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" *""*"^"*"'>^^M*' " " " " lM'^' " i r ----- l~^ - -._ -^?- ^ ??^? II - - ? ?II T - - - II - 1 |? WEEKLY EDITION. WINNSBORO, S. C., WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1882. V,9.T^TJfiTTVJ\~T^ |Q^A :^:fj|jj . The Flowers and the Soul. .* All through the lonely, dreary "winter days, Some fragrant plants ceased not to grow and S bloom, y Enlivened by a hearth-fire's steady blaze, Where ruddy coals defied the gelid gloom, Which outdoors did abound. i ^ Quite lustily they throve, and seemed to jfcjfe steal, T' For increase, each pale sunbeam that down Jr shone; Well -were they cared for, and were made xL to feel The impress of that sabtle charm-which home | So gently girds around. Until the joyous springtime came apace, An ear its mystic echoes seemed to ring, And nature showed {a bright and kindly '< face, So that the birds no longer feared to sing Upon the budding boughs. i". - ~ Then there arrived a very bosy day; The close-grouped plants were parted, lifted ! forth And carried to a garden, far away, All greenly beautiful, which toward the north : 2Jo prospect wide allows. Ah, much we missed the tender, leafy : >." i screen, The pretty blossoms 'gainst the window pane! j Regretting then at first, we did not deem | m. That only then departed hUd their reign, j Invery sooth, begun. -- -^=7-" ?^ j - ?" And here we see a likeness to the soul, dwells at hf^t within a Dleasant room. While bound to earth, yet ever lies its goal ; In Bealah's shining meads beyond the tomb, I Where glows the Eternal Sun. ?Boston Bulletin. ?= Running Away From a Rival. "'Tis a burning shame," mused Alf j Singleton, discontentedly, " that amid I so many fair and charming women one cannot be sure of finding a true, I I disinterested heart. The poor ones are j generally given to fortune hunting^ i while cvc-n the heiresses seem none too ' i high or proud to angle for a few extra i thousands: If I could believe in the genuine goodness of any of them, it would be?but, pshaw!" he broke off, gloomily, "no doubt she is just as ' heartless as the rest, if one chose to | ocaij tiic mattei* And the misanthropic young bache- j lor bit off the end of a fresh cigar half savagely, as, glancing in through the , open window, he saw Esmeralda Hue i smiling sweetly up into the face of an elderly gentleman whom he knew to be the possessor of a handsome forv tune. & "Just like the rest of her sex," he j continued, moodily. " She would sell j KAoiifr?AT>lr tnpk Trillin atIy" I HCi JUUUil Uiauv; V^LJ U\s\s 1> for that old curmudgeon's half million. And yet," with a tender, reflective look softening his features, " it is only ! two evenings since that her face changed color and her eyes grew moist at my reading of ' Locksley Hall.' Aj : . . man might have staked his life just I J ihe3_n^ h^^iii?L?^^Ie- oL^-siJ ficing-*^TTC2iing for love's sweet sake.; WF** And here she is, smiling like an angel imnn old Monevbags! Bah! I feel; like turning my back forever upon them all." Svt r But he didn't. After one or two more hesitating turns up and down the piazza he threw his cigar away, and, entering the ballroom, walked straight up to Esmeralda and asked her for a waltz. The young lady seemed much inter ested in her conversation with " Old * Moneybags," as Alf had disrespectfully dubbed the wealthy Judge Ingram. Still, at Alf Singleton's approach, a flush of unmistakable pleasure rose to her fair cheek, and, excusing herself to her companion, she Avas soon gliding through the mazes of a perfect waltz to music that might have stirred the pulses of an anchorite. Alf was an exquisite dancer, and, as he passed the judge with his arm en circling Esmeralda's graceful form and L his handsome head bent low in conversation with his lovely partner, he was quite sure he detected an expression of jealous envy upon tne eider gentleman's face. 'l "Ahar he thought, with a thrill of ungenerous triumph; " he is probably p, thinking just now that money can't . buy everything. TTell, after all, youth and good looks are better than riches, and if Miss Esme has made t}p her mind tc^ choose the latter, I will, at least, make her realize to the fullest extent the happiness that her choice JlT will cost her." And he was as good as his word, 2Tever before had he been so brilliant, p. - ^~inCer^ttng-,'-3o-?t tractive? JElsme^ co*.morl <1^ an&hamw. too. in y: ' his society, and so charmingly apprejfe ciative of his efforts to win her regard. that he felt almost inclined to think he had misjudged her. For one brief, blissful interval life began to look all frv r\r\r\y Allhf-tAftnfPfl W MVWi S*vv*w wv^v^vx* &>. Alf until in an evil moment he introL duced the subject of the lady's wealthy admirer. " He is the most charming old gentle^ man in the world," declared Esmeraida, with the prettiest blush imaginL able. " Indeed, Miss Esme, the judge is Pk fortunate in having. such a lovely champion," said Alf, a half-sneer but ~ . partially concealed in his light laugh, j K-1 "wonder if it is to his own charms, | or those of his half-million, that he owes the happiness of your?love?" j He had not meant to say that last Ki word, but since he had spoken it he gglr" breathlessly watched for its effect. Pl^ If she had no ambition as he had j ascribed to her, this was surely a splen- j did opportunity to disclaim it. P^v "Mr. Singleton," she exclaimed, im- j . petuousiy, a flash of real anger in her j tt- blue gray eyes, " such a question does h no honor either to your head or heart. | Judge lactam is a noble man. and I should think of him just the same if he had not a dollar in the world." Alfs heart sank, and, as the waltz | BB&vfc*-.. was ended, he led her to a seat, and soon found himself once more pacing moonlit piazza in bitter restless- i spirit. He did not believe that Hk "ioni tae iud5e? despite the eviv or which she had displaved. ~ girl like that could love -h to be her father. He I ! still believed that she meant to wed | him for his wealth, but that her pride i impelled her to make the world think : otherwise. Well, he loved her, he reflected, with a sad, half-mocking smile; yes, he 1 loved her, this fair, sweet girl who ; had seemed so very near his highest ! ideal of womanhood. But he would I never lay his heart at her dainty feet to be cast aside for another man's gold. Yet he could not stay to be tortured by the sight