VOL. II. - MANNIN(. CLARENDON COUNTY, S. C., WEDNESDAY, MAY 12, 1886. NO. 22.
A CENTURY oF 111611T WOMEN.
FRO331. RTHA WASHINGTON TO Ro-E
ELIZABETH CLEELAND.
An Interestin; ,ketcht of tie Romen W. ho
Have Been Mistrew-e of the Wfhite Houme.
(From the Phil~ae:phia Times.)
The announcement that the President
will marry Miss Frances Folsom in June
recalls the historic series of White House
nuptials. Washington, it is well known,
married long before he became Presi
dent, or even general of the army. He
met the lovely Widow Custis at Wil
liamsburg during his service as a mei
ber of the Virginia Legislature. Mrs.
Washington presided over the Executive
household at the seat of government,
first in New York, then in this city, with
a good deal of formality. Their house
in this city was one rented from Robert
Morris, on Market street, between Fifth
and Sixth. It was here the Friday levees
were held, and the rules were very rigor
ous.
The first President's wife was born a
Jones, that of the second a Smith-Abi
gail Smith-so the Republic, so far as
the domestic head of it was concerned,
was ushered in with a certain democratic
simplicity. John Adams married his
wife when she was twenty, and her fath
er, who was a clergyman, preached a
sermon on the Sunday after the wedding
-so a historic old chestnut relates-from
the text, "'John came neither eating
bread nor drinking wine, and ye siay he
hath a devil." During Adams's term of
office, in 1800, the Government was re
moved to Washington. Mrs. Aatqms was
the first lady of the White House, but
she never liked it and lived there alto
gether but four months. Her picture,
by Gilbert Stuart, represents her as a
cheerful and not unhandsome looking
woman of fifty, with cap, and ringlets of
curls wreathing the edge.
Jefterson went into the White House a
widower of nineteen years' standing, and
his diary lately published by John Bige
low shows he understood thoroughly the
domestic economies which were necessa
ry in the matter of providing for the
wants of the mansion and its hospitali
ties. His wife was the widow of Bathurst
Skelton, a Virginia gentleman. and the
daughter of John Wayles, of Charles
City County, Virginia. She was said to
be -a.beautiful woman, and Jeierson to
have won her over other suiters through
his musical voice and ability to play the
violin.
Dolly Madison was one of the most
popular of the White House women, if
we believe tradition, and yet she certain
ly was not pretty, if Prudhomme's en
graving from the picture of Herring is to
be accepted, with the queer turban. pro
fusion of ringlets, large nose and positive
mouth. There is, however, a glimpse
of a prettily rounded arm and a classic
neck through the lace and drapery, that
perhaps may have combined wNTh her
well-attested tact and vivacity to have
given her the reputation she certainly
enjoys among the President's wives. She
was an F. F. V., Dorothy Payne, al
though born in the Pine Tree State, and
in early life her parents lived here and
Dolly actually joined the Society of
Friends in this city, although no doubt
a rising young Quaker lawyer, one John
Todd, whom she afterward married. had
something to do with this. Todd died
and left her a widow with one son, so
Dolly set her cap for some of the fine
looking young members of the Congress
then wont to come to Philadelphia to
transact the public business, and in 1794
married James Madison, one of the most
talented of the body.
Mrs. Monroe was the daughter of a
British army officer named Cartwright,
distant relations of the Philadelphia
Cartwrights, who settled in New York
after the peace of 1783. She was one of
four girls. One of these married Mr.
Heyliger, Grand Chamberlain to the
King of Denmark; another a Mr. Knox,
of New York City, whose only daughter
was the wife of the late Alexander Hamil
ton, son of Alexander Hamiilton, the
first secretary of the treasury; a third
married Nicholas -Gouverneur, of New
York, and the fourth Senator James
Monroe, of Virginia, afterward Presi
dent.
The first White House wedding was
that of President Monroe's youngest
daughter, who married her cousin Samu
el L. Gouverneur, in 1820. It took
place in the East room, and was a Knick
erbocker afair, stylish and hightoned for:
the day. A miunber of brilliant recep
tions in Washington were tendered to
the bridal couple, and the cards were
out for a very swell one by Commodore
"Essex" Porter and wife, when it had to
be given up, owing to the untimely
death of Commodore Decatur, killed by
Barron in a duel. The dead officer had
giv-en the young couple a brilliant party
but- a few days before at his own home.
An older daughter of President Madison
married Judge Geo. Hay, of Richmond.
