MORE AND BETTER SOIL Mr. J. B. Hunnicutt, of Georgia, who is known as the author of a num ber of vary practical farming articles, has in a recent issue of the Southern Cultivator a strong article on "More and Better Soil." It is a good subject for farmers to think over these winter nights, and we publish Mr. Hunni cutt's letter in full below : Toe foundation of all and lasting success in farming must be laid in a better soil. The soil is the farmer's bank. Into this bank he must mike constant deposits of active working capital if be expeuat succesa. Hence it is all important that every farmer should thoroughly understand wba: his soil is and how be can improve it. For the past eighteen months we have been discussing this question in a more or :ess desultory manner and while this discussion has not been at together vain yet wa are [ainfully aware that a great many have not yet been fully awakened to its real mean ing. Thirafore at the risk of repeat ing we will discuss the question once more. "Ine upon line, precept upon precept" i4 still demanded. Indeed our very effort to explain the nature and powers of soil has taught us muah of real value. "Day unto diy uttereth speech, night unto night showeth knowlsdge," and eae* setting sun has left us wiser tban when tbe'day begun; the same Is true of each student of nature's wondrous ways. WHAT IS SOIL? Without uudertaking to give an exact scientific answer we desire to siy as it relates to farming, it is the top .f the earth and its plant food contentp. There is n specific line of demarcation between soil and subsoil. The depth of the soil at any particular place is not a fixed quantity, but may be in creased or decreased at the will of the farmer by his methodi of treatment. When the top of the earth is loosened up the air and sunshine and water circulate through it and make boluble the miner al elements of plant life which everywhere abound. Whi!e there are fourteen of these elements fonod in all plants, there are only throe of them that particularly concern the farmer. Nature wi 1 look after the others TOe three are: Pota-h, phosphori: acid, and lime. and thesu are found in amplt quantities in all soils; indeed t here i4 about nine thou sand dollars worth of th'm in every average ac:e of land taken to the depth of three feet. But in their native condi ion they ar' insolub'e, for plants cinuot use solids, but only liquids, their food must be fed to them in solution in water: RICH AND POOR SOIL What we call rich soil does not con tain more of thes- essential elements of plait food then what we call poor soil. But they are in soluble condi tion in the poor soil. They are made soluole by pulverization; if the soil be made fine it becames ricb. It ia a question c-f mechanical condition and not a question of mineral composition. The rich loam of bottom lands is made up from the fine particles taken from the poor hillsides and carried by the water and deposited on the bottom land. If we can make the hillsides as dn. as these Lottom lands the soil will be equally as rich. We mean to say that each farmer can make his soit deeper and richer simuply by plowing deeperg o s ree'O n ' The act t i T . average farm isi'a three or four inches badly plowed so cal fe WThe plowing has been done wfren the ground was too w'?t. The sunshin4 and the winds have dried the little lumps of earth into millions of what .we may properly call sun-drie I brick butt. The brick-bats are utterly incapable of furnishing any plant food to the growing crope. If you wish to knosw what par-t of your fields are composed of this miaterial take a fine sit ter an sift yotr soil. Only that part that goes thrjugh the sifter is fit to be called soil or is ready to furnish plant food. The rest is useless until palyerized mc that the average crop only has about one inch of soil upon which to drag its food. Below this three or four inches is found six or eight inchas of compact earth which for convenience we cal. hard-pan. It has received this name because it is too hard for water tc circulate freely through it eithez by gravity or cspillarity. It is also toc hard for the little feeding rootlets ot growing plants to penetrate. Hence it is worth very little if atnything to the growing crep. But this hard-patr i. filed 'with phosphoric acid, potastn and lime, the three great mineral ele ments of plant life. But though al present they are lecked up 5o tar as the plant Is concerned and below this hard-pan the earth is sufficiently porous for the upward anit downward circu lation of water, anti for the growth of plant roots WHAT WE CAN AND Ol'GIT TO DO Now a little study will make it clear that the Irst duty of every far-m'r is to quit plowing his land when it i. wet and quit making sun dri. d bick bats and proceed at once t>'mash e-very one ho has made b~y the repes el use of plows, harrows and r.'tle: s Next he should proceed to break up thiu tard-pan and make possible the free circulation of the water, air and sun shine atnd the tree growth of plant roots. By doing this he will almost indefinitely increase the depth of hiu soil, almost indefini'ely increase the ricnness of his crop, almost indefinite ly increase the profit of his farming. What we mean to say is ibi<; 'he Lord has made the earth ticb lie has fiiled it with the >.ecessary le ments of plant food. Hie has wisel) left it to us to make this food available or not, as we farm wisely or folhably we can make our soil deep and rich by