VOL. II. dANNING h C A.\IE N DO )N COUjNTY, S. C., WEDNESDAY A U( ST 25 8. NO.37.
VOL 11.- -
1'OISAKIN6 'I'lli:(IIPl
GENERAL JOHNSON ! GoOD
FOl .A :mXEfl1 V%!.
An Essav Read Befe!C 'Ie e -;
Soclety and the Sate Uran :: aT
Summer Meetina cn Auv:, '. :.
It is doubtful whether, in all tfl time
since South Carolina was the huntin
ground of the Indian, any single imt of
a century has witnessed within her be:1
ers a relative progress in material welfar,
equal with the last. it needs no com
pilation of statistics to show this. Look;
at Columbia, the beautiful city in which
you are holding this summer rcding.
Compare her in 1865, sitting anid ases
and her population feeding on the refuse
cattle of Sherman's supply tain, with
her conditiun to-day. See her '.as
places rebuilt, often more substantiall
thr n before; her homes once more sur
rounded with the comforts of life, and
her people on the streets and in the
marts again steadily asserting themselves
in the battle of life. Columbia in this
but represents the State, and in the de
gree of her rehabilitation does not more
than equal the general progress. The
uncomplaining fortitude, the incompara
ble energy of the South in the struggle
to restore her fortunes, broken in the
late civil war, has been witnessed with
admirationbyall,andtomymiind presents
as much of the heroic element as any
thing in her history, from 6umiter to
Appomattox.
AGRIeULTt'RAL DEPRS1OY.
Yet, notwithstanding this successful
progress, and at its close, our agricultu
ral interest finds itself depressed, the
chief product of its industry selling at
best with no sufficient margin of pront,
and often, in individiial cases, at a point
below the cost of production. which im
perils the accumulation that has been
made. The agricultural mind is earn
estly and with justice demanding the
reason why.
It has been suggested that it is to be
faund in onerous financial legisLtion and
wasteful public expenditure. Others,
going deeper into the analysis, .have
sought the chief cause of the trouble in
the faulty business system upca which
our industry is based. There is perhaps
truth in both these suggestions, and eneh
deserves attention, but as to their rela
tive and practical importnce in the con
sideration of a meeting of South Caro
lina agriculturalists a few thoughts
occur. The taxes paid to the General
Governmeat, indirnet though they be,
are probably the largest levied upon our
pursuit; but in their leVy anut expendi
ture we have an interest and e, ntrol in
common with tifty millions of people.
Indirection makes it difficult to ascer
tain what we actually do pay; and ex
tensive community of intercst bCth com
plicates its efiect upon our special indus
try, and makes the desired cnange hard
to accomplish. With an over::helming
voting majority at the polls, and with
ordinarily a majority of repreirentatives
in the State Legislature. State levies and
expenditures have been and renmin
within our immediate control. The sup
port of Government is a nece_: ity, but
every cent taken from the taxpayer be
yond its economic and efflcient adminis
tration is oppressive. Does the present
mngement of the State Government
favorably meet the requirements of this
proposition? I think it does. It is not
pretended that there is no room for re
trenchment and reform. With some
special opportunities of observation it
has seemed to me that improvement may
be sought in the direction of a more
simple and a cheaper county adnumstra
tion; of confining the disbursements of
the charitable institutions of the State,
which exclusive of the interest on the
public debt consume one-third of the
State levy, more rigidly to those who are
p'roper recipients of charity, and in mak
ing the labor of convicts a source of in
come, to the relief of the taxpayer. The
inequaLity obtaining in the assessment
for taxation and the failure of the for
feited land laws to enforce the collection
of taxes operate injustice and denma
redress. All of these may be looked to.
When in position to do wo, I have myself
urged them upon the attention of our
law-making power; but it has not been
indicated where retrenchment and reform
to an extent appreciable in this connec
tion, can go further at this time without
in my judgment impairing the efficiency
of the public administration, or curtail
ing expenditures in the best interests of
the people. Be this as it may, however;
take thins as they stand, and let us con
sider. Te State and ordinnry county
taxes, together with the two-mill school
tax, are, one year with another, about
ten mills, upon a valuation of property
at little over one-half its selling price;
and estimating them per capita they are
about cne and two-thirds dollars to the
poplato2.How much can the burden
of such a tag ~ffect any healthy industry?.
No ubrc sjom the sum thus taIaen
from the farmer w1hat he must pay for an
efficient and well ordered government, ni
this be not such, and vou have the meas
ure of practical retrenchment; but in the
infinitesimal proportions of the saymyt
made when distributed among the inau
vidual farmers hve von found adeqnate
relief from the widespread depresion of
our ciling?
There are other assem~eents upon iaC
industry of the fatmer and liens u:pon
his land which pass under the nune, ci
and are collected as taxes. These beang
in no just sense taxes, breed. confusion
in the popular mind as to the amo'unt c'
taxation. I allude to coumity and own
ship subscriptions to railroads. They
are simply businessmivestments n'Nue by
the county or township uponi nae
considerations; stock in the, railroad b
dlways given in returnl for the supeCrip
n, and excpected improveme~.~ts :n tn
prp.ty of the subsc'iber is a father
idemnt. These anvestniets c Li1
-oters, ar 2mettina's wis, "id some
times not; b-ut it is well to classuy thehg
.c'orrctly. If a ?ai~mer buy- - mfule ani2
the purchase money C'a coeed througa
an otfficer of the law, it s; not taxes,
*a.nse the officer happens algo to be the
~tax collector. The farmer nos acede i
his individual capacity upon his own re
sponsibility. The profits of the trans:
.cion ae not to be credited to g-oo.