Hortensia Hay, a beautiful girl, daugh
ter of this match, was the wife of Lord
Rogers, of Baltimore, whom ol society
people of this city remember. Lady
Rogers died in Paris. and is buried in
Pere la Chais..
Most persons who have read the vol
mninous diary of the "lu mn eloquent"
know more or less of Louisa Catharine
Adams, his wife. She was the daughter
of a Maryl-ander named Johnson, who
lived in London during the Revolution,
where she was born. Charles Francis
Adams was her third son. She accom
panied her distinguished husband dur
ing much of his diplomatic and official
journeying abroad, andl did the honors
during his Executive term, and was a wo
man of varied accomplishments. A fine
painting of her by Leslie is in possession
Qfth + oston ii-y nd represents her
as iretty wolnll. (iuMIltly relneu, a
jewelled tiara in her hair. neeklace orna
ment and lace shawl. with a hansoine
gown, eut far more decollete than Rose
Cleveland could possibly approve of.
Mrs. Adams died in 1,52. and is buried
with her husband at Quincv.
General Jackson's wife died before lie
went into the White House. and, as Ie
had married before she was forniallv di
voreed, the iron-hearted old Democrat
was, with her, often the sibjeet of piti
less political (ahlnm1y. She was a plain
woman, but undoubtedlly possessed the
undivided affection of the great Presi
dent, who never was so happy as whei
praising her meniory or defending it
from slander.
Van Buren married a w oiianl who. like
himself, came of Dutch stock Hannah
Hoes. She died early in their married
life at Albany, and her brilliant husband
never after took another partntr. The
wife of Major Van Buren was the lady
of the White House u-ring her father
rn-law's tenure, and ably filled the place.
Ann Svmnes was the wife of (eneral
Harrison and was a Jersey girl. born
near Morristown, her father being a Con
tinental army officer. She never entered
the White House, for when the Presi
dent came East in 1841 to be inaugurated
her health was precarioas and would not
permit the journey. He died a month
after he became President. while she
lived until February, 18b4.
President Tyler's first wife was Letitia
Christian, daug'hter of Robert Christian,
of New Kent County, Tirginia. Tyler
was at the time of his marriage a young
law graduate from the office of the cele
brated Edmund Randolph. but his polit
ical prospects were bright, as the son of
Governor John Tyler, and to this honor
of the father the son succeeded, and
from thence to the Presidency. Miss
Christian was a noted Eastern Virginia
belle, and when her husband became
President assumed the White House
duties. Her health was feeble at the
time, and she died there in September.
1842. Elizabeth. third daugiter of
President Tyler by this union. was mar
ried in the White House to a Southern
gentleman nanied Waller. Three grand
chil.-en of this President, sons of
Lightfoot Jones, who married the eldest
laughter, fought in the Confederate
army. One of them. Robert, received
three wounds at Gettysburg. Mrs.
Robert Tyler, a daughter-in-law of this
President, acted as the mistress after his
wife's death. She was a lady of great
culture and manners, the (laughter of
the tragedian Cooper. Her elkest child.
Letitia, was born in the White House.
President Tyler remained a w,%idower
but a short time, paying the Johnsonian
compliment to his first spouse by soon
selecting another, 'Miss Juliet Gardiner.
of New York. She was the daugiiter of
the wealthy gentleman who owned Gar
diner's Island, familiar to inany naval
people as near the roadstead in East
Long Island where the naval practice
squadron, with the Annapolis cadets,
spends much of its summer cruising and
exercising. Although Mr. Tyler was the
first President-and so far the only one
-to marry in the high office, the cere
mony was not performed in the White
House, but at the Church of the Ascen
sion in New York, June, 1844. After
the wedding a grand reception wa~s given
in the Executive Mansion.
Mrs. Polk, now living at an advanced
age in Nashville, was one of tihe moist
admirable mistresses the White House
has ever had. She was Miss Sarah
Childress, born near Murfreesboro', and
married James K. Polk, then a member
of the Tennessee Legislature, in her 19th
year. He went to Congress the follow
ing year, and for fourteen sessions con
tinued there, being elected Speaker in
1836. In 1839 he became Governor of
Tennessee, and Mrs. Polk presided with
grace at the State Executive Mansion, so
that when in 1845 they came to the
White House she proved one of the most
agreeable and popular of hostesses.
Many innovations or rather changes in
old custom% of receiving were introduced
during Mrs. Polk's residence at the cap~i
tal, notably the one of dispensing with
refreshments during the levees.
