?
Each recurring Fourth of July
finds a grateful republic doing fit
lionor to the memory of Thomas Jef
ferson, author of the Declaration of
Independence. And each successive
?holiday finds our public speakers and
school teachers, toast masters and
orators of the day extolling not mere
ly the authorship of the declaration
"but other varied accomplishments of
out most versatile statesman. He is
praised as a President of the United
States, as the founder of a great po
litical party, as a diplomatist who
aided in winning foreign sympathy
for the young republic, as a
champion of religions liberty and as
the founder of the University of Vlr
- ginia?a truly model seat ot learn
ing.
Yet with singular unanimity these
Fourth of July orators overlook one
of Jefferson's most notable? accom
plishments and one In which he took
perhaps greater pride than in any
other. In consequence cf this over-'
. sight there are probably few persons
who, lest they have had opportunity
careful study of his biography, are
aware that Thomas Jefferson was an
architect. Not merely a theoretical
architect, mind you, but a practical
exponent of the profession, who dem
onstrated by actual achievement that
he posessed no mean ability in thib
sphere.
Architecture was not a mere hobby
with Thomas Jefferson in the Bense
that golf is the hobby of the present
occupant of the white. House or that
xatmral history, in one form or an
cther was with hie strenuous prede
cessor. On the contrary he applied
idmself to the art seriously and
turned the results of this application
to practical account. It would seem
as though , there must have been
come thing in the air during the pe
riod when Jefferson lived, that
turned men's minds to architecture as
a field of endeavor. A number of the
leaders of the period, particularly in
the State of Virginia, "(Mother of
'Presidents," dabbled in architecture,
although none of them attained Jef
ferson's eminence in the pursuit as
judged by the evidence which has
come down to the present generation.
Izcello
George Washington, himself,, al
though the fact has not been exploit
ed as has been his work as a survey,
or, was an architect of no mean abil
ity and several of the historic homes
of the Washington family and its
connections were constructed wholly
or in part from his designs, either
during the life time %of our first Pres
ident or after his death.
Not only was Jefferson a practical
architect, but buildings were erected
in accordance with hia plans,4?in
many instances under his personal su
pervision and direction,?and a num
ber of these buildings stand today as
man who was responsible for their
creation. If we may digress a mo
ment it may be noted that this pres
ervation of the fruits of Jefferson's
architectural genius is the more wel
come because of other rr.onuments to
the author of the declaration of In
dependence the country has all too
few. Even the monument over his
grave, located on the wooded hillside
in Virginia that he loved so well is a
simple shaft. This was in accord
wJth nis wlrhes and bare again his
I architectural instinct manifested it
self for Jefferson himself gave explicit
I instructions as to the type of memori
al to be reared over his last resting
place and composed himself the in
scription which was chiseled thereon.
From an architectural standpoint
the"most notable products of Jeffer
son's skill as an architect ar.e located i
in the highlands of Albemarle, that
picturesque section of old Virginia in
and around the quaint little city of
Charlottesville? a favored region
which held In the affections of j
our third President the place that I
(Mount Vernon ocupied In the heart of j
George Washington. Here is located |
Montlcelio, the stately and beautiful
residence which Jefferson designed
for himself and which happily en
dures today, aparently in the same
state of preservation that it was when
its original owner closed his eyes up
on it?then as now, an ideal example
of an American country s?at. Here
also are located the splendid classical
buildings of the University of Vir
ginia, of which Jefferson was the real
founder and the first head, and for
which institution he not only design
ed the buildings but evolved every de
tail of the axangernents of the
grounds
But Jefferson's home county in the
Old Dominion has by no means a
monopoly of the heritage of architec
tural wealth which he left to the na
tion whose early pilot he was. He
left this impress of his ddeas In our
Capitol Building at Washington?ad
mittedly the most dmposing govern
mental structure of its'kind in the
world; he helped plan the capital
city, the symmetrical arangement of
whose streets and avenues has served
as a model for the world's newer
seats of government such as those of
Canada and Australia; and mos* in
teresting, of all, perhaps, his archi
tectural influence is manifest in the
plan of the White House which, as
restored during the Roosevelt admin
istration In acordance with the orig
inal drawings givea conspicuous place
to features such as the terraces which
are plainly "borrowed" from the Jef
fersonlan masterpiece, Monticello.