,rnmen'It; ';r its losses charged tc
m1.1'.d;inistration.
TnFE EEMEDY.
cut ignoring, or I think under
. :ect oL financial legislation,
F -:n or .iate, ipoi our agri
ur n, 'f thos ho tina that th(
m p it resent depression i
: eAt1m Uol which it is di
Of this sstem it has been said
1t 1s t 1eing abroad every
ae-L -roduee, and bringing
v0iUh::t we consume. That
... .... e e erce is nothing: cx
and iMports evcrvthing. That
017r capital finds investmentl1ht
t fr it !s iMnrilroads made
necessrv v this sytem. and whose ob
vicovs h i' i scuC..ring tile
loet 'haul. of Ii cgst freight, is to
tnif it. n t i:it un.er it
ieig over to the ruie of
th-atel -f ne opl ho are
occuped n dy wth the distribution of
the productsof .abor, addinjg vaue to
t nolce, and that
the merchait and tI transporter lave it
all their own way in apportioning the
avails. This may be too trenchant criti
eism, but we are compelled to admit thai
there has been much force in it in the
past; that there is too much force in it
now: and, until it substantially ceases to
aply to our methods, I can see no abid
ing prospeiity for us. We are too ex
Clusivelv devoted to agriculture, and our
agriculture is confined to too limited a
range of production. The standing in
junction of the agricultural journals,
"Keep the boys on the farm," is based
upon fallacy. It should be, "Send a
full proportion of them from the farm."
Put them to developing the rescurces of
our forests and mines; send them to the
trades and occupations which will supply
at home what we buy from abroad.
dild up manufactories of any and
everythini for which there is demand.
Invite capital to embark upon these in
dustries by favoring legislation. Thus
increase the class of profitable consumn
er, an d make for the farmer that home
market, which is for him the best of ail
markets, and without which he cannot
diversify to its most profitable extent the
products of his farm. The markets
broad, the farmer tinds the circle of
colpetition widening as he goes, and he
is handicapped with freights to an extent
Sthat contines his shipments to special
i not always his most profitable crops.
sWith u the list for exportation embraces
Sfor the larger part of the State but a
singc item, cotton. Rice takes the place
of cotton in a small sectio n, and there is
some talk of introducing tobacco as an
additional so-called money crop. But
what we want are the consumers to take,
and the crops to be sold, in the home
market. Fresh meats, the products of
the dairy, fruits, vegetables, live stock
a:e transported with a difliculty and at
c1 e:pense which Hinits the disteuce to
which they can be sent, yet it is in the
production of the most perishable of
thes e that the farm Inds the mnost re
mune -rative resuts his labor and the
largest increase in t& value of his land.
An acre devoted to market gardening,
near a city, will rent annually for what
will buy the fee simple to five acres de
voted La this State to cotton; and when
live stoeck is the object (the least profita
ble of the products enumerated, because
the least perishable and the easiest trans
ported to distant markets) a Kentucky
blue-grass farm will rent or sell for three
times as much per acre as a cotton plan
tation.
Without going further into these gen
eral considerations it does seem to me
that the progress we have made since the
devastation of the late war has been, not
because of, but despite the system upon
which we have worked; that the depres
sion we are laboring under is the legiti
mate consequence of that system; and
that-as long as we adhere to it we will
continue to hwe our periods of elation
and free expenditure when the price of
our single money crop, from causes
which we do not control, is up; and our
periods of despondency over cramped
resources, when it is down. We cannot,
Iit is true, escape the vicissitudes of sea
sons, nor evade the primal curse; but we
must no longer look so exclusively to
foreign markets, nor in any any market
suspend our fate upon a single hair. We
must, by diversifying the pursuits of
our people, enlarge the home market,
that alone fully repays the farmer's
labor, and in ordering that upon the
farm we must recognize the law of
chances, which is as rigid as any other
imposed upon nature. Like the insur
ance men, we must spread our ventures
over a broad surface to hope to realize a
reasonably certain profit.
AGmrur~LTRAL caPrmITY OF THE sTATE.
Circumstances sometinmes forbid a
mixed husbandry and compel adherence
to the one crop system, but in no section
of this State do such limitations exist.