The wife of old "Rough and Ready"
was a member of the extensive family ,of
Smith's-Margaret Smith, a Maryland
gir-daugihter of a plain farmer of that
State, and their married life for many
years was the prosy one of an army cou
ple on the frontier. The first home they
had really was when in 1840 Coh. Taylor
went to the United States barracks at
Baton Rouge. It was while stationed
here that Jefferson Davis nmet and wooed
old Zach's second daughter. much
against the father's wishes, who disliked
to see his children subjected to the sanme
wandering existence he h~ad led his
spouse as ain army officer. Lient. Davis
was then a handsome young subaltern,
and the seceding element wa s so strong
in him even at that time he ran away
with Miss Taylor, who died shortly after
their marriage anid before t' e stern old
parent had become rec'uciled to the
elopement.
Miss Betty Tay'i , he yourngest
daughter', was the n: :es of the White
House dm-ing P'res a: Taylor's shoi't
incumbency. She ;" -am:e the wife of
Major Bliss, Taylor's adjutant general in
Mexico, and was acharming woman,
well known in her youthful days in this
city, where she went to school. The
wife of the President never received or
went out much in 'Washington society,
andl, like Mrs. Garfield, never liked the
White House or enjoyed the life there.
Millard Fillmore married a New York
school teacher, Miss Abigail Powers, be
fore he became, like Cleveland, a Buffalo
lawyer. She performed all the public
social duties devolving upon her by rea
son of her husband's political eminence
wit great grace and ;ntell1;nne. When
lie became Chief Magistrate she was nc
in very good health, and a few -eel
after the Close of his term died at Vil
lard's Hotel, Washington, of an ilhie.:
probably mach hastened 1y her attentio:
to the ont0rous requirementir. of her stU
tion. President Fillmore survived hi
wife twenty-one years, dying in 1874 a
Buffldo, and b othi lie buried, with m
oIny daughter. in the beautiful Fores
Lawn Ceiceterv of that city.
Franklin Pierce-pronounced Per.,
up in Bloston-was a classmate of Haw
thiorics at iBowdoin College. Tie presi
dent of the college then :tnd for man:
vears: was the Rev. Jesse Appleton
Teinny Appieton, a daughter of this col
lege president, became Mrs. Pierce, an
her husband, at the time of the miarriag
a young New Hampshire lawyer an
Cfolngressiaun, became afterwards Presi
dent of the United States. The firs
few years of oflicial life was shadowei
with grief, owing to the death of thei:
onV sol, a few weeks b cef ore the inaugu
ration. in a frightful railroad accident
in which Mr. and Mrs. Pierce were aist
injured. This cast a glooim over th<
early year, -f the social regime of thei'
term.
Man- living persons relelbll cel th<
incidents of society life of this period
the quiet, graceful manners of Mrs
Pierce and the hearty cordiality of th<
President, at the levees and State recep
tions. Mrs. Pieree died at Andover
Mlass.,m-ig the war, and the ex-Presi
dent at Concord in 1S69. Both ar
buried in the cemetery, not far from tht
spot where the embattled farmers fire
the shot heard round the world in tha
pretty New England town.
James Buchanan was a 1cacelicor. an
everbodv recall, the presiding lady o.
his stormv career in the White House
Harriet Lane. his niece-who was vdi
known in her youth iii the society of lii
city, Lancaster and Pittsburg. It wa
at Bedford Springs she met the younL
Baltimorean, Johnston, who married hei
at Wheatland in 15. The Whitc
House never had a more accomplished,
domestic and social head than this voung
Pennsylvania girl. It was while she wa,
hostess that the Prince of Wales visitcd
the United .States and was entertained ai
the President's mansion. Al'ert Ed
ward bore away with him, so the story
of the day comes down to us, warm a p
preciations of the grace and beauty (d
Miss Lane.
With the history of Mary Todd Lin
coln, the wife of the Great Emancipator,
of Mrs. Johnson, who was Eliza MeAr
die, and of Julia Dent Grant, the wift
of the Si lent Captain and President, wic
has so lately passed away, the public oI
to-da- is familiar. Mrs. Lincoln and
Mrs. Granlt both took part in the social
duties of their stations, as 'Jid Mrs.
Haves and Mrs. Garfield-the fornei
Lucy Webb, daughter of Dr. Jame
Webb, of Chillicotie, Ohio, the lattei
Lucretia Rutolph, daughter of Zebulon
Rudolph. of Garrettsville, in the salmc
State. Lincoln lost a son, his favorite
Tad, in the White House. Nellie Grant,
the General's beloved daughter, was mar
ried-a brilliant wedding-in the samc
place.
