'the
younger ministry had studied under him
it Oglethorpe University and at Columbia.
They did not incline to the belief
li. .1 i.:. x i l til
.iiai ulls leacuuugs were neieueiu. -uj
recognized him to be a pillar of intellectual
strength in the Presbytery. It
[vas not easy to secure a verdict of guilty
igainst this sort of man.
Dr. Woodrow's handling of witnesses
ivas wonderful. He has a trained and
subtle faculty. His mind is alert, and
.lis output this time was liner in threadng
evidence from the stand than in
naking his appeal to the Court. He is
i skilled debater. The examination of
Dr. Girardeau by Dr. Woodrow was the
keenest contest of the trial. It was a
jlash of flint and steel, edge-cutting and
spark-throwing. It was quiet and infuse.
Both men are masters of controversial
forces.
Dr. Adams proved the better advocate:
Dr. Woodrow the more adroit attorney.
Jne is impulsive and eloquent; the other
vary and logical. Dr. Adams is full and
iond, and his eyes shine with lire and
icrvous force. Dr. Woodrow is quiet
md collected. . He is precision itself.
ELis face is pale, his eyes clear and passionless
and his demeanor indicates cool
letermination.
Both men I believe were born abroad
md are of Scotch extraction. This nieetng
might have suggested the array oi
Caledonian extremes. You might almost
;ee Bruce and Balliol personiiied there.
r - 1 x_ 2. _ .*.i_ . 1
i was giau 10 note me ui
iriendly courtesies ui the train thisaiterloon.
The personal relations arc not
listurbed. 1 think Dr. Adams has sus;ained
his reputation and made friends ;
;ven of his opponents. Dr. Woodrow
las, of course, gained all the ollicial adrantage
of the trial and proven his
strength in his home Presbytery.
The vote on the indictment stood a*
'oiiows: Yeas (Guilty): Ministers -i,
:lders 5; total 0. Nays (Not Guilty;:
Ministers 4, elders 10; total 14.
l>a.<te Hall ii! tiie i'arlor.
The hands on the clock were reaching ,
iround toward 12. She had yawned rex-atedly.
but to no avaii. He was immovable.
At length she said:
"I understand you are quite a base ball
)layer?''
"Y-a-as," he replied, 'T play a gweat
leal. Do you admiah the sport?"
es, indeed."
"What do vou like the best about it':"
''I think I like to see a home nia occasonally,
;:s wtli ;;s anything."
"Y-a-as," he returned, "I vewy warely
icore one."
"But you must be a capital short slop,"
vas the rejoinder, accompanied by a sup-!
pressed yawn.
He studied for a few minutes and thee
cached for his hat.
An Ohio I<lea.
A dispatch from Springfield, O., states
.hat the decision of the school board, ,
hat colored children and white children '
shall attend separate schools, has made!
he colored population indignant. Tiii- I
s wrong. They ought to be too proud |
:o get mad. If the "p'or white trash"
)f Ohio don't want to associate with the
loscendants of African kings, let them
?o off by themselves and lead the lives
jf "p'or white trash."?Brooklyn Eagle.
m ^
The Baltimore Manufactures' llecord!
publishes in its last issue a large number
>f letters from leading manufactures in ;iii
juris ui me country us 10 me present con
lition of business und the prospects for the
:all and winter. These reports, -.vith 1'cv.
ixceptions, tend to indicate; u decided improvement;
and, as a whole, the Record
lays, are the most encouraging facts yet
presented as to the return of more prosperous
times to the manufacturing interests of
:he country.
A common by-word?I'll pass.
j TKS IXVEXTOR OF SACCHARIDE.
j An Accident Lea;"s to an Important Discovery?
A ;::.st3i:cc V;"hk\: Out-Sa^arsSn^nr.
j Dr. Constantino Fahiberg, tlic ini
ventor or discoverer of saccharine, tlio
new coal tar sugar, is a tall, well-built,
handsome German-American, of about
thirty-eight years of age. He speaks the
modern languages fluently, and despite
the celebrity that has so suddenly fallen
upon him, is quite diffident and reserved.
To an inquiring reporter, who
had called upon him for the express purpose
of conversing with him on the new
sweetening agent, he said:
? 'H( v,- di 11 discover saccharine ? Well,
it wa partly by accident and partly by
study. * I had worked a long time upon
the compound radicals and substitution
products of coal tar, and had made a
number of scientific discoveries that are,
so far as I know, of no commercial
value. One evening I was so interested
in my laboratory that I forgot about
supper until quite late, and then rushed
off for a racal without stopping to wash
my hands. I sat down, broke a piece of
bread, and put it to ray lips. It tasted
unspeakably sweet. I did not ask why
it was so, probably because I thought it
was so:ue cake or sweetmeat. I rin.ced
my m ath with, water, and dried my
mousuiche witli my napkin, when, to my
snprise. the napkin tasted sweeter than
the bread. Then I was puzzled. I again
raised my goblet and, as fortune would ^
have it, applied my mouth where my
fingers had touched it before. The
water seemed syrup. It flashed upon me
that I was the cause of the universal
sweetness, and I accordingly tasted the
end of my thumb, and found that it surpassed
any confectionery I had ever
eaten. I saw the whole thing at a glance,
i had discovered or made some coal tar
substance which out-sugared sugar. I
dropped my dinner, and ran back to the
laboratory. There, in my excitement,
I tasted the contents of every beaker
and evaporatit.g dish on the table.