In the coast region, beside the valuable
crops of rice and sea island cotton, easy
access to large centres of population
make market gardening more or less
practicable on every farm, and the
natural perennial pasturage of cheap,
uimproved highlands and swamp, conm
bined with a climate requiring no winter
shelter for stock, gives opportunities un
surpassed even on the Western plains
for the addition of pastoral farming. In
the middle section of the State, between
Itide-water and the falls of the rivers, and
in that part of it which more especially
constitutes the cotton belt, on almost
any one plantation may be grown each
s uthern staple that is planted, and all
of thecereals. The soil seems specially
ada1Atedtoroot crops; garden vegeta
l.s anId fruits do well. The soil, a
sande. laam, is not so well adapted to
th" uisually~ cultivated grasses, but valua
ble naItural grasses arc found, and the
Bermutda is naxtunidize'd. For a pastulre
grs ,th lttcr is uequallcd on such
ands, anda Dr. Ravenel's experiments
havec shown ti.at, highly fertilized, it
mav also ie eut for hay with extraordi
nai s resls. There is no question of
te'success of the Means grass for hay
unrucilar circums-tinees. The vari
on aonn erops are, however, growni
wth such1 ineiity in this region that.
ude the systemi of preserving by eni
l e.e, the necessity of hay from meadowsv~
fo- iome use is done away with. Going
abov tfails of the rivers, from thence
to hemountains, everywihere are to be
found plantations with bottom land
eough for hay and corn, level land
eough for small grain and cotton, and
rokenl hillsides, once fertile but now
k ess retaunerative under tho plough, yet
m-ocng gad natural pasturage and
capable of cing brought. imalr the hooJ
of the sheep, to the hihiest condition o:
gras production. The soil and clinat<
of this part of the State are naturally
adapted to all the grasses that are culti
vated. In situatioins away from watei
eourses, iend tha few, where alluvi
al lands niclitint frni. ar e not
fouind, the general charact,-er Of the
coutry rmair s the se, a. in the
m1idd'regi-T 'on, ensilagce may suzpplemient
anyin
ueh are the varieL ri. .ul. c;1aa
s of our .tato, and the exhibit is
under rather tha-n overstated. It is only
because of the excl'uive on given
to cotton that the impres>sin L.-er could
have obtained that the cereals a. gr.ss
es were not suited to our sirrouw igs.
The crop of corn groi n b- DIr. P.:rker,
near Cobuubia. and the crop of oats of
Colonel Wyli, at Lancaster, ri-main re
spectively the argest on record, the corn
crop reaching 2001l :shels and the oats
crop 11 bushels per acre. Jr. lEave
nel's crop of 1ernuda hay near Charles
ton as t :hus:-.d pounds to the
acre, exeedH in ore tiu a or-fold the
average crop of the United States. Mr.
Childs, within five miles of where we are
sitting, protitablv grows and sells with
the Means grass 610,000 worth of hay
per annum. Colonel Rion's growth of
lucerne in Fairfield yielded ten cuttings
in the season, and by actual micasure
ment twenty-ive feet of growth. The
Egyptian millet, a luxuriant and valua
ble forage plant, is cut from six to seven
times and gives a total growth of eight
to ten feet.
The market gardens near Charleston
are unsurpassed anywhere. Within the
last four years the growth of watermclons
for market has been introduced along
the line of the South Carolina Railroad
in Aiken and Barnwell counties, and the
profits have been such that this year five
thousand acres are devoted to tle crop.
Last year one farmer, Mr. Wethersbee,
of Barnwell, sold one hundred carloads
for ten thousand dollars, finding his
market in Charleston, New York and
Cincinnati. le informs me that his net
return, the expenses of production being
included with cost of marketing, was
something over 8V",000. In the same
section of these counties, on the Ridge
in Edgefield, and at other points, orch
ards are cultivated for the home and
Northern markets with eminent success.
In Greenville and in other counties the
culture of the grape upon a large scale is
no longer an experiment. In short,
whenever individuals or a neighborhood
have broken loose from old-time tradi
tions, the ability io successfully vary our
agriculture has been conclusively shown.
GRASS A-ND LIN !' STOCK.
The summer meetings of our societies
have largelv the character of experience
meetings, and it is in tlis that in the
judiment of many lies their chief value.
Having been reuested to do so, sonie
details in my own experience of con
verting a cotton plantation into a farm
of mixed husbandry. with grass and live
stock as the leading features, will be
submitted. As in all new departures,
mistakes were made, difficulties encoun
tered and losses incurred with which it
is unnec 'ssary to trouble you; but to
save some younger brother of the plough,
who is dissatisfied with exclusive cotton
culture, from traveling the same path,
resulting methods will be ireely given.
The experiment was commenced in
1878, and made in the upper part of "he
State, on Saluda River, twelve miles by
rail from the town of Newberry. The
plantation contained near a thousand
acres, of which about one-half 'was creek
and river bottom. Of this last about 300
acres had been cleared from fifty to a
hundred years and cropped chiefly in
corn, without manure. The high lands
'were hilly, their original growth were
oak and hickory, and the soil varied
from a red to a whitish clay, with more
or less loose surface rock. These high
lands had been nearly all cleared, culti
vated with little attention to preserving
the land, and when beginning to fail
turned out to be grown up ai pines, to
be again cut down and cultivated. This
process had been repeCated at least three
times since the had was in original
forest. As a slave plantation, it had
been profitable; after emancipation, un
der an ill-devised system of tenantry, it
had been unprofitable and the property
became much impaired. The buildings
had became dilapidated, fences almost
gone, ditches filled, and the arable land
cultivated in patches, a vigorous growth
of young pines over most of it. Thre es
tablishment of a meadow, the restoration
of a portion of the arable land to good
tilth, and the cutting down of pines and
shrubs on the balance to promote the
growth of natural grasses for pasturage,
the alteration of old buildings and the
erection of many new ones, together
with the putting up of first-class fences,
constituted the permanent outlay. Live
stock, tools and implements had also to
be purchased.