President Arthur assumed the Chied
Magistracy a widower. and, althoug
rmnvior was very free with his name dur
ing his term, he did not marry. Hit
deceased wife was a daughter of Captair
H-erndon, of the United States Navy, the
galant officer who went dowif on the
Central America. .Jamnes Buchanan and
Grover Cleveha were the only twoc
bachelor Presidents, and if the latte1
marries Miss Folsom this year it will
leave the Pennsylvania President alonc
in the cclii ate list of Chief Magistrates.
Four Presidhents were widowers at theii
inauguration1-Jefferson, Jackson, Yat
Buren and Arthur. Sixteen were mar
ried when they went into the Whitt~
House. One alone, President John Ty
Ier, married while holing the Executive
title.
Thec Juov, ofMnrriedI Life.
Referee D). R. Shiel has reported in
favor of awarding a degree of limited di.
vorce to Mrs. Henrietta F. Hartman, 01
Mount Vernon, N. Y., from her hus
band Jacob. The testimony in the casc
revealed a long course of treatment o1
the most inhuman, ingenious, humoroum
and lingering cruelty on the part of thc
loving husband toward the unfortunatt
Mrs. Hartman. In his jocose moment?
he was accustomed to slap) his wife, strik<
her with his fist, pull her hair, knock hei
around the room, jmpnI on her, throu~
cold water on lier, lire dishes at her and
enmpty slops on her. On several occa
sions, while eating is meals, he hurleJ
his dinner pilate at her, shied the teapcoi
at her head. lired knives and forks a1
her, heaved a platter of fish in hier face.
poundced her with a broom, threatened
to shoot her, smashed dishes against the
wall, kiceked the table over, cut and burs1
open packages of tea, coffe~e and sugar.
and scattered them on the fioor; bea1
her whlen in a delicate condition, anm
causedl dangerous illness; thcrew a lighted
lamp at her, setting her on tire. whet
sick in bed: made her lie down on th<t
bed and jumpedL oni her, and threatened
toi kill her if she screamed; presented
revolver and threatened to kill her if shc
ever told anybocdy about his abuse
threw munstardl in her face, 1broke hiea
bedroom windows, sio that she caughi
cold and laid the pneumonia, and com
nit ted divers other acts of violence whiel
made it impossible for her to live witl:
him.
-An English statistical writer say~
that while population in Europe and the.
United States has risen :34 per cent. sinec
182, working power has increased 10Z
per cent., and as a consequence of thi
five men can now accomplish as much ai
six in 1870J or eight in 1850. The wold'h
steam power is now five and a half timnes
what it wa in 1850.
A z'A'rI-:'S I.ETTM~I.
s Io Paternal frmttteitt Giivenj it, a Ve'ry Oriri
nni1 Maner.
(I;i~i Nye in 'he Graphie Ncws.)
M DrAn Sox-Xour letter of last
week found your mother and me fairly
well, thoughi I canl see that I ain't the
lse man I used to 1,L hv any means.
1 Every Spring T have trouble with my
hmgs. One of myv l1ungS is entirely
gon. and tle' other one i.; hepatized. so
the doctor tells me. I've tried most
everything in the way of medicine for to
renew mv lungs, but tuey worse and
worse all the time. But still I eat a good
hearty meal of victuals. You refer.
casually, in your letter, to a misspelled1
Word in ily last communication. You
speak of graiimar also in a reproachable
way, which is annoying to a man like
Me. I am not great on the spell, I ad
nit. Henir, for when T ought to been
learning for to spell at the spelling
schools and great orthographical retorts
of our section of country, I was licking
the smart Alceks from town that seemed
to be smar-ter than their parents.
No, Henry, I never got a meddle for
spelling long hard words with great
fluency, but I've tried to he a well-be
haved parent. In my poor weak way
I've aimed to be a -good father to you,
Henry, anld so has your mother. 1 think
I may say, with pardonablo pride, that I
have been more successful in that line
thtan sie has.
WVe have Ibtotl tried. in season and out
of season, to so live that we would not
bring your gray hairs with sorrow to the
grave. I, for one, have tried to shun the
demon rum for your sake. I have come
home early nights, so that you could
know where I was, and I have always
been willing that you should smell of my
breatth if you felt so disposed. I have
iever dlled a drunkars grave or
brouglit reproach upon you.
Spelling is not always my best holt,
but I aim to please as a parent. I have
tried not to bring the blush of shame to
your fuzzy cheek, and wish you would
try to do as much for me sometime.