of a rival's happiness. No; before Esmeralda opened her lovely eyes upon a new day of triumph he would be far away from thrc miserable watering-place! ^ "T5 The sun vras setting upon a beautiful mountain landscape in the far \v est. ah singleton was comommg business "with pleasure, and, -while business led him to the pretty "Western town whose modest houses were scattered picturesquely about on the level plain at the foot of the mountains, he was tempted by its beauties to remain and explore the many points of interest in the "vicinity. But it was not until, in turning the leaves of the hotel register, his eyes fell upon the name of Judge Ingram that he bethought him of the fact that Esme's home was in the West?per JUL<xl>?? ill IjU<1V vci^v i/uy)n, ivi au^uu jllv knew. He remembered that she had sometimes spoken of her Western home, though she had never named the particular spot thus favored. That Judge Ingram should cross his path again in this faraway locality, aroused all the old-time love and jealousy which he had thought buried long ago. " Judge Ingram is here, I see," he said, speaking with affected carelessness to the clerk. "I bad a slight acqujuntance with him in the East. Quite wealthy, is he not ?" " Yes, sir," replied the clerk, politely, u but he is nor here at present. He is visiting his wife's relatives just now, i believe, and you could probably find him there. It is but a stone's throw from the hotel." a TTJc volofivoc V ophnpr? A If JLJLlO 'I XXV k? X 1 VV^AVVV* - - - " And they are? " " Colonel Rue's family?old and honored residents of this city. Why, sir, didn't you know?" "Xo," said Alf, briefly; "the judge was not married when I knew him." And, thanking his informant, he turned on his heel and left the hotel, as the clerk supposed, to seek the judge, but in reality to hide the agitation which this sudden confirmation of his t>ars caused him. Poor Alf! It was hard work choking back the bi<* lump that would stick in ?. :V > . x his throat at the bare though* Rno hpinor nnnt.hpr man's wife. To think that he had fled from the mere possibility of his rival's triumphant happiness at that Eastern wateringplace only to confront the bitter fact in this far away Western town! His heart was swelling with indignant sorrow as he turned to climb a hillside whose uneven paths and jutting boulders offered a chance for action and something of an escapevalve to his excited feelings. Turning a sharp curve in the path, it j seemed only natural and a part of his j luckless fate that he should suddenly i come almost face to face with the two i who were uppermost in his thoughts. They were seated upon the fiat sur ! face of a large projecting rock, as if ! resting after a long ramble over tlie ! mountain. Esme was busying herself I with pressing some freshly-gathered ! wild flntvPTx hpf-swpn the leaves of a j book she held, while the judge alter] nateiy watched her at her fascinating j task, and looked away over the grand | and picturesque landscape with an ex| pression of serene and perfect happi| ness on his noble old countenance exasperating to behold. Alf had just time to grind his teeth together savagely ere Esme glanced up from her flowers, and for a full half minute they looked straight into each other s eyes. lie noted the warm color slowing rising in the clear, fair cheek of the woman he had loved and lost, until a deep, rich crimson dyed the lovely face from forehead to chin. I Then he raised his hat, with a slight smile of triumph, and turning abruptly on his heel vanished from Esme's sight before the judge had even withdrawn Ms contented, admiring gaze from the magnificent panorama spread out before them. Esmeralda did not mention her mo[ mentary vision of her old lover, but i the carnation roses glowed in her cheek long afterward, and dreams i TvlnVh sIia t.hnncrnf. dead and almost I ???*" i buried out of sight came to light again with startling vividness, and she knew that she had never ceased to love Alf Singleton, and never should until her dying day. What did that strange expression in his eyes mean when he looked at her just now? There was the same look which she had once thought was love in those delightful days when they wandered together by the summer sea; and the same half-mocking light which had so often marred the manly beauty of his countenance, only both were now intensified. Yet if ho had loved her then, why had he gone off so suddenlv without a word of explanation or farewell? But while Esme was thus puzzling her brain over a problem which had often troubled her, the judge was happily unconscious that anything had occurred to disturb his fair companion's tranquillity. Therefore, when he almost ran over my hero that same evening in turning a street corner, he "was honestly glad to see him, and almost overwhelmed poor Alt with the heartiness of his greeting. "What torture is there imposed upon man by the requirements of civility comparable to that which forces him to congratulate a successful rival upon the winning of that which was the object of his owr learest hopes? This ! was the ordeal poor Alf had to go j j through, and his mariner was very ! ' cold and constrained as lie did so. | "Yes, my bov," said the judge | v.c.o?Yi?rirr liL-ft cnncViinp iinnn hi<5 I . AAIW ~ "A'"" ; wretcL ed listener, "lama happy man. ; My wife is one of the loveliest of i women, and belongs to one of the j finest old families in this place?the I Hues. But I believe you know them." i "I had the honor of Miss Esme's ! acquaintance last summer at Cape May," said Alf, trying to speak nat- J urally. r?. \ V. **AA vs /-* A r\ re ' ' CO i/1 I > c^, ^uau^ uu^, ocwvi vi&v | | judge, shaking bis curly old head at < | Alf with his brightest smile. " I once | j tliought there was a very promising I love affair going on in that quarter, but I was an old fool just then?in ' love myself, and fancying that everybody else was. But come round to the colonel's and we'll talk over old times, Singleton. Esme will be delighted to meet vou again, I'm sure." And the ! judge moved off. scattering smiles of sunshine as he went. " He hit the mark that time," thought Alf, as he walked back to his hotel, moodily resolving to leave the town by that evening's train." " There is no fool like an old fool. He fondly believes that Esme Rue married him for love, while I know that it was only for his money. If he had seen the way she