THE MIEADow.
The meadow consists now of seventy
five acres of first river bottom, being a
pue lluvim. Stumps and sprouts
were carefully eradicated, the land ish
ed close and deep with narrow one-horse
ploughs, Bermuda grass roots sown
broadcast and ploughed in shallow, then
heavily rolled to make the surface as
smootli as possible. The best time for
this work was found to be from after
frost in the sp.iing till hot summer
weather set in. The annual wveeds that
sprung up with the grass were cut and
raked by horse-uower and earted off the
land.- -
Thec meadow is ordinarily subject to
frequent winter and ocaeional summer
overflows. It has received rso other fer
tilization, except in some sumal experi
menmal plats, none of which havwe given
satisfaction. The suimmer overlow, if
coming just before a harvest, is injuri
ous; if before tihe grass is tall enough t.
be mashed down by the sediment d0
rains to cleanse the blades, they are. like
the wintcr freshets, ad-vantageous. W~he
the whole or' any part of a erop) is mu&
died by a freshet :t is perfectly cleansd
by- running it througzh a machine com
bining a whipper and fan arnuigement.
After the meadow is fully set, say afte
the second year, including the occasion
al damage from summer overniow, fom
to iive thousand p)ound~s of muerchantaible
hay may be expected according to sea
sons from such a meadow. Ample b arn
room is neces-ary to making good hay;
railroad or water facilities for transporta
tion to market are essential. Hay, bulky
transportation for any dstauce mVcr
highway, andt l-cal railroad freights al
proxiiate too closely the cost of co
vevance by wagon. Water carriagc
best and cheapest. When the locatio
is not adanted to marketing the hay
only enough1 should be harvested fi
winter feed of live stock, and the rem
grnazed off for summer pasture. Indeed
the best husb audmen contend that
juticet is dono to the land no hay shouol
ever leave the farm on which it is growr
except in the shape of fiesh and bones
So ftar, with myv nead(ow in a few huri'
dred feet of a railroad, and special con
veniences for shipping, the bulk of th
hav has gone to market, and it is th
Lgest -ud most remunerative marke
croi) of the ia.tr. I have not been abke
however, to ad vantageously send it fo
sale farther thacn to towns from sixty t(
one hundred miles away. Bermuda
from its tenacity of life and from its we]
known elaracter as a pest in hoed crops
should be o)ut for a meadow only whei
it is intended to stay; and here its stay
ing qualities are of immense value ii
compuson with grasses that require re
eeding and resetting every few years
Cultiv.aton however, is to some exten
necessary. Harrowing benefits it, and
thorough scarification every other yea
with a sharp cutting instrument tha
does not disturb the smoothness of th(
sod is desirable. Thus far the rive
overflows seem suflicient to keep th<
mcadow productive. The seventh an<
eighth crops have been the largest
reaching each over 5,200 pounds pc:
acre of ha-, weighed when cured an<
baled for market.
CoN.
The second river low grounds on thi
place are a cold tenacious clay, requiring
thorough drainage, and from long culti
vation deficient in humus. Enough o
this is set apart for corn culture, and th(
remainder thrown into permanent pasturi
Producing without manure from twenty
to thirty bushels to the acre, fifty acre,
aunuallv under the plough is enough in
the general scheme. This fifty acre:
Ialternates with as much more either in
spring oats or in weed fallow, thus add
ing to instead of decreasing the supply
of humns. More than one year in weet
fallow injures the tilth for the next sue
ceeding crop by the land becoming to<
foul. Corn is a poor market crop, trou
blesome and wasteful to handle, and nc
more, therefore, is grown than can be
profitably fed. Very little of the blades
is gathered for forage, sometimes none.
it is too expensive and is not needed ex
cept as;; change to hardworked or sich
horses.
OATS.
Spring oats are planted in rotation
with corn on the second low grounds
fall oats on highland in rotation with
cotton. In the cotten rotation tie land
is :-own down hnimeiatt-ly upon Larvest
ing the oats in poes. fertilizel with eithei
ash element or kainit. When the peas
arc matured, hogs, and no other stock,
arepastured not too closeIv, upon them.
The value of the peas to the hogs is esti
mated at about the cost of the pea and
ash element crop, leavin: its ameliorat
ing value as clear gain. The cotton re
ceives two hundred bushels of compost
in the drill, which is found to be as
much as can be advantageously applied
to the acre in that way. The oats crop,
neither spring nor fail, receives manure.
The crop is thireshed as soon as harvest
ed, both to secure economy in feeding
the grain and by careful housing to save
the straw in the best condition for win
ter forage. Cut when not over-ripe and
cured without or with little rain, it is
valuable. Salt, in putting it away,
makes it more palatable to stock. The
yield of oats has varied with seasons
from twenty-five to forty-seven bushels
per acre.
-COTTON.