In most of his architectural work
Jefferson leaned most pronouncedly
to the classical. Some of the buildings
which he designed for his particular
hobby?the University of Virginia,
are in effect all but copies of famous
Grecian structures. This tendency
evidences the fact that in his allegi
ance to architecture, as in all else,
Jefferson wai3 a deep student. Pos
sibly too, Jefferson's travels in Eu
rope and his residence In France as
a comis8ioner of the new Republic of
the Western Hemisphere may have
helped to mould his architectural
ideals in this direction. And yet it J
may be of Interest to struggling
young architects and others that the
author of the Declaration of Inde
pendence never believed in the idea
of Americans going to Europe for an
education. He once wrote: "It ap
pears to rr,e that nn American coming
to Europe for an education loses in
his knowledge, in his morals, in his
health, in his habits and in his hap
piness."
Jefferson's love of the classics
manifested Itself when he was quite a
young boy. He repeatedly declared
that if he were left to decide between
the pleasure derived from the classi
cal education which his farther had
given him and the large estate which
he inherited he would have decided in
favor of the former. When In col
lege, which course he began at the
age of seventeen, he read the most
difficult Latin and Greek authors
with facility. As a young man he be
gan the study of architecture both
practically and as a science, divid
ing his leisnre between this pursuit
and his beloved violin.
It was by no means strange that
Jefferson's best architectural talent
should have been called up in design
ing Monticello, for in the role of a
lover-husband fashioned it as the
ideal abode for himself and the beau
tiful and wealthy bride whom he had
married at the age of twenty-nine,
Jefferson alike to Geoige Washington
r ? Of Vjf>fr/2Z<2_
married a widow of means, although |
he was himself very wealthy by inher-1
itance, having before marriage an in
come of about $5,000 a year? an im- I
mense sum in those days. Jefferson
at the time of his marriage was thej
owner of an estate of 5,000 acres and
ihis wife brought to him as her dowry
'no less than 40,000 acres, eo that
[ with such a baronial estate it was
I indeed fitting that he should de
sign an imposing manor house to
I occupy Little Mountain, the swell of
land on the estate which was chosen
as a site and which commanded a
magnificent view of a panorama that
embraced woodland and pasture.
Jefferson had chosen the site for
his home while yet a student, so that
he had years of thought to give to
the manor house which he ultimately
designed and erected on the ten acre
tract crowning the 600-foot hill which
had long since caught his fancy. The
boor plan which he evolved is sugges
tive of a gigantic letter E with the
wings opening westward. To the
north and south were placed the
walkB or promenades, supported by
masonry structures containing ser
vants' quarters and storage rooms
and it is these "terraces" or colon
ades which we see duplicated in the
restored Presidential Mansion at
Washington. The exterior of Monti
cello Mansion is in the Doric order
of Roman architecture, hut the inter
ior is in the Ionic style, the mosf im
pressive feature of the interior being
the great hall, thirty feet square,
which extends to the full height of
the building with a music gallery un
der the ceiling.