blushed to-day at the mere sight of her old lover he would hardly have invited me around to talk over eld times with his wife. An old fool, indeed, I pity him, with all his wealth. But I'm not quite villain enough to accept his invitation. No, I'll pack my valise once more, and see if I can find a spot where I shall not be tormented by the sight of that old simpleton's happiness." Alf kept his word, and two hours later, valise in hand, was walking firmly toward the dej>ot whence the coming train would soon, bear him from Esmeralda's too fascinating i neighborhood. i It was not strictlv necessary that he j should pass her home on his way to the I depot, but that was ona temptation j which he found it impossible to resist. In his heart he longed to cross that shrubbery-dotted yard and vinewreathed portico; to enter that white cottage and clasp for one moment the dear white hand of the heartless wo man he had loved; to gaze down into the depths of those blue gray eyes until he brought the conscious blush to her cheek, that blush which told him that he alone reigned king of her heart, wife though she was. Some men would have done so; but Alf contented himself with walking past very slowly, gazing at the open windows so intensely that, in the "gruwiag dusk, he almost brushed against some one leaning over the low white gate before he knew where he was. One swift glance and then they clasped hands over the gate as by a i common irresistible impulse. Esme I l-l-.-l. '? Uft rtAlll/1 PflA fliof WcU> UiUMiilig UCCjJ.M' UCUUU1U ott wmi even in the dusk?but as for poor Alf, he "was very white and his breath came quickly. "Esme!" he exclaimed. Then, remembering, he added: "I beg your pardon, Mrs. Ingrain. Let me congratulate you." "Mrs. Ingram!" echoed Esmeralda. "What do mean, Mr. Singleton?" " I mean to congratulate you upon vour brilliant marriasre," said Alf, somewhat bitterly. "I met your husband, the judge, an hour or two since* and he invited me to call and see you. However?" " My husband?the judge?" repeated Esme, looking as if she thought him bereft of his senses. "What do you mean, Mr. Singleton?" " Are you not Judge Ingram's wife ?" he asked, hoarsely. " Indeed I am not," she answered, a mischievous look beginning to dawn in her eyes. "Then, who the deuce is his wife? He told me he had married into Colonel Rue's family, and asked me to call, saying 'Esme' would he pleased to see me. And I saw you together today. Xow, what does it all mean?" " It means," said Esmerelda, laughing now, "that J ridge Ingram married . my father's youngest sister, and, being here now, is stopping at our house. And I assure you, Mr. Singleton, he is the most charming uncle in this world." 1 A 1-f V?orr*il XWX\\^Vi. M\s >' IXUvl \JJLVkJUjLUjUVU | and happy all at once. "Tell me one thing, Esme," he pleaded. "Was he your uncle when you told me you loved him that night as we were waltzing at Cape May "Xo," she said, smiling; "but X knew he soon would be, and I had a i pcrfect right to lovehitn even then." | " Oh, Esme, why did you not give j me ail explanation tnen t " Because you did not ask for one." "Xo" (very much ashamed of himself). "A young fool is worse than an old one after all. But, Esme, 11 loved you so, and I believed you were J ; going to marry the judge for his i j money, and I could not stay to see it. i i You don't know how miserable I have j j been." j " "Was that why you left us without i o "*TT\rrl VAn f/irVl "Kr\TT 0" IV M ViUj T VSU Ks\s ? " Indeed it was !" Alf dropped his valise to the ground, | for Esme's crimson facs was hidden on j the rounded arms, crossed over the; low, square gate-post, and he was very j anxious to lift it from its hiding-place j and see the love-light shining in those ; bewitching blue-grav eves. And thus ; o ? . ? I we leave them to talk over the old, old ! - A. _ .1 i -1 - A1 I siory in uie deepening twrnguu uj. tutj that far-of! Western town. Texas papers tell of a young man named Harrison, who was attacked by i j three cowboys and three Indians in the ; nation, and, after a bloody battle, won j | the field. The Indians were killed and I all the cowboys wounded. ; The aggregate system of the Penn- , j sylvania company covers 10,015 miles j I of track. I FOR THE FARM AM) HOME. Liquid Ulanare, "N. D. P.," Xemaha county, Kan-1 sas, asks : " Why one cannot save the j liquid manure from his cattle, by i allowing the drains from the stalls to I empty into casks, -which can be carted I ujll ctb ulccll <ti> ucvcdsaiy <uiu apputru to the lands under cultivation ?" This would be an excellent method. The point is to save the drainage, a.nd it is not, as our correspondent has been informed, necessary for the liquid to be kept in tanks until it gets old. If the method suggested is most convenient, adopt it; if found more convenient to have ths liquid manure taken, up by absorbents, adopt that method. Any plan that will best save the liquid manure and put it upon the land in better than the usual no method, that allows this valuable fertilizer to run to waste.?Agriculturist. Potato Seed. My first purchase of the Early Rose was four quarts, says a correspondent of the American Cultivator. It was advised, in order to get the largest yield fiom the seed, to cut up and leave but one eye to a piece, and drop one piece in each hill. That advice was followed, and I will new say thai; , that crop has never been excelled in . size of tuber or in weight from the same : number of hills. Others have testified . to the same truth, but still persist in i using more seed than is needful. My . rule now is two eyes to each hill, hills . not over fifteen inches apart, and I can , see no reason to change this practice. The advantage of light seeding is twofold?it is a matter of economy and there will be a higher average in size of tuber than if too much ssed be used. Bruises on Horses* The" veterinary editor of the Prairie Farmer, in answer to correspondents, says : Farm horses are in some seasons more tbaD in others?in wet aDd warm seasons especially?subject to galled shoulders and backs, and which when not timely or properly attended to are apt to produce troublesome sores. The skin not only is abraded by the collar and saddle, but the flesh irritated and inflamed, and if the irritation is kept up an incborous dis- : charge takes place which is difficult to heal without giving the horse prolonged rest or freedom