The United States department of agri
culture in 1876 estimated the average
yield of cotton in the South at 166
pounds of lint per~ acre, and the cost of
production at 9; cents per pound. Mr.
Henderson, the commissioner of agricul
ture in Georgia, is quoted as placing the
crop of last year (1883) in that State at
150 pbounds of lint, and the cost per
pound at 9 cents. The average yield in
South Carolina varies little from that in
Georgia, and there is with me no doubt
of the near approach to accuracy of the
estimates of cost made on the basis of
that rate of production. Many of the
items of expense, however, are fixed, and
with a larger yield the cost per pound
decreases. In Hammond's Hand-Book
of South Carolina are given in detail the
expenses of two crops grown in 1882
one in Newberry of 400 pounds of lint
and one in Fairfield of 300 pounds to the
acre; the first cost Gi cents and the last
6 6-10 cents per pound. In the same
year I1 kept for my own satisfaction a
careful account with the cotton crop on
this farm; the yield, better than usual,
was 410 pounds of lint to the acre and
the cost 6 4-10 cents per pound. These
figures show that, with middlings ruling
at from 9 to 10 cents at the seaports,
cotton by itself can be no profitable
crop. Analyzing the items of expense
in my accounts J find that 3 6-10 cents,
or something over half, was in mianure,
meat and breaid for the laborers, and
feed for ploug' h animals. These under
the system of mixed husbandry are made
oii the fai-m nnd sold ait full price to the
cotton crop. It is just here that in any
such system a he oth, cotton comies
in, andl plant'ed onl t, o a proper extent
is vahlabe. Jt sold only at the cost of
prouction, it has1 purchased the matnures
from the liv-e uoek, an tarned into
moe theu provision erops or- the meat
into~ lC -vich thy have been previtisly
cnvetd Thee ae sme unis:deal e,
while in t:; iespect cotton is un
eq ued. .f i tra tted with morei
fail..ity anda les wast thain ahnost any
other farm product, aid is as readily ex
ch ge ioi gol d as the note of a solvegt
b-ank. Th- limit of the cotton crop is
the' extent to which thle compost mad
on1 the lace wil' go, some thirty to for
tv :cee; and the seed is all 1e to shneep
0r wvorking oxen:t none of it is used di
rectly as a fertilizer.
are~ sown ainnually on land upo w' ahich
--e toc hae been recently huridled. This
is suiticient for the flock of sheep to
which it is fed. Larger crops, with a
view to feed(in~g ab~o to c-attic and hogs,
have beent tried and ab andonied. The
rta baga remains sound in the field aill
'vinier an du fed Barlev for
a soiling, and rye ulnl rd clover r !'
ing, are sown. Thoiudh gotoflor L.'.
p)urpose. rye does 1ot (, -. CIC as
s the sandv loamls of tCe lowr couir.)
a 1Barley is highly reminierative or ar!
,spring soilil, andu rd e'lvr sow.,1 ;
r separate crop on hiazr-1 lhou a r:
t failed to catch, and ds swl a.
have ever seen it in ii
f tucky. From forty to ;fty acres
i now set aside for theC crol-.
S Thiere re, as state", seventV-ive ace;
meadow. one hundrd acs in eor
~ c .rc, fifty being piated alternat
I vears, eighty acres iin the c' tton and o
t rotation, and say flity acres in smal
tcrops.- The remainder is pirmanen
pasture or forest. Of this nea r -0, acre
is recently cultivated hand, both bot
toms and'highland, ) or hh kow
with us as "old fild," apon which J
the short-leaved pine has been cut do1
and the young deciduous trees left -o
shade. This constitutes the sumnie
pastures. Its cultivation consists i.
keeping down shrub growth and an ar,
nual spring Ecorching on1 of dead grass
Under this tratmenit the oll of natura
grasses has steadily improved. It car
rios, includin cattle sheep, hogs a=1
colts, some fivo handred head of stock
A separately fenced pasture is necessar
for the hogs during the lambibng seasun
In the winter thc gleanings of the coi
fields, the aftermath of the meadow an,
the canebrakes of the swamp forest
(which are not grazed in summer,) are:
valuable resource.
SIrIEP.
Commencing with fIfty native ani
fifty Southdown ewes, broad-tailed buc:
weie bred to them and their femal
progeny for four years. Then a pim
bred Southdown buck was put with thi
flock and recently a Shropshire has beei
added, the broad-tailed being withdraw
to the same extent. The number o
breeding ewes was inercased to nea
three hundred. These were found to b<
too many, and two hundred adopted a:
the right number without further pro
-ision of special pasturage. The oc
I has been kept principally for the laml
market and the product of wool is a see
ondary object. Laren ewes are eulici
for sale; breeding ewes have been gener
ally kept as long as they were fertile. 11
nine years three sheep have been lost b)
I dogs, none by theft. There has been
little scab and other disease of a sporadi(
character. No epidemic of any kind
some deaths from accident, some frur
old age, and a few from unknowi causes.
The loss of grown sheep from all thes
causes has varied irom 3 to 10 er cent.
with an average of less than ~> p'er cent.
The number of lambs re-red in proper
Lion to ew-es has averaged 1 per icet.