When I was a boy. they didn't sugar
coat edjucatioi and make it one long
dravwn hallelooger to go to school as they
now d. On the contrary, the straggling
ideas of the roodiments which I now
have. was socked into me by main
strength and awkwardness. To get the
roodimients of ain edjucation we had 4
possess great physical strength and r
mal eourage.
When I see the student to-day with a
big picture book done up in a shawl
strap. wearing one of those little cigar
ettes in his mouth, and riding on the
hind end of a boss car towards the big
red fenale seminary, I often think of
the days when I did a day's work before
breakfast, and then walked two miles in
order to be ready to get licked when the
(d cast iron cuss that presided over our
school felt like it.
He was a noble brute. He taught our
school. I reckon, because he hadn't edju
cation enough to engage in other manual
pursuits.
He is now dead. I do not go over to
the cemetery every Spring to decorate
his grave. Spring is a very busy season
with me. If he bad died in the Winter,
about forty years earlier than he did, I
would have gone out of my way to dec
orate his grave. It would have been a
pleasure to me.
When he died, your mother asked me
if I was going to the funeral.
"No," says I, speaking up in that
droll way of mine-'"No, says I,' I shan't
go to the funeral, but, as the feller says,
I approve of it." That's the way I aila
about everything. I speak my mind
right out anti nobody ever knew me to
hesitate about saying what I thought of
a man, even if he was dead.
With better edjucational advantagts, I
always t hought our schioohlmaster would
have made a good pirate; butt his parents
was poor and so he had to hustle for
himself. lie had an earnest desire to
advance in his profession, but he did not
succeed in carving his name oni the
heights of fame. He yearned for glory
and grub). I ~'eimber that he used to
teach school Wiinters and wvork out Sunm
nmers on a farm. In this way lie kept up
his muscle all the time; and though he
frequently got mixed up in long division,
he was never successfully licked, up to
the time that old MIr. Bright came along
with his justly celeb rated disease xid in
troduced it into the schoolmaster's daily
life. Then lhe yielded gently. Like a
flake of ice cream on the bosom of a fat
man, the schoolmaster began to subside.
IOne by one his kidnies began to fade.
'Paler and paler grew the great educator,
till at last, one evening in Spring, just as
the bull-frogs over in the north mtedder
had unwvrapped the red Ilannel from
their throats and sounded '"A," our old
schoolmaster sknn out for the sweet ulti
miately. Hundretds of his old pupils all
over' the State telegrafted their consent.
It was the nmtost harmionious thing I ever
knew of. I regarded it as a great suc
cess.
So you can see, Henry. the kind of a
ttooter I had, and that is piartly why I
soimetimies spell words eroneously if the
ink has been froze.
I hope these few lines will tintd vou int
good health, and that in your subisequent
letters von will devote moie space to
telling of the things you know, instead
of telling me about the things I don't
know. Your mother also joins me in
hoping so.
-Eight thousa persons attended
Sam JTones' first meei tin in Bailtimore~
on Sunday night. The meetings will
continue several weeks.
-A rose seventeen antd a half inces
in circumfereuce is the attraction of a
miltees were formed. The delegates to
the Conference embrace some of the
most prominent divines of the Southern
Methodist Church. H. C. Hernandez,
lay delegate from the Mexican Border
Conference, is the only active Mexican
in attendance upon the Conference.
RicH3own, May 6.-In the Quadren
nial General Conference of the M. E.
Church, South, to-day, after divine ser
vice conducted by Dr. Hiinter, of Ar
kansas, and after the transaction of rou
tine business the secretary called the
delegates by conferences for the intro
duction of resolutions. A resolution was
adopted for the appointment of a com
mittee to devise a plan by which the en
tire Church can be called on to- con
tribute to the expenses of the General
Conference. The special committee on
rules reported rules of order for the gov
ernment of the Conference. The dis
cussion of the rules occupied the entire
day's session, and after thorough revis
ion and amendment they were finally
adopted.
PNEUMONIA.
What a Well-Known Mredical Journal Han to
Say About It.
The prevalence of pneumonia, its rapid
increase, and fatal consequences in many
instances, says Hall's Journal of Health,
have led a number of our abler physi
cians to carefully investigate the pecu
liarities of this alarming disease, and
some of them have published the result
of their observations in a way to benefit
the public, not only by pointing out the
best methods of prevention, but likewise
of treatment, in the event of its occur
rence.