from work. ' "F'hen a saddle or collar gall is observed : the harness should be looked to, and : the pressing points which have caused i the sores should be removed. It should 1 be made a rule to sponge off the accumulated sweat and dirt from the collar and saddle part of the harness, as well .as from the shoulders and back ( of the horse, when he comes in from , work. A lotion should then be used to annoir.t the bruised parts every night, alter they nave Deen anea wun a soft cloth. Such lotion may consist of two quarts of clear lime-water, to ; which is added half a pint of linseed , oil and two ounces of powdered sugar of lead (the latter being first dissolved , in a little warm water). Mix the whole well together, and keep it in a , corked bottle for use. The Pig for the Pen. In selecting the pig best suited for . converting food into pork there are ( several matters to be observed, and . these should be naramount at the out- . set, as no after care can compensate ( for errors of selection. Fineness of bone insures having but little offal, and a pig with fine bone seldom disap- ? points his owner when he is slaugh- . tered. A broad, dished face, with 1 snout shoit and turned up, indicates . an appetite to fatten, and is one of the ( surest indications of a good pig. Xo , hog should have bristles, as these have been bred away from all of the best . breeds, and they will not be tolerated ! at present on any respectable farm, for . fhoT imliVntp rpst.lpssnftss ! , ~ ? J and preponderance of offal. Besides these outward indications, which in elude squareness of form, fineness of . hair and dopth and length of carcass, . the propensities of the pig should be 1 observed. He should not be a squealer ( nor should he be restless. He should . eat quieuy. aim ;uter ms juuuger is appeased should patiently lie down, without even traveling around his pen. As a rule, the disposition of the pig and ^ his propensities correspond to his form, 1 and but few errors will be made if the 1 selection ol' the pig is made as directed. Xo corn should be fed till just ' previous to hardening the fat, and all ] heating or fat-producing food should 1 be avoided as much as possible during ' the summer. A pig when in the pen will do well enough on vegetables, refuse, etc., if given a little bran or bran 1 slop daily, ;is corn can do its duty later i in the season.?Philadelphia Record. < Fnnd t>n#I Ercrrise for Fowl*. In cold weather fowls cannot live outside some sheltered place, nor, like the grouse and some other birds, subsist on berries. There are no insects, no vegetables to feed on, and the possibility of picking up grain when the | ground is frozen or covered with snow J is not to be entertained at all. The ; rinmpstm hf>n is not a wild fowl rtow. i "whatever she may have been primarily, ^ so she requires shelter, care and proper . food under domestication, and as much ,. in accordance with habit as possible, i < summer and winter. I ^ "When the fowls are deprived!, of outdoor range toward winter i ] flesh must then be substituted j j for insect food, for vegetables i, ? cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, i carrots, potatoes, etc., and also a rota- j. tjon ot gram to Keep in em neaimy ana , thrifty. Give only enough to keep up j ( eagerness for food when tL? feeding ^ time arrives. To be a good breeder is to be one who is willing, in part at least, to < give back an equivalent for what he i o ; receives from his properly tended 1 flock. j' Fowls cannot be expected to do well, < in too close confinement, even if they are provided with, good food; exercise is essential to health, and if debarred from this by not having ample range they must have some way provided for them that they can scratch and dust themselves daily.-within the narrow limits of their ' quarters. ? Poultry Monthly. ' Heading of Cabbase. How many of bur readers can tell us why the cabbage makes a large compact head instead of a loose one, like the collard ? In the wild state the parent plant does not head. There the process is this: The plant seeds up its flower stem in the spring, bears seed and dies, and the; seed are scattered upon the ground, and almost at once the young plants 'begin to grow. The next year the new. plants bear seed. And thus the process goes on indefinitely. But the process with the cultivated plant is dift'\fent. In this case the parent, after mntnring its seed, dies, and the seed are gathered by man and kept till the late fall, or perhaps the following spring, before they are planced. Thus time is lost to the plant and its tendency to flower is checked, and it does not bear seed because the natural growing season of the plant (late summer and fall) is delayed too long, and the plant husbands its resources for another season. Were the seeds planted as soon as gathered the new plants would make no heads, but run to seed the very first spring. This is why some of our late varieties of cabbage, if planted too early in the spring, have a tendency to run to seed f-Vio firof. v?!ir a v. snmpf.imps t.hft It is not until the time has been delayed several months that the disposition to form heads is acquired. For this reason the older the cabbage seed are the better they will head. The seed of the present year's growth should not be planted before next spring, and in all cases where it is desired to plant seed in the fall, old seed should, if possible, be procured. The seed of cabbage, turnip, mustard, kale, etc., keep a good many years, and are Generally better to plant than the new A cabbage left to mature seed should be pruned several times during the spring.?Rural Messenger. Recipes. Breakfast Cake.?Take some rice that has been boiled soft, twice as much flour as rice, a little fine Indian meal and a little yeast. 