Froma Christmas till midile of April th<
tioCk receives as much hay as it will ial
clean a n.ght, with. per head, a pin1 01
cotton teed one night arnd oeu large ur
niz) shced up the next. At other tine'
isubsist upon the pastura-ge heretofor
indicated. Froma early sping unti
Christmas the sheep are hurdled in ope::
Iovablue pens: in winter ty are yarded
at night upon litter with shed plovided
that they can use at pleauire.
CAIT'LE.
Cattle~ have been bred chiv fior beet
and work animals, the calvcs g-tting
nearly all the milk fron ther dams.
lPecently a dairy for the s. e of buttei
has been undertaken with success thus
far. Selected native cows were bred to
a Devon bull with a Brahmin cros.,. The
half-bred heifers were bred to a shitt
horn bull with a like Brahmiin cross, ,ml
now a purc-bred Devon is being used.
The result has been rapid improvenwnt
and a handsome herd of gencral p)ulse
cattle. No fuirther crossbreeding is con
templated. Devon bulls will be used in
future. About fifty head of cattle are
kept. The straw crop and sonme second
c lass hay is reserved for their use in bad
weather'in winter, and when high water
keeps them from the canebrakes. They
also in winter are yarded at night on
litter with adjacent shelter, and are
hurdled in sunmer alongside of but not
with the shleep. In hurdling, the land
is ploughed before and after the stock is
pu pnit. The size of the pens is de
triebythe number of stock. uplon
a calculation that onec cowv iseqa to
three sheep and that live hiundred sheep
will in seven days manure an aere. This
is more than pront, and other writers
consider a fair dressing. It is beliered
to be the equivalent of at least seveni or
eight hundred p)ounds of first-class fer
tilizer, and the permanencyv of its effeet.
with fair after treatment, is such that it
is thought to add ten dollars per acre to
the value of the land. The manure of
animals is applied by hurdling at one
third of the expense of compost.
COLTS.
Colts have been the least pronltable
stock hnaled. Both mules and horses
have cost nearly their full value to rear
them. Some are still bred both for the
pleasure in dealing with them, and be
cause they too purchase the grain and
forage crops at full value. 31ule colts
pay better than horse colts of the com
Imon breed.
noc;s.
Hogs have given satisfaction on two
different plans. First: Keeping only
enough to be reared on na~tura:l:pastur
age and the waste of the p~iaee, receiving
gri 'olthen put up to fatten for*
slaughter; and second, (which is now
preferred,) keeping enough to make
them the chief purchasers of the corn
grown and the clover and ptsa crops.
This is thle only stock not c'reiniV
arded every ni h uhi te tarin
there has beenx li. i auy los by e.
So far, there 1a bon 1)"inni'f
epidmiei diseae.Esxadakhr
from eight to) twelv e ni tsi ,hv
Six large end active mnuis ar neede ii
hind live yo~ke of oxen are kept iee
lv tor te.ming. Tese last ar'e occa* -
mcin le Ic i Ihe ha hrestu ing ae.
used alre: 1 iowers. I Iul. ra
1 Ded ic pr~e--. Ai wIf-Lini . r c.
a Cico jcrew nurn n
Comanyu have " gien saltfacion
mnager~c mustt be m e or esi -
caline, and a op w1el tupi for * '
pairs he kept1 ou the( 1idet. 1e we
and teart oif machhinery,;*i . awl 'mas.
including lack1mith:d wh'el .h
work adnt atrial-'a-'d ini reir hasi
iben 1:, pe- cent on irst 'ost. If this
Le (tone promptly and as thorough
p , it will. including material,
bot ptvr cent., and the remaining
,nt. will express the insidious
',et of a-- which repairs short of re
ot.metion cannot reach. These calcu
atios re a1;ised upon careful and judi- D
en s, and shelter at all times when au
o i th d. Pe
Ll~S an
active and reliable negro haslof
.r1 :1 ali the live stock, including th<
:ls when at pasture. He has a fol
illt :t him. Other laborers are cei
at towed to keep dogs. About three- bet
I fourtls of this man's time is thus occu- cui
I pied. Beside the manager, one white pis
1 man Is foreman and assistant; six negro me
caborers, including stockman, are em-Ithi
- ployed by the year. Job labor equiva- ro,
elut to the work of four laborers for the be
e -ar is Lhircd at dilfferent seasons, as nol
CONiLSION. by
r Under this system separate accounts I
I v-ith each crop show that, per acre culti- eet
vated, hay is the most profitable; oats fot
next. cotton next, and then corn. Of Se
the live stock, in proportion to capital bl
- invested in each, hogs, sheep, cattle, of
colts, have proven remunerative in the rec
or.ir naied. Each product of the farm, bly
however, supplements the other, and I ne<
-ai by no means sure that a larger devel- roN
opment of any one would not, under to
present conditions, injuriously affect its be(
standii as given. What has been writ- Co
ten of this experiment is based upon the uni
data of the previous eight years. The of
uno-,recedented rains and freshets of the
iast tw o months of this year have been cat
dalmagingly felt there as elsewhere in the
this and adjacent States. It is too early Ca
to speak positively, but I have reason to lur
think that in the face of a common
FIcalamity the result will confirm the int
adage that "It is best not to carry all of eac
our eggs in the same basket." Ad
cut
C.N RE SSEx WHO DON'T PAY. hin
Dr
Xerhannts of the Capital Have Found Them
Out and are Careful. m
qu
(w ain':o. Notes ir. Pittsburg Dispate6.) no
Some queer things can be seen about wa
the Capital during the last days of the dui
session. One of the queerest is the we]
crowd of collectors. Coming to Con- tha
grees may be an honor, but it cannot be Dr.