Although no one can question the
ability of Jefferson as an architect,
it makes us shudder to think what
would have happened had he been
confronted by modern conditions
when dwellings are "run up" in a
few weeks or a few months at most
The mansion at Monticello was under
construction for S2 years. Work was
commenced in 1770, two years be
fore Jefferson was married, and it
dragged along, with freQ .ent changes
in the plans, until 1802, when Jeffer
son was President of the United
States. However if Jefferson was a
slow-going architect, no person car.
say that he was an economical one
for according to the account books
which the architect-builder 1 apt with
that rr '.hodlc care for which he was
famous, the house Involved an actual
monetary outlay of only $7,200. Of
course, the work was done by slaves
and most of the material was obtain
ed on the estate. Bricks were made
on the site by the slaves (of which
Jefferson had several hundred, al
though he was always opposed to
slavery and made attempts to abolish
it) and the Sage of Monticello even
established on the estate a nail-fac
tory where every nail used in the con
struction of the building was forged.
Next to Monticello the classic
buildings of the University of Vir
ginia represent the most interesting
and most important achievements of
Thomas Jefferson, architect. The
forerunner of the University of Vir
ginia, which was, by the way, the
first university established in the New
World, was authorized by the State
Legislature of Virginia in 1803, the
year following the completion of
MonticeBlo. Howeveir no headway
was made with the project until
March, 1814, when Jefferson, the real
head and founder of the Institution
In Its ultimate form, was elected to
*he board of directors.
Jefferson threw himself into the
project heart and soul. He designed
the first building and laid its corner
stone and later formulated the whole
architectural scheme of the university
which is one of the most beautiful
In the United States and probably in
the whole world. Jefferson'o plan
for the educational system of the
university was, from the outset, an
elastic one that would permit expan
sion in accordance with the advance
of thought and the extension of
knowledge and so likewise the archi
tectural plan which he formulated
for "the child of his old age" as the
university has been called, was like
wise designed to provide an arrange
ment and grouping of buildings, the
symmetry of which would not be ar
fected by any additions that would
have to be made in later yearn. The
scheme has worked out just as he
foresaw and the newer buildiags are
in perfect harmony with those de
signed by Jeiferson. , ?
In hi3 preparation of designs for
the university buildings. Jefferson re
ceived much of his inspiration from
the historic designs of PaUa?lo and
in his adaption of these be proved
himself an artist as well as an arehi
tect. The arrangement on the .build
ings has been compared to that of an
old Italian monastery. The origins!
group, planned and built under Jef
ferson's personal supervision, consists
of four-parallel rows of structures
and at one end stands the Pantheon
like rotunda. Many of the buildings
are replicas of historic buildings of
ancient times. The students' quar
ters on each side of the quadrangle
are reproductions of Roman villas
and are so designed that each stu
dent has a separate outside entrance
to his room.
The replica of the Pantheon, above
mentioned, is about one-third tile
size of its Grecian model. It is used
as a library and Iff the rotnnda are
many interesting relics of Jefferson,
including communications writttent
during the clewing years of his life,
and which attest,?a*s for Instance,
by the setting down of specifications
as to the dimensions of the monu
ment to be erected over his grave,??
that the architectural bent was strong
in this remarkable man. up to tho
very last dJ-ys of his life.
President Taft says he is going to
return to '.he practice of law when he
leaves the presidency. Ambitious
periodicals please note.
John Wanamaker, whose
life has been insdred for a
million and a half, once said:
From the day an honest
man pays the first premium
for life insurance, that first
receipt of his gives a new
impulse, a new light to, his
eye and a new hope to his
heart.
The late GroverJCleve
land said:
Get a policy and then
hold on to it It means
self-respect; it means that
nobody will have to put
something in a hat for you
or your dependent ones.
Dr. Lyman Abbott said:
One could easily bear to
take his wife and children
down with him into poverty
so long as he could be with
them to help carry the load
but to go off to his eternal
rest and leave them to go
down into poverty and to
fight the wolf from the
dooT, what more terrible
prospect?
The Rev. T. De Witt
Talmage, said:
It is a mean thing to go
up to heaven while your
family go to the poorhouse.
When they are out at the
elbows the thought of your
splendid robe in Heaven
will not keep them warm.
The minister may preach a
splendid sermon over your
remains, and the quartette may
organ loft, but your death will
f
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