10x it with cold water and let it rise over night. This will make a very fine biscuit for breakfast. Boiled Lamb.?Use the upper part of a large leg of lamb, or a small one entire; wipe-it Wit'h a damp cloth, chop off the end of the leg bone and put it over the .fire in sufficient boiling water to cover it; season it with a level tablespoonful of salt and a small red pepper or a dozen pepper-corns, and boil it gently about two hours, or until ^uite tender. When it is done serve it with a sauce made as follows: Beat to a smooth sauce, without heating, half a pint of current jelly and a table spoonful of mild made mustard. A Cheap Soup?Wash and cut up without peeling two quarts of tomatoes, to which add a sliced onion ; stew till quite soft; then strain through a cullender and afterward through a wire sieve ; have ready a quart or more of milk thickened with a tablespoonful of corn starch, and a dish of croutons (bread cut into very small pieces and fried one minute in very hot fat) ; sea;;on with butter, salt and pepper, md when all is ready mix milk and hivmntftpc; in the tureen. and serve im mediately, with the croutons thrown Dn top, or served in a dish by themselves. Apple Snow.?Pare and core tart, juicy apples; cook with just enough water to keep from burning; sweeten with white sugar and beat perfectly free from lumps. When ccld add the juice of half a lemon, and for a dish large enough for six persons, the whites of two eggs; beat to a stiff froth, arid to the apple a spoonful at a ;ime; beat the mixture until it will irop whole from the platter. Serve with whipped cream. Household Hints. If your flat-irons are rough or soiled, put some salt on a flat surface and rub the face of the iron over it several times. The best way to clean common tinware is to take a damp cloth and dip it in common soda, and ruo the wars briskly, after which wipe it perfectly 1IV. Spirits of ammonia, diluted with water, if applied with a sponge or flannel to discolored spots of the carpets or garments, will often restore the color To clean a black silk dress take Dne quart of >spft water and put into it an old kid glove and boil it iown to one pint; then take a sponge sofi piece of flannel and sponge it 2>ver; then iron it on the wrong side vrhile it is damp. It will look bright a.nd new and will be quite stiff. For Light-colored silk take a white glove. " The Cost of the Fences. It has been estimated by BradstreeVs ihat there arc six million miles of L trinjc in L/iic in uv^c*. uoaww, one wov vi. which has been more than $2,000,000,300, or about $625 a mile. Formerly the fences of farms -were built of wood, and the annual repairs put a heavy tax upon the farmers. The last census shows that the cost of such repairs in 1S77 was $73,629,000. Most farm fenccs are now built of wire, and sixty thousand miles of " 1^ TfTAWA ImI llf in 1 QQ1 of A AA^f MlV/ii iciiuc ac vuuu xxx xuui, auawoi Df $10,000,00(1, or about half the cost per mile of the old wooden fences. President Barrios, of Gautemala, Central America, receives -a salary of ?1,000 a month. He has been in office twelve years, and is worth $8,000,000. Hie debt of his country is $9,000,000, ind growing. ~~2 THE SALMON WH EEL. A Novel Way of Catching- Fish on the Columbia River, Oregou. The following Ave clip from a Columbia River (Oregon) letter to the York Ecening Post: "How are so many fish caught? I haven'vnoticed any nets." "Xets are of no account now. Go on/1 cao fV>c?^:l > ?: .7 at? ? ow uiv .-van, sHiu uie captain, its he bent over aLd. rang the slowing bel' for the Dalles. \ Some time after I tj*w the "snail," and a most ingenious, Vccessful, detestable engine of destruction it was. The owner had admirably fluted it just above the Upper Cascades, the north bank of the river, the so^th bank being at that point almost impassable to the fish. It was placed jusl where the swift edge of the currenl makes a most inviting eddy, through which the salmon must naturally "run" on their way up streauu ,?J^re the cur..rent was about eight feet deep. The salmon never swinf Tower than fotu feet below the surface. Erected ovei what would be the entire width of the "run" was a huge frame. Suspended within this an immense wheel revolved, so adjusted on pulleys as to rise and fall with the changing depth oi water. Upon the spokes or arms of this wheel, eight in number, were fastened as m;my wire nets, each thirty feet in diameter, loose and baggy and movable, resembling in appearance the pouch oi a pelican. The current itself is the force that turns the wheel like an undershot. Very slowly it goes around. The great scoop nets spread lazily through the water, one after another, at just the depth where they are most fatal. Their arms almost pause and float motionless through the stream. But, though slowly, the great wheel called from this motion the "snail," does move, and with just the right tardiness, for as the nets emerge from the water they are so filled with the struggling prey that Jlr. Williams, owner of one of the wheels, pronounced 800 an average catch. At the proper angle above the net is turned upside down. Its contents are dumped along the arm. of the wheel to what might be termed its hub, striking which they rebound along a trough to the bank. It is a stirring but cruel sight, for there are many small and unmarketable fish in every "haul" The theory is that these are returned to the water and live, but it is like the "returns of the killed and wounded" after a battle?so stunned and maimed are they that few survive. The wheel presents a busy scene, ana tne proats inuso ue euurmous; for the simple contrivance costs but about ?400, and requires but hall a dozen attendants. There are four of these wheels on the river, and a gentleman engaged in the fishing business informed me that the calculation was they caught about half the salmon that gc up. There is a wheel on Bradford's island, abo\ e Bonneville, the work ol which has become so notorious (not merely killing merchantable fish, but in so doing destroying a dozen times as many of a size as yet too small foi commerce) that the public press has demanded its suppression. But all these wheels, as has been said, are "the production of a brain which aims tc j live without work." Probably i from 2,500 to 8,000 salmon (for proprietors of the wheels are very chary about giving actual figures), large and small, are caught every hour, night and day, of the week, save from Saturday to Sunday night. Compute the amount. I know of one actua] catch of 6,400 salmon in a day?large fish, suitable for the canneries. An experienced fishermen stated it as the result of his observation that about one in ten of those caught were used. Even of the number used, packed and sent down in barrels, one wheel kept the large cannery at "VVarrendale busy all through the season, and then the cannery couldn't take care of all! Looking at the descending stream oi half-dead fish literally " broken on the wheel," I could not but regard the question for a moment in the light of an angler and an economist. " * ."l ? _-1-i. XT LL jaeanwmie, uay auu ni^uo, uie ~ uaibarous and murderous" (lam using an intelligent fisherman's phrase) "snail" wheel is kept going, and the salmon are literally corraled by millions in the very haunts where they go to bring forth their kind. Meanwhile, too, all along the Sound to Alaska, the larger part of the fish so plentifully caught nrp. wasted, iust as the buffalo were in Montana, and the tendency, is to the same result?extinction. "What will become of an industry which supports 10,000 men when the price of its product has fallen three-fourths during the past few years? The Secret of Advertising1. Some merchants use but very little judgment about advertising. So long as they have an " ad." in some paper, J'<l>lUg lUi XL, tllCj tUlUn. 