said to make men honorable. The aver- his
age of dead bcats in Congress is quite as tha
great as outside. On the last days of the ani
.ession yon will find a swarm of florists, ple
ivery stable men, hotel and boarding im
1oui0n' keepers, constables and profes
sional collectors, ,-warming thelcorridors, boi
.oking after delinquent members and ste]
trying to catch them in the halls. There ani
re immbers who systematically rob q
hotels aind haberdashers and all sorts of crei
tradcsimen right and left. Nothing can I
be lezzally done with a member of Con- in t
reS: 1fo taining money under false nin
pret-enses, though it is a jailable offense '
wn committed by common people- out
The only remedy is to make the transac- I
tiou kn wn. If'the records of the Con- pro
resional dead beats could be printed a stal
uood nynv people would be astonished. tha.
n0ost reckless prodigality in luxu- woi
ries, snch as carriages, flowers, wines, Clu
eigars, etc., is the usual life of the Con- illiu
-r O beat. There are poor men I
u1 wonin here who have catered to had
t m-- be*rn s with the idea that men of 1
hodn such honorable positions must wit]
h.sity be honest, who have tried in The
vaii to collect what is due them. These mai
up. s a ctuay sufifer for the necessaries you
of lif, while the Congressional debtors at C
areV a1ing men of wealth1 in high living- bia.
J --.ergeantt-arms' onice coul tell a that
digraceflI story of bogus checks, dupli- recc
e'w draf ts andt violated obligations-a lect
sory too unplleasanut to print. The ws
hot ls and restaurants, and even the aa
barber shops, wquld simply repeat the j
story. I was standing in the livery offie was
at V1illard's the other day, about to call sub
for acou'e, when a Northern Congress- his
mn hmu~ried up and asked very per- ing
em ptorily for a carriage- ai
"Haven't got one, General," said the Ia sk~
agent, landiy. "Sorry, but everything Dr.
As soon as the member went away the clas:
agent inquired if I would have the coupe. spar
'That's all right," he remarked; "we've tens
"ot pienty 0f carriages, but he's a dead vers
eat. Never pays for anything. Why, D
I've got a bill against him in here two Dr.
veers old The gall of the man!" One
"ire thecre many such men in Con- war
ress?"floI
Yes, quite a number; we've been ncr3
stuck oftein-beaten out of hundreds of and
dollars- by both Senators and members. Hi
Tiev aire 'the worst customers in that sio
wa-vl becus~e you can't force collections. dete
Tilev hardly 'ever have anything more B
tha -n their clothes; you can't arrest an and
punih them; you can't garnishee their ing
salaies. A~nd the airs they give them- Cale
selve-! WXe are very careful about trust- see.
ing' Congressmen, Iftell you!"I
a r friel
qom un i;h Wrie a ShorI Novel fromt Thig. noo:
disti
I heard to-day the story of a Troy
shirt factory girl which has elements of ee
te womaOrfl in it. A new hotel, to be M
e :1 the- E:mwick House, is being built
a ud, Vt., at a cost of S:25,000 to vanli
0.000.UI A formuer Troy laundry girl i stc
the ca'pitalist in this venture, althoughfol
the hous' i-s named after her brother, elde
who is the. ostensible proprietor. Her
nm is Irs. Phonbe Churchill. She
maried an officer of the United States
Navy. w ho was blown up in a premature
em' -isi at Hell Gate at some stage in
t--t imuprovement. Two wvomen came A
a rd t- claimi him as husband. One that
--*- from Sou-th Carolina. He was living that
a1.t New York. The other was shal.
rev ii-irl, and she succeeded in es- the
b hth vailij~y of her claim and iS W
a ,00 in:ZIrance2 on his life. A to g
eniembl-ce sumi oi money that was of C
i d in ~ew York wans dividedi between Joe
th Vwo women.2 Mrs. Churchill having go,0
knwu amein:. of 0 the laundry busi- of
a. e at Trti etred into par~itnerslup
to ea of that city and started Nt
b s~etin Newi Y ork eity. reae!
....... ir or iv laundries life,
-u-equl t abonacnza, ancd and(
t urce.~ that the money has extr:
...r.. :.. tion ol the .Burwick :iffee
anC'eniuti Enqirer.t mak
thiroi
me taiistics reqi
- - - eae so e-sily pro- the ai
s -.i ::fe to say thact full is.
iI motaii.liii mib be saved it: a
worli
THE GREAT EVOLUTION TRIAL.
Woodrow Cleared of the Charge of Heresy
A Statement of the Case.
(Fron the AaLusta Chronicle, August 19.)
rhis is the first formal arraignment of'
. Woodrow in a Court of the Church.
'horized to try his case, although his.