Luckily for me, none contained any
corrosive or poisonous liquid.
"One of them contained an impure
solution of saccharine. On this I worked
then for weeks and months until I had
determined its chemical composition, ira
cb uttcioristics and reactions, and the
List modes of making it scientifically
<jid commercially. W hen I first published
my researches, some people
laughed as if it were a scientific joke;
otheis, of a more skeptical tum, doubted
the discovery and the discoverer, and
still others proclaimed the work as being
of no practical value. When the public
first saw saccharine, however, everything
changcd. The entire press, European
and American, described me and my
sugar in a way that may iiave been ecluying,
but was simply amusing to me.
Ami then came letters. My mail lias
ran as high as sixty a day. People
wanting samples of saccharine, my autograph,
or my opinion on chemical
problems, desiring to become my partner,
to buy my discovery, to be my
agent, to enter mv laboratory and the*
like.
a w0:st??2fctj success.
"What have I done? I have started
a company in Germany to mannftctuie
snfrfrnyfop. v.-'fo r. of_ ^000,(KX>
"marks. Tiiey are already at wofkj" SbTE '
are now producing the new sugar. It ^
fc^^r rather v?"e sell it, betwggE ??0
these
figuresifet^vri'oiy before a year has
gone past. I would rather have started
in this country, which is my home, but
the high price of skilled labor, and the
high tariff on the crude materials (tine
chemicals) of which saccharine is made,
deterred me and my friends from so
doing. I will say, however, that if applied
chemistry continues progressing as
it has done in the past decade, we shall
open branch works here within the next
five years."
Saccharine is proving a wonderful success.
It is used already in many ways.
It is employed by the makers of glucose
and beet sugar. These are inferior in
sweetness to cane sugar, but superior in
flifyestihilitv and liealthfnlness. The ad
dition of a trilling fraction of saccharine
makes them the equals of the finest cane
sugar in the market. Saccharine is so
sweet that a tcaspoon'ul converts a barrel
of water into syrup. A small wafer
of it converts the bitterest quinine solution
or aciu di'-iuc into a regular molasses.
it will, therefore, be invaluable
in disguising and destroying all the bitter
and sour tastes in medicine without
changing the character or action of the
drugs.
Saccharine does not decay, mould or
ferment, neither is it attacked by
bacteria. It has no injurious effect upon
the human system. What effect has
been noticed is rather beneficial than
otherwise. This immunity from decay
will render it oi great utility. Where
sugar is used as a iiavor and not as a
jlooci, is Lounu i. j ?jo ie^iaccd saccharine;
where a^ a foou anci liavox* combined,
it will not be. In the future the
new sugar will be used by druggists,
physicians, bakers, coniectioners, candy
makers, bottlers, preserve and pickle
makers, liquor distillers, wine makers
and dealers in bottlers' supplies.
riC FORMATION* OF SACCHABISE.
Tiic nc >' coal tar oduct, saccharine,
v.hieh is o\p;-ctcI to i rove very useful
pa account of its ssreeteazBg power?in
icspcci .o v.hieh it .i'.:::.-.'!. to c:uie sugar
in liie rano oi ??0 l0 i'-1 Viinch
considerable antiseptic properties are
combined?was mentioned at length bySir
Sydney Ilescoe in a recent discourse
at the lioval Institution. This new substance
was described by the lecturer as
the most reriirkable of. all the marvelous
products of the coal tar industry. It
is not a sugar, but contains carbon,
hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen;
and its chemical name is benzoyl sulphuric
iniide. It is neither a nutrient
nor a.i.':on. It ii derived from, the
toluene of coal tar, by a process comprising
at least seven distinct steps; the
whole contributing a triumph of synthetical
chemistry. Toluene is first heated
with sulphuric acid oi IGb-J,- degrees
Twaddeli. but not above 100 degrees* C.
.liter all the original toluene has disappeared,
the mixture is run into wooden
tanks partly iiiled with cold water, where
it is stirred up with, chalk. The mass
thus neutralized is -lit--red tlirough a
iwi mother
ition folio solc&onof <foe
sodium calta ihus obtained is evaporate!""'*'^
and tlio solid residue dried bv^nfeam
heat. This material is then mixed with
phosphorus trichloride, and treated v>itli
a current of chlorine. Certain residuals
are then driven oli. and the apparatus
contains two snip iO -?- +?* chlorides?one
solid and the otner liquid. Only tlic
latter is capable of yielding saccharine.
Tin's is now separated, mixed with solid *
ammonium c .rl .;ai'e. and steamed.
After jjomci . arihe-r mecliauieal treatincnt,
tlicl'x- --- ^::'"i^-d by potassium
permar^anaL;, and, nnaily, the pure
saccharine is pr c; jitated by dilute min.
'nil _LL . 11 i2i> sweater tasta
than sugar, and a faint, delicate flavor of
bitter almonds.
This is the sc-iu-ou of liie year "when you
cau get what you Uo not v/aat real choap,