10 OUUI^ICHO, and trust to luck for the consequences. They shut their eyes and discharge their gim in the air, and wait for the game to drop. They aim for duck and get crow. Advertising requires as much good judgment as any other part of a merchant's business. Judicious advertising always pays. There are some business men who seldom advertise, and they are always complaining about their trade. They treat advertising as improvident shift less ieuows ao roois. ? nen trie sun shines they do not need repairing, and when it rains they cannot patch them. When trade is fair they see no need of advertising, and when trade is dull they cannot afford to advertise. Moral?Repair a leaky roof in fair weather, and advertise in all seasons. Advertising pays all parties, and better interest than any other commercial investment. \v nen a oanK oecomes unsteady a depositor is likely to lose his balance, xJying Cariosities. I Seven hundred and twenty pounds ' is the show weight of Hannah Batters >: by, the biggest woman in the business. : kI On the scales she would probably go | ' i a little above 500. It is an easy thing | . j to make fat women look 200 or 30G j j pounds heavier than they are. Mr& ! I Battersby, it will be remembered, car- ; i ried her husband, the living skeleton, j I out of the old Broadway museum at j j the time of the fire and saved his life, i ! She has a beautiful daughter, who is ! j living with her father in Penn- j ; sylvania. The next largest woman | ; is Jessie TValdron, a sixteen-year-old [ mountain of flesh, who was born and ; reared in Greenpoint, Long Island. | ; She is six feet six inches high, and j ' -weighs about 450 pounds. On the - U ls she is put down as weighing 60C l pourj3# Emilie Hill is the lightest oi , the fatsyomen, -weighing only about _ i 250 pounds. She is only four feet 'r hlfii, and\-ig ijer immense cireum* , i ference that^akes her a great cnri, I osity. Pat "wov^n are easy to pick t ; up. Showmen hiH.-women all over J | the country that wffly}0, and by add j ing 200 or 300 pounds t* their weight _ ! on the gorgeous canvas thty awe the ; : public with their immensity. Living skeletons are the result ol ^ I disease, and cannot be. manufactured, j | While, doubtless, consumption ahflkj 1 i dyspepsia have made a few respectable : skeletons, the cause of their thinness ! is. for the most nart. inexnlicable. Xo ' j skeleton of consequence is shown who ? has not been examined by more doctors , | than all the other curiosities put to! gether. Calvin Edson, who died ten i years ago, and who, singularly enough, | was a violinist, came into prominence j twenty years ago, and was the first j living skeleton of account to be ex- I > j hibited. Isaac TV. Sprague is still alive : ; j and enjoying the comforts of home- ! | life iix Massacnusettss. He married | , : and became too stout for business. He j : < - n .1 i ; nas tnree Dig, strapping sons, uoiuuei ; Martin P. Avery, who died last win, j ter, in this city, was the adjutant of , j ex-President Haves' regiment. He ' . j was afterward made colonel, and was i | brevetted brigadier-general for brav- ! | ery. At the last charge at Petersburg : s ! a shell killed his horse under him and ] | tore his thigh. The wound never | k j U ! healed and was what reduced him to a I , ' living skeleton. Skeletons are gener- j , | ally ravenous eaters, but Colonel Avery j lived on ice cream ana miiK. a sKeie- i i ton is made to look thinner by dress- ' j ing him in black, the same as a fat ; i woman is made to look fatter by ( ; covering her frame with light or bright i | material. The trunk is kept well ! , ! covered, but the arms and legs, which ! : j are the thinnest parts, are freely | i j exposed. Another trick is to p^ice the j i skeleton alongside the fat woman, in , , ? ? ! which position he looks much more at , | tenuated than he really is. Dwarfs are simply natural curiosi( ties which must be put in contrast , j with larger people, but six inches or ' ! more can be added to giants without ! ! difficulty. High boots with high heels ' I high hats, and long coats really contribute three inches or so to the actual height and a foot in looks. Giants nearly always wear uniforms to make ( i them appear imposing, and they raise ! their arms slowly to give them a masi rnit? Por*foin Pofac YtATrnTTQr ol_ , ; aire ail. jL^au^o, uuitwtwj ai! ways insisted on appearing in a dress ( - suit. Chinese giants show to the best ! i advantage. The long gowns give ' | them the appearance of being taller [ j and heavier than they really are. The s 1 contrast presented by a woman in [ ' male and female attire will serve as j an illustration of this principle. In L ; dresses she looks muck larger ( than she does in trousers. It is amaz. ing to note how giants increase in | weight after being placed on exhibij bition. Their life of comparative ease and the freedom from care has the j effect of adding twenty-five pounds a ( | year to their weight. A giant, to sej cure an engagement, must be at least , : seven feet in height. There are too j many men over six feet six inches who ! LI . come to the show to contrast them , j with. There are seven giants, in' j eluding a pair of twins, in a familv in Texas, three of whom are on exhibition. Bunnell has engaged Marina, the beautiful giantess, who is leading the ballet in the Amazon's march in i London, and she will come over next year. Her Height is over eight ieet, ; and she is young as well as handsome. . ' i Mrs. Bates is the only woman who is : taller.?New York Times. The Largest Telescope. i | The largest telescope in use