Dr. John T. Nagle, Deputy Register
of Records of the Health Board of the
City of New York, has given much at
tention to the disease, and has prepared
valuable statistical tables concerning it.
"The prevalence of pneumonia," he
says, "may be owing to a lack of ozone
in the aiz, or it may be because there is
too much ozone. Sudden changes of
weather and high winds, particularly
from the north and east, certainly have
much to do with it, and draughts of all
kinds are bad, and should be avoided.
Smoking may be a predisposing cause,
as tobacco is certainly an irritant. Any
thing which irritates the lungs should
be avoided. If people would breathe
through the nose instead of through the
Inouth, especially wheui in the open air
or facing a cold wind, the lungs would
be less irritated.
"One great cause of the fearful death
raoe among children from this disease is
undoubtedly the criminally foolish way
in which they are dressed. Many moth
ers seem more anxious to make their
children look pretty than to dress them
comfortably. On a par with this is
worse than folly of.low-necked dresses
among women as viewed from a health
standpoint. Ladies so dressed will rush
from a heated ballroom or theatre into
the open air,.and then wonder that they
have colds or pneumonia. Wear season
able underclothing, and don't remove
your heavy flannels too early in the
spring or defer putting them on until too
late in the fall. I should not advise peo
ple to coddle themselves, but one should
dress according to the season, and should
cover the body evenly. Add to this a
proper regard for the general health and
an avoidance of draughts, and one need
not worry much about pneumonia."
Prof. A. L. Loomis, in his "Practice
of Medicine," says: "It is a well-known
fact that the disease attacks' the poor
oftener than the rich, the private oftener
than the officer, the sailor on shore
oftener than on ship, the soldier oftener
than the civilian at the same post. It is
unknown in the polar regions and com
mon on the Mediterranean, increasing in
a direct ratio from the poles to the equa
tor. Elevation above the sea predispos
es to it; north and east winds favor its
development; rainy seasons or damp and
marshy districts do not seem to influence
it. Periods of steady and extreme cold
have little effect except upon the old,
but sudden changes are very disastrous.
The first predisposing cause is age, the
disease being most common in early
childhood, from twenty to forty, and
after sixty. The proportion of male to
female victims is as three to one. Any
general condition of the body which de
bilitates is a predisposing cause. The
complications which render the disease
so dangerous ar those which diminish
the nerve supply or weaken the muscu
lar power of the heart Bad sewerage
and miasmatic influence are potent causes.
of the disease." e
Pneumonia usually begins with a chill,
intense and prolonged, generally at
night, and followed by a corresponding
ly high fever and sharp pains in the
sides. The disease is very rapid in its
progress, reaching a crisis in from five to
six days, and sometimes causing death
within three days. .Usually but one
lung is affected, and often the disease is
confined to a single lobe.
A person may have "double pmnen
uoia," or pneumonia of both lungs,
ma recover from it, but the chances are
against him. When the disease spreads
to all of the lung lobes, death is certain,
s the patient cannot breathe, and dies
f suffocation. The diseased lung, at
irst inflamed, soon heeomles hard and
hathery, and incapablde of performing
its natural functions, A curious fact is
that usually no second chill occurs when
aother lobe is attacked, and there ap
pearts to be no rele.tion between the
aount of lung affected and the intensi
y of the symptoms. All physicians
gree in saying that the disease is ntot
ontagious, but mnay may be epidemic,
ad it has been noticed that it is devel- c
,piedl under the same conditions as
iphtheria-that is, the conditions which
produice dip)htheria in the young are apt s
o cause pnieumionia among aidults.
Dr . R. Laming, ecoial cnsnltingrj
TILE QUAIDRENIAL CONFERENCE.
THE G .iEAT COUNCIL OF THE METHO
DiST ('iURCH. SOUTH.
Four Bimiops amd Tn o Hundred and Fifty Lay
Dele;:ate- Asmemnble in Richmond.
(special to the News and Courier)
R1eMroNs, May 5.-The General Con
ferenev of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South, met to-day in Centenary
Church. Nearly all the delegates were
present. The thirty-eight Conferences,
under the control of the General Confer
ence in the United States, reach from
Maryland to the Republic of Mexico,
and from Florida to Washington Terri
tory. There are two other Conferences,
one partly in Texas and partly in
Mexico, and the other entirely in Mexi
co, with headquarters at the City of
Mexico, making forty Conferences in all
the Southern Methodist Church.
