GIRLS' NAMES; THEIR MEANING. , from the Hebrew, means a Weasel. * What Constitutes Soil Fertility. What 3s soil fertility? What does the term mean to you? What is your standard of measurement? What are the conditions or factors which control <:r constitute soil fertility? It appears that, to some, the quan tity of the so-called plant foods, nit rogen, potash and phosphoric acid, which are applied to or contained in the lane, is the most important fac tor in measuring the fertility of pro ductive power o{ a soil. To others the pro]; er amount of humus, or de caying organic matter in a soil, is the * itreasure of Its'fertility, or at least, is the frst essential of soil fertility. Still others believe that tillage de termine!?. mcVe largely than any oth er factor the productive capacity of soils. And still others, even certain scientists and investigators, have claimed that soil fertility Is almost or entirely a question of a proper supply of moisture in the soil, independent of its chemical composition, except as this chamlcal ^composition affects its power to furnish a proper water sup ply. That all soils contain sufficient plant foods for the production of large crops, or that the supply of ?water is the sole measure of soil fertility, will be accepted by few; but if any one factor could be singled out as the most important in deter mining the fertility of any soil, It would certainly be the one of a prop er supply of water. The lesson which must first be learned is, that soil fer tility is dependent upon many differ ent factors, and that if we neglect any or e of the factors, or If we great ly exaggerate another, we shall most likely fall short of that full grasp ot the subject necessary to the best soil management. If we admit that good tillage, suf ficient plant foods, organic decay and bacterial life and a properly regu lated supply of moisture are all es sential to large crop production, or maximum soil fertility, it is not quite proper or accurate to state that any one cf these is, in the true sense, the most important; but since all oth ers of these are more or less depend ent upon one, water, it may be placed first in consideration. Most soils contain much mere plant foods than would be required to pro duce scores of maximum crops; but these are useless for crop production until dissolved in the soil water. Organic matter decays through bac teria! activities, which break down and render soluble plant foods In the soil; but an equally important func tion of decaying organic matter in the soil is its value in preserving a proper water supply, if, then, suf ficient plant foods in soil, decaying organic matter and proper water sup ply are three most important factors in soil fertility, it is entirely proper to place the water supply as first in importance. Organic matter would be placed second because its decay tends to render the plant foods al ready in the soil available to crops and to regulate the water supply in which the plant foods are dissolved and carried to the growing plants. These, then, are our problems: (I) To control the water supply by drain age and the introduction of organic matter, and (2) to furnish soluble plant foods by introducing organic matter which in its decay will supply substances to dissolve the plant foods already in the soil, and by the addi tion of other supplies of plant foods in commercial fertilizers.?Raleigh (N. C.) Progressive Farmer. * Jones: "Hello, Smith, what has happened to you that you look so peaked?" Smith: "I've been prac tising the rules on 'How to Keep Well,' published in the health col umn of the Daily Screamer." AIRSHIPS OP HISTORY. The first blrdman of whom there is any definite record was Sir,' Magus, who, according to 'Antonius Byerlink, flew high to the air over Rome during the reign of Nero from 54 to 58 A. D. The account of the adventure is very brief, but not more so than was thta pioneer's car eer as an aviator, for it is recorded that his evil genius became displeas ed with him when he was aloft and suffered him to fall aar1 dash out his life. The fate of this first, martyr of the air seems to have discouraged ex perimenters for many centuries, for we must turn over a thousand years of history before putting our finger on the next birdman to be definitely mentioned. This was Elmerus, a Thirteenth century monk. Taking the flying squirrel for his model h<# gave successful exhibitions from a tower, soaring sometimes above a furlong through space. The first blrdman to flay a consid erable distance appears to have been John Babtiste Dante, a Ffteenth cen tury mathematician, who lived in Perugia. He framed a pair of ingen lus wings with which, it is narrated, he amused his fellow Peruglans. One of the most successful flights was ov er Lake Trasimene, that body of wat ed with no outlet, on whose northern shore Hannibal annihilated the Ro mans. But the aerial career of Dan te or Perugia was cut short one day when "he fell on the. top of St. Mary's Church and broke his thigh." That the great Leonardo ua Vin ci (1452-1519) wa* a birdman as. well as a