simply plowaing deep and of en. Tbe hard pan is a creatut e of our rwn manufactu e madt t-y our folly anid ignorance. It is an interference with all good farmitng- Hence it is our first duty to proceed to r.m ye i: at once. No farmer aoul I b attie fled with less than fifteen inict es of well pnlveri~d snil. This dart th of soil will make possible such crops as we have not been accustomed to gath ering. What we call our poor upland farms with fifteen inches of soil can be made to produce from 50 to 100 bushels et corn per acre, from 30 to 50 bushels of wheat, from 60 to 100 bushels of oats, from 1 to 2 bawea of cotton; and so on of other crops. If you iloubt this, try to prove it false. Prepare any given number of acres witb fiiteen inches of soil and plant ar.y crop you please upon them and mike a fair test. Of course you can ise on soils thus prepared all tbe manure and fertilizar a you may be t)le to raise or are wil ing to buy. They will pay you a much larger clear per cent. of profit on these deep soils than when used upon the ordinary three or tour inches of soil. But you can become indepenre-it of chemical preparationi he !lis methol of farming. We bave said nothing of nitragen or ammonia, becunse it is not a i n eral element of plant life. It is founad in rich abundance in the atmosphere and carried Lv animal and vegerable matter and rain water into the earh in sufficient quantities wherever intelli gent farming is pursued upon fifteen inches of roil. Pepsin preparati.>ns often fail to re lieve indigeation because they can di gest only al'nminous toads. There is one preperation that digests all classes of food, and that is Kodol Dyspepsia Cure. It cures the worst caset of in digestion and gives insvant reliet, for it digests what you ea'. McMaster Co. H ESTER'S STATEMlKNT. New Orleans, Frb. 1.-Secretary Hester's New Orleans noti bly cotton exchange statement issued to-diy shoore an i: crease for the month in ronid figures of 27,000 bales. The total for January was 982.128 against 654,679 last yea-. Tne move tnent ,rom the 1st of September to January 31, includes total receipts at al, Unitea States delivery ports b,342, 427 against 4,770 056 last year; over land movement by railroads, acros4 the Missis)ippi, Ohio and Potomac rivers 852 814 a:aittnt 917,004 last i ear; s .uthern takings, exc usive of quantity consume I at aouthern out ports 735, 879, against 747,654, last ,ear, and in teri.r stocks in excess f those held at t--e cammenceient ,of the season 658,895 against 437,412 last year. Tuese nake the to al am nint of the cotton crop brougt into ight during the five months ending Jinuary 31, 7,590,015 against 6,812,177 last year. Northern -pinner. took duritng Jan uary 21G.443 bales agaiast 216,866 last year, inci easing thir total for ttie five months to 1,351,942 against 1,181,996 last year. Foreign exports for the first five months of the sesm)t have been 3,942 693 balee, showitig an increase over :ast season of 610,142. Stocks at tbe seaboard and the 29 :eading southern inte ior markets on January 31 were 1,665,620, against 1,6902850 the same date last year. Inciuding port and interior towns stocks left over from the previous sea son and the tnumbet of bales of the cur rent crop brought into sight curing the five months, the supply baa been 7,712,549, agains) 7,491,015 last year. lIn addition to the montrly figures, Secretary Hester's isesaed to-da scatemuent of the Weekly ID ent for the esv- ) .in? ebrulary 1, ioclu'i in~wtfi total brought into bht this ear 238,965, against 229,137 for the seveni days etnding February1 last sear. Toe most soothing, healin4 and an tiseptic application ever devised is DeWitt's Witch Ilazel Salve. It re lieves at once and cures piles, sores, eczema and skin diseahes. Beware of imitations. McMaster Co. If ever there were a time wben we needed to think of what we can have wit bout monvy, it is now. We think so much abeut money. We talk si much about money. We say we can do nothing without money. That is not so. We ein be saints without money; we can have peace of con science, peace with God, joy in God, we can have Heaven witthout money. -Margaret Bottomne in the February Ladies' Home Joutrnal. A Wife Says: "We have four children. With the first three I suffered almost unbearable pains from 12 to 14 hours, and had to be placed under the influence of chlorofe:-i. I used three bottles of Mothecr's Friend before our last child came, which is a strong, fat and healthy boy, doing my housework up towithin two hours of birth, and suf fered but afew hard(, pains. This lini ment is the grand-'' est remedy ever ~ madte." Mother's" Frend\ will do for cvery woman what it did for the MVinnesota mothcr who writes the above let ter. Not to use it during pregnancy is a mistake to be paid for in pain and suffering. Mother's Friend equips the patient with a strong body and clear intellect, which in turn are imparted to the child. It relaxes the muscles and allows them to expand. It relieves morning sickness and nervousness It puts all the o:-gans concerned in perfect condition for the final hour, so that the actual labor is short and practically painless Dan ger of rising or hard breasts is altogether avoided, and recovery is merely a matter of a few days. The Bradfield Regulator Co., Atlanta, Ga. Send for ..:u f*se t!ucraw I huk. L BRIEF STORY OF THU EXPObITION ro be Beld in Charleston--Its Grounds and Bnildings The South Carolina Inter State and West Indian