The membership of the Church, ac
cording to the last report, received only
a few days since, is nearly one million
persons. It has increased to this from
400,000 persons in 1865. Besides, there
is mission work among the Indians and
sparsely settled districts of the West, on
the borders and in Mexico, and in Brazil
and China.
The General Conference represents the
Church. It employs nearly three hun
dred missionaeies, and expends in the
maintenance of missions and the per
rormance of mission work some 8,300,000
annually. Its church extension board,
with headquarters at Nashville, has been
organized only four years, but in that
time it has expended about $150,000 and
has assisted 550 churches. The publish
ing operations are conducted at Nash
ville, where the largest printing-house is
situated, and operated by the Church.
It is interested in a large number of
educational enterprises, the largest of
which is Vanderbilt University.
The General Conference is the chief
legislative body of a large Church scat
tered over a vast domain. It is, in reali
ty, the Congress of the Church, having
supreme power in forming and main
taining the Church polity. It is com
possd of delegates selected by each of
the annual Conferences in proportion to
their membership. The Conference
comprises about 250 members, divided
equally into clerical and lay representa
tives. Secretary L. Q. C. Lamar is a
prominent delegate.
The whole work of the Church in its
various departments will be reviewed at
the Conference and plans devised for
future operations. In fact, the whole
polity is subject to the revision of this
body. The Discipline of the Church
will be gone over, and any advisable re
visions made.
A resolution was made at the last Con
ference to change the name from the
Methodist Church, South, to the Metho
dist Church of America, but was over
whelmingly defeated, and the matter
will probably not be brought up again.
The general drift of feeling seems to be
conservative, and there is not likely to
be any radical change. The relations
with the Northern Church are most cor
dial.
The Conference is charged with the
duty of electing all the general officers,
and will probably elect five new bishops,
who hold their offices for life; three gen
eral secretaries and editoys of the vari
onis organs of the Church, besides filling
the various hoards, the membership of
all of which will be revised. The bishops
will preside over the Conference in turn,
but are not prop)erly members of that
body. They have no right to vote.
They have the privilege of the floor,
however, but rarely avail themselves of
it. The secretary of the Conference, an
important officer, is elected after it meets
in regular session and is not necessarily
of that body.
The Conference, which meets only
ever-y four years, will last from twenty
to thirty (days. MInch interest has been
arousedl on account of the important
business to be transacted. The election
of bishops has especcially attracted a
great deal of attention, as there are sev
eral candidates for the high honor.
The Conference was called to order by
Bishop H. N. McTyiere, of Tennessee,
senior bishop. Four other bishops of
the Church were presenti, to wit: Keen
er, of New Orleans, Wilson, of Mary
land, Grandberr-y, of Missouri, and Har
grove, of Alabama. Besides these there
are about 250 delegates, clerical and lay,
present. The Conference elected the
Rev. Dr. .Tohn S. Martin, of the Balti
more Conference, secretary, with the
following assistant secretaries. Dr. B. B.
Crawford, of Alabama; Rev. Dr. W. A.
Candler, North Georgia Conference, and
Rev. .John C. Vincent, Missouri Confer
ence.
-The Rev. D~r. A. C. Bledsoe, of Bi'oad
Street Methodist Church, Richmond,
deliveredl an adldress of welcome in be
half of the people of that city, aind
Bishop McTyiere responded and in the
:nme of the Conference returned hearty
thanks for the welcome from a peole so
p roverbial for their hospitality and from
a city so rich in historic associations of
Church as well as of State.
The address of the bishops was read
by Bishop Keener. The rapid growth
of the Church in the past hundred years
and the attractive simplicity of Meth
odism were favorably commented upon.
The history of the Church and its
pogress to date were fully reviewed, and
condmnatorv terms were used in eon
nection with violation of marriage vows
by obtaining divorces; of gambling in
futures;" of neglecting to attend chiurch
and of Sabbathi desecration. Attending
theatres, balls and matinees were referred.
to as growing evils.
At the natenon session various com
physician in chest diseases in St. Luke's
Hospital, has published a little pamphlet
concerning it, entitled "Endemic Pleuro
Pneumonia, as seen in New York during
the past ten or twelve years." In that
pamphlet Dr. Leaming holds to the
theory that the pneumonia of the present
day, or pleuro-pneumonia, as he calls it,
is the same as the epidemic which caused
such havoc among the troops in Canada
during the war of -1812-15.