painter, sculptor, musician, architect, engineer and mechanici an, is stated by some authorities. While making the careful observa tions on which he based his "Treat ise on the Light of Birds" he so thoroughly fathomed the secrets of flying as to be able to build a pair of mechanical wings with which, ac cording to Cuperus' "Excellence of Man," he practiced flying success fully. Soon afterward came an "artificial eagle," which Johann M?ller, bishop of Ratisbon and a noted German mathematician a'ad astronomer, built at Nuremberg during the gener ation just preceeded Columbus' dis covery of America. This aerodome is reputed to have down out to meet the Emperor CharleB V. and to have accompanied him back to town. In 1510 an aviation exhibition was arranged for the- amusement of James IV. of Scotland and his court, the Tongland. After the court had all assembled the prior mounted one of the lofty battlements of Stirling qastle and donned an elaborate Ar rangement of wings and feathers. Then he leaped forth and fell inglori ously onto the dunghill. A daring flight from the Steeple of St. Mark's cathedral, Venice, is mentioned by the Lord Bishop but history does not perpetuate the name of the aviator who performed the feat. The same authority mentions another unnamed man who made a flight at Nuremberg, the same city from which Bishop Muller's artifi cial eagle went out to meen the em porer. One of the most noted birdmen of this time was Allard, a tightrope performer who appeared In France about 1660. Wearing wings he made a number of flights from vari ous heights. But while performing before Louis XL) he got a bad fall, and seems to huve thereupon quit the flying business. The most successful birdman of :hese times appears to have been one Besnier, a locksmith, who succeed ed In flying at Sable, France, a few years after Aliar-i's aerial career had ended so palnfuily In the presence of the great Louis. According to the Journal des Sav ants of Sept. 12, 1C7S, Besnier flew with wings consisting of four rect angular surfaces, one at the end of each of two rods passing over his shoulders. With these he would raise himself from one height to an other until he reached the top of a house, from the roof of which he would pass over the neighborhood houses. Finally working himself up to a great height he would make a downward swoop and cross a river of considerable breadth. Successful fin .ts were made at the same time by one Baldwin, of Guibre, who built Besnler's first pair ofi wings. He and his disciple were birdmen indeed. They flew only by their God-given means of locomotion. The monoplane is first met with in a picture from Faustus Veroutius, 16fl.">, showing flying man support ed by a rectangular fabric stretchc-cl upon a frame irom whose four corn ers depend ropes passing under his arms. During these latter years of the Seventeenth century Francis Lana, a Spanish Jesuit, designed an air ship, which was to consist of a boat shaped body from which rose a mast and sail surrounded by four globes of very thin copper, each containing ?\ vacuum. Needless to add this con trivance never worked. I A generation later (17f!C) a Port lusese named De Gusman is said to have "made a wicker basket of about seven or eight feet in diameter cov ered with paper, which basket elevat ed itself as high as the Tower of Lisbon." This "basket" is believed by some authorities to have been h I wicker frame supporting a paper ves sel filled with heated air. If so, the apparatus probably was the first bal loon. However this may have been, the introduction of the balloon in this same century caused experiment ers generally to abandon the man flight problem for more than 50 years, or until Dr. Miller and one Fensen, both Englishmen, resumed experiments. It was ear.y !n the last 4 0's that England excitedly awaited Hensor.'s "aerial steam carriage," whose great bat-like wings were to be waved by a steam engine of extreme lightness. An inclined ptane was devised for the launching gear, but was never need ed. And meanwhile Dr. Miller was at work on his "aerostat,' with NOTICE OF ELECTION State of South Carolina, Executive Department, To the Commissioners of Election for the County of Orangeburg: WHEREAS a vacancy exists in the office of Judge of Probate for the County of Orangeburg caused by the resignation of R. E. Copes, who waB elected at the General Election foi 1908: AND WHEREAS the unexpireo. term Is for a longer period than one year and can only be filled by elec tion: NOW THEREFORE, you are here by required to order in election for Judge of Probate for Orangeburg. County to serve the remainder of the term for which R. E. Copes was elected: * The polls to be opened the sixth day of April, 1911, and the election to be conducted according to the laws regulating the General Elections. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I hove hereunto set my hand and ceused the Great Seal of the State to be affixed at Columbia, this fourth day of March, A. D. 1911, and in the 135 year of the Independence of the United StateB of America. Cole L. Blease, Governor.