Exposition will open in the city of Char'eston, S. C., Decem ber 1, 1901, and c'o'e June 1, 1902. The Exposition ccmpary ha; been chartered by the State of South Caro lina, with a capital stock of $250,000. Active work upon the expositig pro ject has only been in progre I81nce about the first of August lasit, and what bas been sccomplished in the period that has elapsed since then is w.ithout pqrallel in the history of ex position building. The site of the ex prsition will be on the eastern bank of the Ashley River within a mile and a half of the business centre of the city of Charleston. The grounds are beau tifully stuated, and will lend them. selves to the most arti4tic treatment. One-half of the grounds will be de y.'ted to the main exposition buildings, the midway concessions and the ad ministration offices of the great show. The remaining part of the grounds will preserve their present great nata ral beauty, and will be devoted to the buildings and erhibits made by the government and several states of the union, which will take part in the exposition. Some description of the architectural features of the fa'r will be of general public interest. The exposition grounds are divided into two main sections, one cnsist.ng of the old Washington Race Course propertr and the other of the Wagner fartm, r.trmerly the Lowndes place. Tue at ehitect-in-chief has alepted the general plan of developing the race course propLr on purely constructive lines and of preserving as far as pos bible ih- natural beauty of the Wagner place. The race course property has beeni employed for years for purely agricultural purposes, no race- of any importance having been given there ainee the war between the States. This part of the grouuds is entirely level. No better ite in the opinion of expert artists and builders, could b, found. About 22 acres have been re served on this part of the graunds for the midway concessions. The main exposition buitdirrgs surround a grand court at the western extremety of the old race course. This will be in hape something like an elongated horseshoe, with the cotton palace, or main expo sition building, occupying the toe of the shoe, with the csmmerce palace and the agricultural palace occupy ing respectively the two sides of the sh >e. These buildiugs, with their connecting coloninades, will extend for a distanue of about one mile. Within the horse shoe there will bi a sunken gard-n covering sveral acres, with a lake in the center. A wide esplanade of a'a menda about 60 feet in width will surround this garden. At the nortt'errn end of the garden there will be a grand plaza from which a splendid view wilt be obtained of ,tae main exposition buildings The istas opening out from tnis point through groves of Palmitto tree. which will line the outer edges of the walks around the garden will extend for a distance of 2,000 feet. Just north of the grand plazs will stand the sud iterium building, directly opposi:e tha eotton palace, from which a view may bobtained of the entire caurt of pala25 iib the sunken gardenaing its tree dte lpil banks which surround'i. expuaition buildings will be 400 fee ina leugh, with an average width 0: 100 feer, and, as already stated, wil be connected by colonnades, the cote struc:ionr being such that the colon nades can he used for exhibitr. Among the special attractions of thi court of palaces will be fountains and bits of statnary and handsomely de signed columns of the Spanish tjpe, al contributing to the beauty of the ace; e At one side of the sunken garden, a mu-ic stand will b3 erected, at the other en' ' ' nergola or lattica worl screen, za..,-.L ,.hich will grow dun ing the exposition period, the most beantiful of tropical vine'. Irn lhb centre of the plaza there will be a sun dial ten feet in height aid thirty fe in diameter. Whichever way the eye looks, there will be visions of beauty Toward the south, the great court o: palace, towards the east, the towers at the entrance to the midway, an< looking across the entrance way thi groves and minare s of the W~agner place. The main exposition buildings will be the cotton palace,'.the commere palace, the agricultural palace, the mining and forestry building, the and itorium, the administration building the machinery and transportation buildings, and other structures de voted to railroad exhibits, to restan rant purposes and to public comfort Besides all these there will s'antd en the Wagner place the United Sia es g vernmtent buildinn, the womnani' building, the seversl State and city building- and the nvgro depart m-nn Tie cot oni pal ace will be the taost imp sing of the exposition bun ding-. It will covet upwards of 50.000) teet of floor .ace, wi.t be .550 feet in leingtt andI at h-'a~t 100 leer in width. Oine ol the featu es of rhi, building vill be a rnngnificent p r nes,. I a thn a ctn'eJ of tibe bti ding will risj a n imposingf domea. to aheight oft more than 151 fett :n thistbuilding will be diep'aved tha Ir -duets of the cottorn mills of .he country, and, as South Carolitna ii the leading c a ton manzufacturingiState of the South arid the second cotton manu factutring State of 'h Unio~n i. is ex pectet that the displa, irn this kutiding will be the most com,>ilete arnd at tractive that ha. ever been ima te. The palaces of agriculture arnd comn met ce will eacth contain about 40 000 sqn.re fee:t o1fi flr area; in addit ot: to tieir connecting arcad.-s which will c .rnrairn in all about 20 000 .