That the weather has much to do with
pneumonia is apparent. The number of
deaths in New York city for the first
seven months of last year was as follows:
January, 375; February, 486; March,
587; April, 512; May, 337; June, 229;
July, 150. After August there is usual
ly a steady increase until March, the
most fatal month of the year. The
death rate, too, is very high. The statis
tics so far published, both in hospitals
and private practice, show an average
death rate of at least 20 per cent., or one
in five of those attacked.
The theories concerning the nature of
the disease itself are many and varied.
Some physicians hold that pneumonia is
only a local manifestation of a general
disease, others that it is a specific disease
caused by a specific poison, while still
others hold as tenaciously to the germ
theory.
Without speculating upon these differ
ent theories, from wiat has been said in
which all agree, it is plain that anything
which lowers the vitality of the system
is conducive to the disease, and should
be carefully avoided. Overwork, either
physical or mental, has much to do with
it, and this explains why so many busi
ness men and brain workers become its
victims. Sudden changes of the weath
er and draughts of all kinds are also to
be guarded against. In a word, live
temperately, dress warmly, avoiding all
manner of imprudences, and you need
bave.no fear of pneumonia.
BLOODY WORK OF THE SOCIALISTS.
Sixty-Three Persons Killed or Badly Wounded,
Forty-One ef Whom are Policemen-Arrest of
Fire Ringleaders of the Riot.
CmcAGo, May 5.-The Anarchists of
Chicago inaugurated in earnest last night
the reign of lawlessness which they have
treatened and endeavored to incite for
years. They threw a bomb into the
idst of a line of 200 police officers, and
It exploded with fearful effect. Almost
before the missile of death had exploded
the Anarchists directed a murderous fire
with revolvers upon the police, as if
,heir action was prearranged, and as the
atter were hemmed in on every side
unbuscaded-the effect of the fire upon
:he ranks of the officers was fearful.
When the police had recovered from the
Irst shock of the attack they charged
ipon their would-be murderers, shooting
it every step and mowing them down, as
;heir fellow-officers had been laid low by
:he bomb. The Anarchists fled in dis
nay before the charge. The collision
etween the police and the Anarchists
was brought about by the leaders of the
atter, August Spies, Sam Fielden and
. R. Parsons, endeavoring to incite a
arge mass-meeting to riot and blood
ied. From Socialistic headquarters
here issued late in the afternoon the fol
owing circular, which was distributed
aroughout the labbring quarters of the
~ity by thousands:
"Attention! Workingmen: Great mas
neeting to-night at 7.30 o'clock, at Hay
narket, Randolph street, between Des
>laines and Halsted. Good speakers
ill be present to denounce the latest
trocious act of the police in the shoot
ng of our fellow-workmen yesterday
fternoon. Signed: Executive Commit
August Spies, Schwab, Sam Fielden
nd other Socialists (all foreigners)
iarangued the crowd in a blatant and
~eckless manner, when thdi police march~
ad up to the wagon containing the
~peakers, and Captain Bonfield said: "In
he name of the State of Illinois, I comn
nand this crowd to disperse." Almost
mmediately a bomb fell between the two
solums of the police and literally mowed
hem down. -Sixty-three persons were
ither killed or badly wounded, forty
e of whom were policemen.
Several stores were raided andi the en
ire contents carried off. Dynamite
)ombs were found in the office of the
trberter Zeitung, and all parties found
n the premises were arrested. Threats
f burning the city are freely made by
he Socialists.
The Vigilants are aroused. Two even
ng papers publish the following:
HEADQUARTERS OF THE 49TH VIGILANT
JoMTEE, MIay 5.-MIeet sharp at 1.40
L R. 78, 5th inst. Business of great
sportance. Spies, Parsons and Schwab,
sd others of their kir.d beware! The .
ope does its work quick. The masacre
>f our brave policemen must be aveniged.
3y order of the Executive -Committee.
;igned: **
Several of the leading Socialists have
een arrested on the charge of murder
nd will be held without bail.
No Hope for Clnverlus.
The counsel for T. J. Cluverius, con
ieted of the murder of Fannie Lilian
Jadion, entered a motion in the Sn
>reme Court of Appeals on Friday for
eheaing of the ease decided on Thurs
ay, in which the judgment of the lower
ourt was fuly alirimed. No rehearing
vill be allowed unless one of the Judges
rho concurred ini the decision is dissatis
led with it and desires a rehearing.
-The latest form of brutality which
Sin danger of becoming popular is the
hin-kicking matech. Why not have ear
lipping, or eye-extinguishing, or rib
reaking matches. too? WThere is this
ort of thing to .stop?.
-MIiss MIary Anderson is negotiating
ralargesk rnch in Nebrsska.