,uliar teachings have been reviewed.,
i criticised in every assemblage of -
s denomination. He has been cleared.
the charge of heresy, and escapes even.
admonition which was the mildesi;
m of punishment he could have re, -
ved, and which, I believe, would havi )
m the penalty selected by the prose -
ion. The case will be taken, on com -
int, before the Georgia Syod, whicl i
ets at Sparta in Novem ber, and ac
s body has been against Dr. Wood
r, the vercaict of the lower Court ma r
annulled. But annulling a verdict o f
guilty does not establish a verdict o f
1ty, and a new trial before the Pres -
,ery could have but one termination.
5o much, then, for Dr. Woodrow's
lesiastical character. Three of th.e
xr Synods controlling the Theological
ninary in Columbia may, and probs
-will, vote to turn Dr. Woodrow out
the faculty in accordance with the
ommendation of the General Assem.
-. That, of course, will sever his con.
tion with this institution. Dr. Wood
r's point was that he could not afford
resign under fire, and that, as he has
n cleared of teaching error by the
art having jurisdiction, he will remain
il he is removed by the formal order
:he Synod.
Ls Dr. Woodrow has two large publi
ions in Columbia, and as he occupies
chair of natural science in the South
olina College, he will remain in Co
ibia at all events.
.he features of the trial were full of
Brest. The two persons pitted against
h other were prominent men. Dr.
ams, of Augusta, conducted the prose
ion in a spirit of candor, courage and
h ability. His argument was said by
, Girardeau to have been the most
sterly presentation of that side of the
stion that has yet been made. I saw
evidence of malice or intolerance. It
the clean work of a man who did his
yin the most direct way, and did it
1. It was not an enviable position
t of prosecutor. It was a contest with
Woodrow in his own field, among
old friends. No man knows better
a Dr. Woodrow what he does believe,
L no man marshals his proofs so com
bely. It is hard to fasten error or to
)ute heresy here.
)r. Woodrow says he believes the
Ly of man was formed by successive
)s through succeding stages of lower
nal life.
'he objectors say he does not give full
lit to God.
)r. Woodrow says he recognizes God
he whole development from begin
g to end.
'he objectors say God created man
of dust.
)r. Woodrow insists that the exact
cess of creation is not told in the
idards of the Church or in the Bible;
science is not forbidden to try to
k out the problem, and that tha
trch should not set up arbitrary ox
eral barriers.
he personal character of the accused
its effect upon the case. Members
;he Presbyte had been associated.
i Dr. Woolow for thirty years.
y refused to believe him a dangerous:
L to the Church. Others of the,
nger ministry had studied under him.
glethorpe University and at Colum
They did not incline to the belief.
his teachings were heretical. Al
gnized himtobe a pillar of intel~
al strength in the Presbytery. It
not easy to secure a verdict of guilty
nst this sort of man.
r. Woodrow's handling of witnesies
wonderful. He has a trained and
le faculty. His mind is alert, aind
yutput this time was finer in thread
evidence from the stand tharn in
ing his appeal to the Court. Hfeis
illed debater. The examinatio n of
Girardeau by Dr. Woodrow ws~s the
iest contest of -the trial. It w&as a
a of flint and steel, edge-cuttireg and
kthrowing. It was quiet aad in
e. Both men are masters of contro
ial forces.
r. dams proved the better advocate;
Woodrow the more adroit attorney.
is impulsive and eloquent; the other
rand logical. Dr. Adams is full and
d, and his eyes shine with fire and
ous force. Dr. Woodrow is quief;
collected. He is precision itself.
face is pale, his eyes clear and pas
less and his demeanor indicates cool
rinationi.
th men I believe were born abroad
are of Scotch extraction. This meeti
might have suggested the array o~f
donian extgemes. You might almosts
Bruce and Balliol personiiied there.
-as glad to note the exchange of
idly courtesies in the train this after
i. The personal relations are not
irbed. I think Dr. Adams has sus
ad his reputation and made friends
of his opponents. Dr. Woodrow
of co'urse, gained all the official ad
age of the trial and proven his
igth in his home Presbytery.
ie vote on the indictment stood as
ws: Yeas (Guilty): Ministers d,
s 5; total 9. Nays (Not Guilty):
isters 4, elders 10; total 14.
.An Ohio Idea.
dispatch from Springfield, 0., states
the decision of the school board,
colored children and white children
attend separate schools, has made
~oored population indignant. This
ong. They ought to be too proud
d mad. If the "p'or white rash"'
hio don't want to associate with the
endants of African kings, let thema
ff~ by themselves and lead the livea
p'or white trash."-Brooklyn Eagle,
>w that the gentle mnosqjuito has
ted the liveliest stage of her business
it should he a comfort to retined minds
tender bodies to read the anpended
t from Thoreau: "I was as much
ted by the faint hum of a mosquito
ng its invisible and unimaginable tour
Ii my apartment at earliest dawn,
I was sittingz with my d~oors and wiu
peu, as I could be by any trumpet
ever saug of fame It was Hlomer's
et: itself an Illiad and Odyssey in
ir, singing its own wratht and wander.
Thtere was something comical about
tading advertisement, till forbidden,