is the .1 great reflector of the Earl of Rosse, at i; Parsontown, Ireland. The instrument ' weighs twelve tons. The speculum is j six feet in diameter, and has a focal ! i length of about fifty-five feet. The larg- i I est and most effective refractor tele1 scope in the world now in actual use is , I the one in the Naval observatory in ' i "Washington, constructed by Alvin ! T'lo-rl- Xr Qnnc rimlir!era \foco I LV vuiuwiiugv-j This is the instrument which has I been rendered famous by the dis| i covery of the two moons of Mars. \ i An instrument of one-inch greater aper- [ : ture has just been mounted in the Im-1 i perial observatory at Vienna, the one j . at Washington having an aperture of j twenty-six inches and that at Vienna j j twenty-seven. Two still greate; re- j I fractor telescopes have been ordered, j ' one for the imperial observatory at j Pnltowa. Russia, with a crlass of thirty ! inches diameter and focal length of ! i ? i ! forty-five feet, and another, of equal or ! ; greater dimensions, to be mounted in ! the Lick observatory on Mount Ham- ! ilton, near San Francisco. Galileo is ; regarded as the inventor of the tele- ! i n i i scope, although before he exhibited his i instrument at Padua, Italy, in 1609, : Hans Lippershun, of Holland, had invented the convex object glass, and Galileo is said to have got his idea from | hearing of discoveries made by Metius. j a Hollander, through a combination of ^ lenses. Present evils always seem greater ' than those that never come, Oriental Traffic and Wealth. How many German and Italian cities owed to this toilsome Oriental traffic their wealth and magnificence? Professor Thorold Rogers brings this out clearly in his most interesting book on the " History of Agriculture and Prices in England" He says : " In fhPk nonfiirtr eu/*T* fAH'TIP or *ii.vvv**wu vv-uvUi.^ UUVii WVOIW (W Xuremburg and Eatisbon, Mayence and Cologne, were at the height of their opulence. The water-way of the Rhine bears ineffaceable traces of the wealth which -was carried down it in the numerous castles of the robber barons, the extirpation of whom became the first object to which the resources of civilization were directed. Th A tri)rlo /vf fho "Poof onri/Vho/l Vmrrrhoro of the Low Countries till, after a long and tedious transit, the abundant spices of the East, increased in price a hundred-fold by the -tolls which , rapacity exacted and the profits merchants im-. posed, were sold in "small parcels by the grocer or apothecary, or purchased in larger quantities by wealthy consumers, at the great fair of Stourbridge or in the perpetual market of London," (voL iv., p. 654.) Then came a memorable revolution. "Western Asia was repeatedly ravished by the Turkish and Tartar hordes. In -jnany rich, fertile and famous coun^v^the cultivated lands returned to their p*s3^itive desolation, great cities shrank intoN^jsera^ig COuntry towns, and the peoplev^k into an incurable and hopeless lethav^ The Christian merchant found it m^ ^ more dan. gerous, less and less pr<teiMe> to pen_ etrate into the interior of -c ^ length the Turkish conquerors"!^? the Bosphorus and the Hellespont. The Greek emperors gave place to the Ottaman sultans, and under their new masters tne jsuxine ana Asia Elinor were, closed to Christian coffimerce. From Constantinople the Ottomans spread their conquests to the Danube on the one side and the Euphrates on the other. Finally Selam I. subdued Mesopotamia, the holy cities of Arabia and Egypt, and stopped the last overland route a few years after Yasco de Gamahad discovered the passage round the Cape of Good Hope. Professor Thorold Kogers has shown with great "fullness how Selim's conquest of Egypt raised the price of almost every DnVntal rnmmnriit.v imnnrf-pri intn "Rn rope. The same conquest struck a fatal blow at the greatness of many an Italian and German city. Prom this epoch we may date the decline of Yenice, and Venice scarcely suffered more than Ratisbon, Augsburg and JSTuremburg. There, for generations, many an untenanted palace, many a silent street, reminded the traveler of that great rhantre in the line nf "Eastern wimmew Then Portugal first, and afterward England and Holland, seized on the sea route to India and on the traffic of the East. England, who added to that rich monopoly the empire of India and of the seas, was to Europe all that Venice and Genoa, Augsburg and Xuremburg had been; and she was much more. But the decline of the Ottoman empire, followed by the construction of the Suez canal and of the Alpine tunnels, has reopened the old path of commerce. The cities ot the Mediterranean are reviving. The Mediterranean states have gained much and we have lost something, even in the last two years, and as time goes on they will continue to gain and we to lose. Any one who visited, as I did, the cities of Southern' Europe forty years ago, then cities of the dead, would hardly recognize them now?all bustle, activity and progress. But we must not forget that political freedom has had as much effect as the return of Eastern commerce in the renewal of their prosperity. The English merchant is not so selfish as to complain of a change which has benefited the producers and consumers of the world. Instead of sitting down with his hands before him, bemoaning his hard fate or living upon a reduced trade, he has found out new trades, if not so profitable to individuals, even more beneficial to mankind than those which he has lost.?Fortniahtlv Review. IIow Candies are Made. Candles are so often adulterated that it is not easy to obtain permission to visit a factory where they are made. The other day, however, a correspondent obtained permission to visit one of them, and some of their mysteries were explained to him. Children often wouuer nuvv tue cream geus msiuc ils chocolate coating. This is the process. A large number of wooden trays, an inch or two in depth, are placed on a table and filled with corn starch. Impressions are then made in the starch by a brass mold. The hollow spa^ left by the mold are then filled with a paste of starch and sugar, or cream and sugar, and the trays are put in a drying room until the paste is hard. The white balls of sweet stuff are next dipped in a pau of melted chocolate j r auu sugar, juuiu wmi'u tucv cjuicijjc with tbe familiar rich brown coat which so entices tbe appetites of the young people. Jordan almonds are made as follows: The almonds are toasted, and then thrown into a great steam-heated copper pan, the revolutions of which keep them rolling over and over. Some boiling syrup is poured over them, and the motion of the pan distributes it squally over all of them. More syrup is added until the coating: is of the de sired thickness, and then cold air is blown in tipon them, leaving them hard and white, a thinner syrup being used at last to give them a smooth surface. Chocolate duchesses are made by a crystallizing process. A cupful of cream is added to a pan of boiling syrup, and the mixture is poured into such cornstarch molds as are used in chocolate creams. As it cools, the sugar separates in crystals from the cream, retaining the latter in their sweet husk Common stick-candy is mad? by what is known as the pulling process, The requisite quantities of sugar and water are boiled for twenty-fire or v||3 thirty minutes?until they are done to a turn, as a housewife would say?and I then the bubbling mass of srolden dfisl! syrup is poured upon a marble slab, which has- been thickly buttered to '-'"IIm prevent stickiness. Any flavor can be m added to it, and if left upon the slab, it would make clear candy. If it is to be pulled candv, it is kneaded like /JhS dough until it becomes cool, and a deft /'Ism workman then throws it over a hook. pulling it to the right and left-until it looks like a huge rope. The mass is then placed in a machine through - 3| which it passes, coming out in. smooth. . well-rounded sticks. , Somnambulism in Dogs. There is sometliing peculiar about .^^3 somnambulism when considered from a scientific and philosophicalstandpoint- " stD^retains a dim idea, even-while he . ' ; ' is asleep, of the condition of affairs : ?& when he went to sleep. For instance, ? if he leaves his clothes in a certain > part of the room on retiring, he knows TJsSm when he rises just where to find them, ^119 even in the dark. This is a question which opens up a wonderful field for phvsioloffical and mental research. zzmgm When young and giddy we became :vf? a somnambulist, and excited a great deal of curiosity by our strange freaks during sleep, and this one ques-^ tion of the slumbering and its memory of facts ex- - - ^ isting prior to sleep was the most remarkable thing about it all to ns. We puzzled over that a good deal. ? ~ 14 retire to rescind the next thing we would wake up in the miasj<]|^a -~30i contiguous melon patch, and Ht5r5tasswould be two or three other somnamhnlists thftrfi in the same natch and as much surprised as we were. Still r|l| there is the same truth staring us in ;j| the face. Every somnambulist there had through his sleep retained in his semi-conscious state a perfect recollec- rlfl tion of where every article of his "' 'TM clothing was and how to get out of the ' upstairs window without waking the old people. - t&B By-and-bve the owner of the melon patch procured, at a great expense, a large, humorous bulldog, who was also _ ^ a somnambulist He walked in his ' 1 sleep a gooa aeaL ims is wny we . quit. We didn't propose to descend /ifw to the level of the bnite creation. We :*L| just said, if a bulldog wants to somnam, ' ^ 1 he can do so and we will leave the v|| field to him. "We made this resolution one night ^ _ just grfrgTEfefehad plugged a water- ,?^ r i n il act, we felt a paug of conscience and ?> heard our suspenders break. Perhaps the casual reader has never :-^0 sat down on a buzz saw and felt him- 'VtSli self gradually fading away. If so he does not know what it is to form the -'.'/S acquaintance of a somnambulist bulldog in the prime of life. After that somnambulism didn't : have such a run in our fafhily for a ^ while. We never slept so sound that 1 we didn't remember places and objects that bad made an impression on us ^ 1 prior to slumber, and that is why we ;|?| say that there is something in this ; matter that scientists would do well : ;p to look into.?Bill Nye. Eat Your Breakfast First. Dr. Hall is authority for the follo wing thoughts upon breakfasting before much exercise in the open air, particularly where fever and ague are abund- ..-J ant: Breakfast sh ould be eaten in the gs morning before leaving the house for exercise or labor of any description; 3 those who do it will be able to perform. more work and with greater alacrity than those who work an hour or two before breakfast. Besides this, the average duration of life of those who take breakfast before exercise or work will be a number of years greater than those who do otherwise. Most persons begin to feel weak after having been engaged five or six hours in their ordinary avocation; a good meal invigorates; but from the last meal of the day until the next morning there is an ..J interval of some twelve hours; hence 4^ the body in a sense is weak, and in proportion cannot resist deleterious " agencies, wneuier 01 cne nerce coxa o* winter or of the poisonous miasm" which rests upon the surface of the earth wherever the sun shines on a blade of vegetation or x a heap of offal This miasm is more solid, more concentrated, and hence more malignant, at sunrise and sunset than any other hour of the twenty-four, because the cold of the night condenses it, and it is on the first few inches above the soil in its most i solid form; but as the sun rises, it ! warms and expands and ascends to h point high enough to be breathed, and being taken into the lungs and swallowed with the saliva into the stomach, all weak and empty as it is, it is greedily drunk in, thrown immediately into the circulation of the blood, and j carried to every part of the body, de\ positing its poisonous influence at the j very fountain head of life. If early j breakfast were taken in regions where | chills and fever and ague prevail, and ; j it, m addition, a brisk fire were going in the family room for an hour, in* eluding sunrise and sunset, these 3 troublesome maladies would diminish in any one year, not ten fold, but a thousand fold, because the heat of the / ' fire would rarify the miasmatic air instantly and send it above the breathing point. But it is "troublesome" to be building fires night and morning all summer; it being no "trouble" o requiring no effort to shiver and shake | by the Hour, weeKs ana muuuis to Chicago people brag that they pay three per cent more for fruit than any other people. But we don't believe ' they get anjiiifiifiJMiracn- acne ovx /